The Fortnightly Review
Founded, Edited and Published
By
ARTHUR PREUSS
Twenty-Eighth Year
VOLUME XXIX 1922
ST. LOUIS, MO.
3922
THE FOETNIGHTLY EEVIEW
January 1
Suitable Plays for the Catholic Stage are difficult to obtain
Here is a List of Approved Popular Plays
They are from the pens of Catholic play-writers, and have been successfully produced from coast to coast, in Catholic schools, colleges and academies. They are strongly recom- mended by the clergy and teachers for their educational value and entertaining features.
COMEDIES
THAT $10,000.00 FARCE— In three acts, for 19 (or more) male characters. Translated and adapted from the French. A hilarious entertain- ment, easily produced by upper grade and high school boys. Price 50c. Dozen $5.00.
DOWN YOU GO— A comical absurdity in one act; 10 male characters. Price 20c. Dozen $2.00.
THE FAIR MAIDENS' PARADISE— A pure little comedy in one act; 6 female characters. Price 20c. Dozen $2.00.
A QUIET AFTERNOON IN in one act; 2 female and 4 Price 20c. Dozen $2.00.
A FLAT— Comedy juvenile characters.
PYRAMUS AND THISBE — A farce in three scenes, extracted from Shakespeare's "A Mid- summer Night's Dream." For 7 male characters, Price 20c. Dozen $2.00.
STRANGE HAPPENINGS AT SLOWVILLE STATION — Farce in one act; IS female charac ters. Price 20c. Dozen $2.00.
PHILOSOPHY EXPLODED— Comedy in one act. Two male and one female characters. Can be performed by male characters only. Price 20c Dozen $2.00.
THE LIVING STATUE— A comedy in four acts for 11 principal male characters. Price 40c Dozen $4.00.
DRAMAS AND HISTORICAL SACRED PLAYS
TARCISIUS or The Little Martyr of the Blessed
Sacrament — Drama in one act and two scenes,
for boys, (9 principal characters). Price 20c. Dozen $2.00.
THE BENEDICTION— A dramatic little curtain- raiser; two female characters. Price 20c. Dozen $2.00.
ST. PHILOMENA — A sacred drama in three acts, for 12 male and one female characters. Price 40c. Dozen $4.00.
ST. LAWRENCE— A sacred drama in four acts, for 14 principal male characters. Price 40c. Dozen $4.00.
THE GRECIAN PRINCESS — A sacred drama, with an excellent vein of comedy, in four acts, for 22 male and 4 femile principal characters. Price 50c. Dozen $5.00.
QUO VADIS — A dramatization of the celebrated Roman novel, adapted for the Catholic stage, in six acts; 22 male and 7 female principal charac- ters. Price 50c. Dozen $5.00.
^:HE MONK'S PARDON — A dramatization of Raoul de Navary's novel, in four acts. 14 male and 6 female principal characters. Price 50c. Dozen $5.00.
ROME UNDER VALERIAN— A sacred drama in four acts; for 24 male and 5 female characters. Price 50c. Dozen $5.00.
FABIOLA — A dramatization of Cardinal Wiseman's novel, in five acts; for 20 male and 7 female principal characters. Price 50c. Dozen $5.00.
AlOTHER MACHREE — A typical Irish play in three acts, 6 female characters. Price 50c. Dozen $5.00.
THE CRUSADER'S LEGACY — Drama in four acts; for 11 male principal characters; timed with the Crusade to the Holy Land. Price 50c. Dozen $5.00.
THE ROBBERS OF MT. KULM — Historical drama in five acts. 14 male and 2 female prin cipal characters. Female characters may be im personated by boys. Price 50c. Dozen $5.00.
GENEVIEVE— Historical melodrama in six acts 18 male and 6 female characters. Price 50c, Dozen $5.00.
THE GYPSY'S REVENGE— Drama in two acts 4 male and 3 female characters. Price 40c Dozen $4.00.
THE WEALTHY USURER— A romantic drama in four acts; for 18 male and 6 female principal characters. Price 50c. Dozen $5.00.
Plays are not sent "on approval." When an assortment totals at least twelve copies, remittance can be made on basis of the dozen rate of each plav. Mailed postpaid only if remittance accompanies the order.
JOSEPH BERNING
Publisher of Catholic Books and Literature 214 East Eighth Street CrNCiNXATi, Ohio
V.
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The Fortnightly Review
VOL. XXIX, NO. 1
ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
January 1, 1922
Denouncing Capitalism
The Sunday Watchman (Oct. 23) says: "The late issues of the Fortnightly Eeview bristle with denunciations of the capitalistic regime. Now these same contrib- utors to Mr. Preuss' able organ are indulging in another form of wastage while condemning the in- efficiency of Capitalism. For every intelligent Catholic knows that co- operation is the system on the horizon and that the wage system is showing- even outward signs of dissolution. The above intellectual energy, therefore, should go into constructive channels, should be used in devising ways and means of introducing this or that form of co-operation."
This is very interesting indeed. In the first place we wish to con- gratulate our contemporary for so boldly espousing co-operation. The vast majority of our Catholic editors and writers, to say noth- ing of "intelligent Catholics," are not yet within hailing distance of co-operation.
Dr. Eyan, in the National Cath- olic Welfare Council Bulletin, un- der the title, "Criticisms of the Social Action Department," re- cently stated in answer to these criticisms: "The essence of the new order is some form of owner- ship and management of industry by the workers themselves. Let us assume that the responsible heads of the Social Action Department accepted this theory and were eager to promote its realization.
How far could they go in this direction at the present moment f The first obstacle confronting the department is the fact that neither the bishops, the priests, nor the laity are convinced that our indus- trial system should be reorganized in this radical fashion." In an address before the National Coun- cil of Catholic Women, the same authority, while discussing "Some Obstacles to Catholic Social Re- form," made this significant state- ment : "After years of pronounce- ments on the social question by popes and bishops and the setting up of the administrative machin- ery of the National Catholic Wel- fare Council, our social principles are not recognized as such by large sections of our own people; and when attempt is made to ap- ply these principles to actual con- ditions, the expression of them 'may be given the lie by the prac- tice of powerful laymen.' "
We have quoted Dr. Ryan, for we believe that his word in these matters will and should reach farther than that of any other authority. The fact is, however, that a few observations round about us would suffice. Why is it that labor unions are so ineffect- ive, except that they are bound to the belief that the present order is sufficiently good to justify re- taining it with some alterations. Trade unionism as a movement is blind to co-operation. Scan the press, periodicals and books, and
THE FOKTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
January 1
who will make bold to say that it is clear in the minds of even the intellectuals that the wage system is doomed and that some form of co-operation is near at hand? What is it that one hears on every side at the present time? — discus- sions of means to better the pres- ent sad conditions, discussions of the fundamental evils of our pres- ent system based on Capitalism and landlordism? It is a signifi- cant fact that there is little or no such talk. There is hopeless mut- tering and ceaseless grumbling against obvious injustices, but there is no realization of the causes or of the w^ay out. The great mass of people have come to an impasse. On the one hand they see the inevitable injustices, w^hile on the other they behold piled up nothing but dreary, dark hopeless- ness.
Is it, therefore, a waste of time to point out the rottenness of the present system? Is it more im- portant to discuss w^hy certain sections of a city should be con- demned and razed to make room for a new civic center, or to dis- cuss the plans and the means to realize and actualize the plans? Certainly, if the majority are ig- norant of the reasons for the con- demnation, then let us make those reasons clear first. The plans and the means of realization will fol- low quickly enough. In the same manner, let us first make it clear to the majority that the present regime is essentially unsound. We predict that if this is done, there will be little difficulty in making the change. Once have an intelli- gent and instructed populace clearly see the evils of modern Capitalism and their causes, and the rest will take care of itself.
We should like to add in this
connection that in oui' opinion eiitirely too much stress is placed on the co-operative idea as a basis for the new order of society. If we merely changed to co-operation in consumption, production, and distribution, there would be little relief from the present intolerable evils. Unless landlordism and privilege are abolished first, and some form of co-operative society is built up, we shall be simply marking time. The savings effect- ed by the co-operative societies would eventually be swallowed up by the landlords, the privileged classes, the owmers of our natural resources, from which in the final analysis all the w^ealth flows.
Hence it is that we shall con- tinue to point out the evils of Capitalism. We are certain that if in our ow^n limited circle it is perfectly clear wdiat the underly- ing rottenness really consists of, we shall have done a far greater service to our readers than by discussing, at this juncture, a programme of co-operation and the means to attain it. And, in closing, we wish to say that we intend to analyze the evils of the present regime, to show their genesis, character, and composi- tion. It is not enough to insist that Capitalism is unsound and must go.
— Speaking of a movement for the international organization of Catholics (F. R., Dec. 1st), writes a correspond- ent, how much prejudice and malice is to be overcome in the way of bringing aljout a friendly understanding and SMicere co-operation in our own coun- try alone between American Catholics of, c. g.. the Celtic and the Teutonic races, in view of some of the hate- inspired utterances we have heard dur- ing tlie war and since?
THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
An Acrostic The following poem, which was lately sent to one of the editors of the Freeman, is, on the face of it, first-class magazine verse; it has the manner, accent and sub- stance of the verse which you can find scattered, week by week, month by month, through this or that American periodical.
Illusion
Rose-petals fall slowly
to the seats of alabaster On the edge of the garden;
All the peacocks move languidly Where the long shadows
Portend the coming dark.
Peacocks seven follow each other Golden and blue and purple —
The iris-hued procession That moves like some evangel
Of a dream unborn, but soon To play a part.
I am waiting, waiting —
O surely out of the red sunset
Dreams will tremble into being, Dreams quiver and quicken.
Once star-dust, now the nimbus Of the young god of joy.
Upon closer inspection the poem turns out to be an acrostic. The first letter of the first line in each stanza, the second of the second, and so on, form the words. Rotten poetry is easy!
'*It struck me," comments the Freeman editor (No. 83), ''that this achievement carried with it about all the essential critical im- plications upon the bulk of our current verse. Such poetry is easy; so easy that a practised literary hand can churn out the undetectable counterfeit of it by the barrelful, if so disposed, and can even, with no great effort, playfully put the literary hand's trade-mark on the counterfeit.
Such poetry is so easy to write that, as Sheridan said of easy writing, it is very hard to read. Thus it seemed to me that by say- ing 'most of it is unreadable' and by sending me his acrostic, my friend has supplied me with a fairly complete apparatus criticiis for application to our current lyric poetry."
Chrysanthemum
By Eugene M. Beck, S. J., St. Louis University
Yon garden is a meeting-place
Where stand with bannerets aloft
The bright-hued congregation of the flowers.
Contentment marks each happy face:
There's gladness in the candy-tuft
And music in the honey-suckle towers....
Dahlias and roses
For lovers' posies.
Tulips and peonies
And poppied wizardries ;
Bright worshippers in golden frock
And surpliced hollyhock —
Ah me,
What deafening melody!
'Tis not for mortal mind
The tangled orchestration to unwind;
Nor may I here
Divine simplicity revere.
Your bright confusion likes me not.
Your tinted chorus not a jot,
Fair mouths that shall be dumb!
Inconstant as the futile world
Whose moods you borrow.
Where shall your banners be unfurled
To-morrow?
Soon — very soon —
November's frosty shoon
Shall press you to the earth
And still your garish mirth.
But one last worshipper shall brave
The frost, to guard the garden-grave
Where lies your heaven's sum.
To-morrow shall the stiffened turf
Be showered with the fragrant surf
Of requiem chrysanthemum! Beneath a coverlet of white Shall flowers grand and gay Be softly tucked away, Until the snowy prophecy Has come to pass, and from the sky The dancing snow-flocks shall alight !
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
Jaunary
The Mistake of Malthus The Malthusian heresy has been hotly debated for over a century. Its fundamental proposition is that social evils are not attribu- table to social institutions, but to the everlasting tendency of popu- lation .to increase up to the limits of subsistence.
It must never be forgotten that Malthus' "Essay" was not a dis- passionate scientific inquiry into, the law governing the increase or decrease of population; it was an ad hoc argument against the Uto- pianism of William Godwin. It was deliberately .constructed to oppose the improvement of the conditions of the working classes ; it was one of the most important incidents in Avhat Thorold Rogers called "a conspiracy, concocted by the law and carried out by par- ties interested in its success, to cheat the English workman of his v/ages, to tie him to the soil, to deprive him of hope and to de- grade him into immediate pover- ty."
Mr. C. F. Pell (''The Law of Births and Deaths : Being a Study of the Variation in the Degree of Animal Fertility under the In- fluence of the Environment." London: Fisher Unwin), sum- marises Malthus' argument in these words : ' ' The evils which you deplore are necessary for the purpose of keeping dow^n the num- bers of the population. If you im- prove the condition of the mass of the poiJulation, you will cause a fall in the death-rate. The fall in the death-rate will be propor- tionate to the degree of improve- ment which you effect in the con- dition of the people. Therefore, the closer you approximate to an
ideal condition of society, the lower will be the death-rate, and consequently the more rapid will be the increase of population. The geometrical rate of increase will be realised in exact proportion to your success in improving condi- tions. As the resources of any country, and even of the world, are limited, it follows that the in- crease of population must rapidly exceed these resources unless you can keep down the birth-rate. Un- less yon do so, your efforts for so- cial progress will be self-defeat- ing."
But the fact remains that, in- stead of the social miseries being checks to population, they are stimuli to it.
— The Popular Protest, a "journal devoted to the best interests of Am- erican business," in its October num- ber discusses the question "Why many do not attend Church?" and gives one important reason as follows: "Nearly all fraternal lodges are governed by religious services, and you frequently hear the remark: 'If I live up to the leaching of my lodge, I'm as good a Christian as any church could make me." Unfortunately, many Protestant preachers encourage this idea by be- coming lodge members themselves and introducing all sorts of religious and semi-religious "stunts" into the lodge meetings. What is still worse is the fact, to which one of our clerical cor- respondents calls attention, that even Catholic societies stoop to this dubious m.eans of propaganda by calling them- selves lodges and promising to make better Catholics of their members. As our reverend correspondent points out, these societies are usurping the place of the Church and, if they do not in- duce their members to become more frequent church-goers and to lead bet- ter Christian lives, they will do more harm than good. No society can be a substitute for the Church.
1922
THE FOETNIGHTLY EEVIEW
Pre-Patrician Saints in Ireland
It is now accepted by the fore- most scholars that the Christian religion was known and practiced in Ireland before the coming of St. Patrick. British soldiers who had served in Palestine probably carried the stoiy of the tragedy of Calvary and the Resurrection and Ascension of Christ to Brit- ain, from which it was not slow in reaching Ireland. In the third century scattered communities of believers were to be met with along the Eastern coasts of Ire- land. The little band of mission- aries who planted the faith in Ire- land are usually styled ''the pre- Patrician apostles," as they pre- ceded St. Patrick and in the later part of their careers labored con- jointly with him. They were : SS. Ibar, Kieran, Declan, and Ailbe. In the October number of the Irish Ecclesiastical Record (pp. 374—383), Mr. J. B. Cullen devotes a paper to St. Ibar.
St. Ibar was born from a noble family in the latter half of the fourth century in the province of Ulster. He studied in one of the Druid colleges which were then the chief centres of culture in Ire- land. In early manhood he crossed over to Brittany. Later he visited Rome, where he became converted to the Christian faith. At Lerins he is said to have met St. Kieran and also St. Patrick. He returned as a priest to his native land and with some companions established the first community of religious on Begerin Island, where he had a convent of 150 monks. Begerin was one of the Arran group of islands and is now united with the mainland. St. Ibar's apostolic la- bors extended probably to what
is now the County of Wexford. Numerous miracles, prophecies, and legends are associated with his memory. After his death the monastery of St. Ibar (Latin: Iberius) continued to flourish for almost 400 years. It was one of the first of the religious settlements along the East coast of Ireland that suffered from the invasions of the Danes. Its famous library was totally destroyed by the Van- dals, in 819. For ages, however, Begerin continued to be regarded as a sacred spot by the people of the surrounding districts, who were accustomed to make frequent pilgrimages to the grave of its holv founder.
— Fr. Bede Jarrett, O.P., in his work on the English Dominicans, says that the Franciscan Order was organized by popes and cardinals against the wish of its founder. There is much in the life of St. Francis to lend probability to this statement. Yet, as a writer in the Tablet (No. 4251) points out, we must always remember that the ideals of St. Francis were not fixed from the start, but had in them to the end an element of indecision. Rather, then, does it seem true to say that his life was a progress, — the goal, long unseen by him, being the complete loosing of his own wishes, and a replacing of them with the will of God, as mani- fested to him by the Church and her rulers. This progress was accompanied by deep distress, and though the popu- lar view of St. Francis is to fix on his joy — which was indeed there, as it must always accompany a deep sincerity of purpose — below it we can easily detect a continuous undercurrent of sadness. Bartholomew of Pisa has drawn out an elaborate conformity between St. Francis and Christ : the real conformi- ty lies in this — that both were "men of sorrows," though of St. Francis it may be said, in the old monastic phrase, that his was a hiloris fristitia.
THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
January i
Fr. Junipero Serra and the Military Heads of California
By Francis Borgia Steck, 0. F. M.
11
Besides these, the Instruccion con- tained directions regarding the even- tual founding of towns and the enUst- ment of suitable recruits for the mili- tary department. The scandalous inci- dents, which had occurred between pagan Indians and Fages's lawless sol- diers, and which Fr. Serra justly ex- posed and condemned in his Represen- tacion, induced the viceroy to admonish Rivera that strict discipline had to be enforced among the soldiers and that incorrigibles had to he remanded to San Bias. At the same time, Bucareli ordered that married soldiers were to take their families with them to Cali- fornia, and that unmarried men were to present testimonials proving their single state. " The reader may judge for himself whether Rivera's "powers were cither too loosely defined, or else too specifically stated." " Quite natu- rally, the viceroyal government was turning to account what it had thus far learned in the school of experience.
The instructions with which Gover- nor Felipe de Neve came to California dated back to the time when he was chosen to succeed Don Felipe de Barri in Lower California. They were issued by Bucareli on September 30, 1774. The viceroy told him very earnestly that "every good official must have as guide in his transactions the service of God and of the King. The Peninsula of the Californias," he continued, "has sufifered disturbances that must be banished ; and there is need of a pru- dent person, de/oted to the service, in order to establish, maintain, and sta- bilitate good order; a thing which can not be attained, however, as long as the necessary harmony and mutual co- operation is not observed between the royal ofificers and the missionary Fath- ers." For this reason, the viceorv found
it expedient to remind Neve of the various instructions, decrees, and pro- visions drawn up already in 1769 by the inspector-general, Don Jose de Galvez, all of which should be observed wherever they did not conflict with the Rcglamento Provisional of 1773, which went into effect on January 1, 1774, and which also must be strictly en- forced. The governor should remem- ber that these regulations treat of the "mutual co-operation and harmony he is obliged to preserve with the mis- sionary Religious, in order to advance the commendable object of the king's intentions and the holy purpose of bringing the gentiles to the bosom of the Church." As the King has com- manded, both the governor and the comandante ^' "should direct their at- tention mainly to the deliverance of those inhabitants (of the missions and new establishments) from their un- happy state and to the propagation of the Faith in those unknown regions." The natives should receive good treat- ment ; the servants, troops, and settlers of the old establishments should set a good example ; and all should be pro- vided with the necessary sustenance. "In order to forestall and impede scan- dals and quarrels, there shall be vested in the governor the highest jurisdiction proper to his office and character, and the superiors of the missionaries should take no action that will hinder the missionaries or rhe soldiers from mak- ing the rounds of the localities assigned to them; although the Rev. Fr. Presi- dente is vested with the authority of an ecclesiastical judge, his faculties are those that are accorded him in Article 5 of this Instruccion with reference to what was resolved in the Junta de Gucrra y Hacienda, held on May 6, 1773." Then, after giving detailed di-
^ Viceroy Bucareli, Instntccion, . August 17. 1773. Bancroft Collection. J" C. H. R., ut supra, p. 146.
'^ In 1774, when these instructions were drawn up, Upper California was still under a comandante. who was subject to the governor of Lower California.
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THE FOETNIGHTLY REVIEW
rections as to foreign trading vessels, br£.nding cattle, transmitting reports, working mines, etc., the viceroy con- cludes : "I hope from his zeal for the service that ... he will make every effort to observe inviolably all that I prescribe as long as a serious obstacle does not present itself on some point, in which case he may suspend it and give me an account, precisely noting the grounds and motives he had for considering his procedure more expe- dient." ^-
Under date of December 25, 1776, Viceroy Bucareli addressed a lengthy letter to Fr. Serra from which it is clear that Governor Neve received special instructions shortly after his appointment to Upper California. In this letter, the viceroy assures the Fr. Presidente "that the governor of these provinces, who is commanded by his Majesty to reside at the presidio of Monterey, will do all (as regards the founding of Mission San Juan Capi- strano) in a manner that will be satis- factory to your Reverence." Besides being strictly ordered to re-establish Mission San Diego and to found Mis- sions San Juan Capistrano, Santa Cla- ra, and those in the Santa Barbara Channel, the new governor, "whose sole business shall be the care of the presidio and of the troops," will "place at each of the new missions at least six (soldiers), which w-ill be done in accord with your Reverence." Further- more, "Governor Don Felipe Neve is charged to consult me and to propose to me what he may deem expedient and necessary to make those establish- ments happy." '•" Surely, if any one of the military heads in California knew what was expected of him and what policy he was to pursue toward the ad- vancement of the spiritual conquest, it was Don Felipe de Neve, California's first governor.
When Don Pedro Fages, on Sep- tember 10, 1782, returned to Califor-
^2 Viceroy Bucareli, Instruccioncs, Sep- tember 30, 1774. Banc. Coll.
13 Viceroy Bucareli to Fr. Serra, Decem- ber 25, 1776. Santa Barbara Archives.
nia in the capacity of governor, he ap- parently did not receive special instruc- tions from the viceroy. Nor was it necessary. In the first place, he had already passed through the school of experience; and if, as the event show- ed, he forgot or ignored what he had learned, it was his own and not the government's fault. Moreover, when he assumed the governorship, the duties of that office, thanks to Neve's policy, were already well defined and the rela- tions between the ecclesiastical and mili- tary authorities sufficiently regulated. To further the conquest spiritually as well as materially, Fages had only to obey the governmeni; orders and disre- gard instructions with which his pre- decessor had supplied him before re- sip^ning the office he had filled so in- gloriously. ^^
Such then was the fine of action which the Spanish government through its highest representative in Mexico mapped out for the military heads in California. It is self-evident that, through the College of San Fernando, the viceroy instructed also the mission- aries how to carry on the work en- trusted to them. Fr. Serra in particular was well informed as to the avowed object of the enterprise and the rights and obligations which he and his fellow missionaries should have for its re- alization. Only, it was not necessary for the government constantly to re- mind the Fathers what they could and ought to do, since they at all times fol- lowed orders strictly and faithfully.
(To he continued) j
— It is said that "Genius is simply the art of taking pains." Whether this be true or not, it is a fact beyond ques- tion that many of the cleverest and most famous men owed their success to persistent carefulness and patience. Natural aptitude is much, but there is something greater which lies behind real success, and that is taking pains and persevering.
" See H. H. Bancroft, History of Cali- fornia, Vol. I, p. 384.
10
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
January 1
Correspondence
The Essence of the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass
To the Editor: —
In regard to the need of a physical transformation, let us say: a mutatio in melius, for the sacrificial act; why not say the substantial change of the bread into Christ's body is such a transfor- mation, and the transfer and acceptance of the accidents of bread by Christ after the consecration is a tmitatio in dcterius? The essence of the sacrifice demands a real transformation of the res oblata ; in this case the above im- mutation would seem to fit.
Anselm Cappe, O.S.B. Belmont Abbey
Dean Harris on the "Miracle" of St. Januarius
[The venerable Dean W. R. Harris, D.D., LL.D., member of the Ontario Archaeological Commission (cf. F. R., XXVIII, 23, p. 433) and author of many learned books, writes to us in the course of a letter dated Toronto, Dec. 9th :]
I am in thorough sympathy with what you say (F. R., Vol. XXVIII. No. 23, p. 438) on the liquefaction of the blood of St. Januarius. The supposed blood ought to be subjected to a chem- ical analysis and the problem or al- leged miracle be studied from the his- toric side. Cardinal Newman — see Ward's Life, Vol. I, p. 189 — writes to H. Wilberforce from Naples, Sept. 17, 1847: "Yet there is this remarkable fact that liquefactions of blood are common at Naples — and unless it be irreverent to the Great Author of Miracles to be obstinate in the inquiry, the question certainly rises whether there is something in the air."
I am tempted to ask, with all due reverence, what purpose does the mira- cle, if it be a miracle, serve? Newman tells us that he believed Naples to be the worst city in Europe, notwithstand- ing that the liquefaction has occurred there three or four times every year for four hundred years. When, in
September, 1870, I was present in the cathedral at the time of the liquefac- tion, I was more shocked than edified at the behavior of the people there. I do think, moreover, that the weird ex- travagances and painful exclamations of the "Aunts of St. Januarius" {sie di San Gennaro), a body of elected poor women assisting at every liquefaction, ought to be suppressed. Of course, there is nothing in Newman's air or atmosphere supposition. Until the lique- faction is shown — I do not say : proved — to be a miracle, I, like the Fort- nightly Review, hold my judgment in suspension.
I cannot refrain, my dear Dr. Preuss, from renewing the expressioon of my admiration for your splendid Review. W. R. Harris
The Trouble With Our Universities
To the Editor: —
The Rev. A. J. Tallmadge, S.J., in answer to my recent communication concerning the lack of cooperation be- tween Marquette University of Mil- waukee and the Charities Conference, states that I "have not all the data." In support of his contention the writer enumerates several very worthy and commendable phases of activity under- taken by the University faculty, stu- dents and graduates.
The majority of these activities were known to the present writer, if not in- deed by the general public. It was scarcely possible to be ignorant of them. In spite of this, I wrote my previous communication, pointing out that there was a lack of cooperation between the University as an intellectual force and the Charities Conference,
I wish to enumerate or re-enumerate the following points in support of this contention :
1. The University is situated in one of the largest industrial districts in the U. S., and the Charities Conference, held at a very crucial time in the in- dustrial life of this nation, was, or un- doubtedly would have been, vitally interested in the particulars of that depressing situation, which almost
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
11
reach to the very door of the Univer- sity for recognition and attention. What better time would there have been, what better opportunity, to make it clear to our Catholic people as well as to non-Catholics that the Church does not stand sphinx-like before a problem which is engulfing many thou- sands of people in this district alone?
2. If the Charities Conference did not ask that this intellectual force in this district make itself heard along traditional Catholic lines, then either one of two conclusions must be drawn : either the Charities Conference did not recognize in this large Catholic uni- versity an intellectual force capable of dealing with the problem, or the Chari- ties Conference itself lacked the vision to see the possibilities of the situation. Instead a representative of the much- derided and despised Wisconsin State University appeared on the programme and soon made it clear that he was as far from a truly Catholic solution of our industrial ills as are the birth- controllers from that of our race prob- lem.
3. It is quite apparent that all that is necessary to prove an educational institution a "live one'' is to show that it can produce entertainment, commit- tees, money, and advertising. As for intellectual accomplishments, they are beyond consideration. The quality of a football team and athletics in general determines the standard. So far have we fallen from the true standards of education !
4. It is worth while to recall that my previous communication was de- signed to call attention to a very gen- eral state of affairs in higher Catholic education. It is significant, in this con- nection, that wonderful enthusiasm was displayed at the recent visit of Marshal Foch to the United States, while the Dante celebrations have been con- spicuous by their absence. Moreover, it is a fact that the vast majority, if not all of our institutions, could not teach true Catholic social doctrine Avithout inviting financial death.
5. It should be made clear at this
point that these remarks are directed not against any one institution or body of men. Our Catholic universities are the \nctims of a system, which has practically paralysed them intellectual- ly. We are all, our universities in- cluded, the victims of the present regime of privilege. Our institutions are unfortunately inadequately financed and, as a result, are dependent upon the representatives of Privilege, who are only too often smirking, pietistic Catholics. The intellectual life of these institutions is therefore not free, but enslaved. They are either consciously or unconsciously the supj^orters of Privilege, and their whole intellectual life has been an effort to uphold the unethical, unchristian, and pagan doc- trines of Privilege. It is true, of course, that the vast majority of our university faculties see eye to eye with their Patrons of Privilege. But it is also true that, even if they were aware of the present deplorable sitviation, little could be done until they were liberated from the crushing financial burdens which have made them like unto Lazarus at the gate of the Rich ]Man. Our institutions are not so much to be blamed as the present order of society and the chaotic condition of American Catholic life. But whither shall we turn for light and leaders?
MiLWAUKEAN
— The high church movement in Protestant Germany has grown strong enough to support a monthly organ of its own, called Die Hochkirche. In the issue for May, 1921, Heinrich Hansen, a Protestant preacher of Slesvig, pub- lished ninety-five theses, which he offered to defend against any and all opponents. Therein Protestantism is compared with the prodigal son who is anxious to return to his father's house, i. e., to the Catholic pale. The theses are thoroughly Catholic and show that Pastor Hansen and his brethren are in earnest in their seeking of the true Church. May they find it and in it the peace they crave!
12
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
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Notes and Gleanings
— J\lr. John T. Comes, of Pittsburgh, the famous ecclesiastical architect, has taken into partnership two of his former associates, J\Ir. Will R. Perry and Mr. Leo A. McMullen, and the firm will be henceforth known by the name of Comes, Perry & McMullen.
— The exclusion of King Charles from the Hungarian throne, to which he has a just claim, and his banishment to Madeira, was not, so far as we can see, the work o^ the Hungarian people, but of a band of self-seeking politicians acting under pressure from the Entente. This is certainly, as the Liverpool Cath- olic Times observes (No. 2830), "not in accord with the principles of democ- racy," for which, ostensibly, the late war was fought.
- — In truly Catholic fashion, the Catholic Workers' College has made an humble start at Oxford, with two students and a principal. Organized as a memorial to the late Fr. Charles Plater, S.J., it will carry on his work
and, we hope, grow into a centre of social and economic studies that will provide trained and highly educated leaders of their own class for the Cath- olic workingmen of England. Mean- while, where is oiir Catholic Workers' College ?
— We note from Fr. Anton Punti- gam's magazine, Dcf atcliaristischc Volkerbund (Vienna, Vol. H, No. 1/2) that at a council of the Russian schis- matic church held in August, 1917, the ancient patriarchate of Moscow was re-established, with Tychon, the metro- politan of Jaroslaw and Rostow, as patriarch, and that the thirty milHon Ukrainians, who hitherto belonged to the schismatic Russian church, are about to detach themselves from the same and to unite with Rome.
— In the Christian World (London) Mr. P. W. Wilson discusses the relig- ious movement in America. He says that Protestantism in this country is largely without Christ. He also asserts, — though he evidentlv dislikes the idea.
>!i2
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
— that "the real duahty of the United States" is "between Protestant and Catholic." Noteworthy is his observa- tion that "Masonry is spreading apace" and that "it is silent, astute, thoroughly organized," though "it says nothing." How is it that so many of our corelig- ionists are blind to this menace, while this Protestant observer from across the sea perceives it clearly?
— The League of Catholic Women, New York, request the F. R. to call attention to the fact that they keep a reliable room registry at their head- quarters, 371 Lexington Ave., for Catholic girls, students or business women, who come to the metropolis and do not know where to go. The registry staff not only directs newcom- ers to reliable addresses, but advises them on other important problems. This is a noble work that deserves praise and encouragement.
— The Bulletin of the Catholic Lay- men's Association of Georgia quotes the Worcester Tclcgrutti as saying, in comment on Marshal Foch's Chicago remark that "peace has been promised . . . only to men of good will" : "It was not 'peace on earth, good will to men,' but 'peace to men of good will' that Christianity promised." If the refer- ence is to the Christmas message of the angels at Bethlehem, neither ver- sion is right, as we demonstrated in this Review a number of years ago, for that message promised peace "to'is anthropois cudokias," that is, to "the men in whom God is well pleased."
— The Franciscan Fathers of this province are about to establish a quar- terly magazine, to be known as the Third Order Forum, under the editor- ship of Fr. James, O.F.M. The new periodical is calculated chiefly to meet the needs of directors of Third Order fraternities, but will make a special appeal to the clergy in general and to all others who are interested in "the Great Reform" urged by Leo XIII and his successors. There has been a con- stantly growing need of a magazine of this kind in English, and we feel sure
the Third Order Forum will "fill the bill." The publication office will be at 5045 S. Laflin St., Chicago, 111.
— A series of papers printed in the Builder, "a Journal for the Masonic Student," published at Anamosa, la., under the title, "Roman Catholicism and Freemasonry," again raises the question if it would not be advisable to collect and publish in an Englisli edition all the encyclicals issued by dif- ferent popes about Freemasonry, to- gether with such other official docu- ments, decisions of the Roman Congre- gations, etc., as would serve to make the attitude of the Church towards ^Masonry perfectly clear to Catholics and non-Catholics alike. So far as we are aware, no satisfactory collection of these important documents exists. There is certainly need of one in English.
— Those interested in the liberation of India can keep themselves informed of the republican movement in that country by subscribing for The Repub- lican India, published at 799 Broadway, New York, by the Friends of Free- dom for India and edited by Mr. Ba- santa Koomar Roy. The current issue announces that the Prince of Wales will be boycotted by all liberty-loving Hindus upon his visit in India, and that the Hon. Srinivas Sastri, who pre- tends to represent the people of India at the Washington Conference, is a creature of Lloyd George and has no right whatever to speak for his fellow- countrymen. "He no more represents India than Benedict Arnold could rep- resent America."
— Among the international organiza- tions designed to bring about the union of all Catholics of the world (see our article in Vol. XXVIII, No. 23) may also be reckoned the "Eucharistic League of Nations in the Holy Ghost," established at Vienna by Father Anton Puntigam, S.J. It has a monthly organ in Dcr citcharistische Volkerbund, edit- ed by the founder. The fundamental idea of this organization is to eflect that interior change or conversion with- out which the reconciliation of nations
14
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
January 1
Just published :
The Preacher's Vademecum
Sermon Plans for Sundays. Feasts of Our Lord, of the Blessed Virgin and the Saints, Advent and
Lenten Courses, Forty Hours', Sacred Heart Devotions, Retreats, Conferences, May and October
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This unique work will prove a boon for the preacher, particularly on account of the great variety of its material for many different occasions.
The quality of the material may be juflged from the fact that in its French original the work is already in its Fifth Edition, and has been favored with many flattering commendations by the episcopate.
Story-Sermonettes for the Children's Mass
FOR ALL SUNDAYS OF THE YEAR By the Rev. Frederick Reuter
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Short Sermons for the Children's Mass
On the Gospels of all the Sundays of the Year Amply illustrated by Example and Anecdote
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"They are the products of long years of work and .should prove welcome to many less experienced than the author.'* — Catholic Book Notes.
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
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is impossible. A secondary object, in- timately connected with this primary one, is the support of the foreign mis- sions. We are indebted to Fr. Pun- tigam for the statutes of the League, copies of which can be had from head- quarters, Canisiushaus, Canisiusg. 11, Vienna IX/4, Austria.
— The Builder, "a Journal for the Masonic Student" (Anamosa, la., Vol. VII, No. 12, p. 347) reproduces from the New Age, a Masonic magazine pub- lished at Washington, a list of Masons in the present Congress. The list is arranged according to States and con- tains the names of no less than 335 senators and representatives, among them such leaders as Senators Penrose, Underwood, Glass, La FoUette, John- son, McCormick, McKinley, Williams, Freylinghusen, Calder, Knox (since deceased), SterHng, Culberson, Poin- dexter, and Sutherland, and such promi- nent members of the House as Julius Kahn (Cal.), W. A. Rodenberg (111.), Claude Kitchin (N. C), and others. Pennsylvania has the largest number of Masons among its representatives in Congress, namely, 24; then comes New York with 21, 'then Illinois with 19. Missouri is credited with but one.
— In his peace appeal to the leaders of the belligerent nations, Aug. 1, 1917, Benedict XV wrote: "As to the dam- age to be made good and the cost of the war, we see no other way of solv- ing the question but to lay down, as a general principle, an entire and recip- rocal condonation, justified, moreover, by the immense benefits which will accrue from disarmament." The rulers of the nations paid no heed to these wise words at the time, but to-day, four years after the Holy Father spoke, we find a leading financial expert like Mr. R. McKenna telling his fellow business men that the policy adopted by the victorious Allies has resulted in world-wide impoverishment and loss. The policy of vengeance, the exaction of the "pound of flesh" at the bayonet's point, has not paid, even from the mere money point of view. The Pope was right, whereas the politicians were
hopelessly wrong, and the bankers at one end of the scale and the workless millions on the other, are finding it out.
— There is before the British Parlia- ment at present a bill, introduced by Mr. T. Davies, which aims at the de- struction of the Catholic schools. It was reported lately (see F. R., No. 23, p. 438 sq.) that the Anglican author- ties were co-operating with the Non- conformists in favor of this measure to abolish the so-called dual system. But we see from the Catholic Times that many leading members of the Church of England are opposed to the Davies bill, so that the Catholics in their opposition to it can count on some assistance at least from that quarter. The Catholic Times (No. 2830) calls the bill "a challenge to the Christians of the whole country" and expresses the hope that the Catholics of England will defeat this attempt to deprive them of the right of bringing up their children in the Catholic religion, just as they defeated a similar attempt (the Birrell bill) not long ago.
— Bro. Dudley Wright intimates in the Masonic Builder (Anamosa, la., Vol. VII, No. 12, p. 346) that Catholic priests and prelates who oppose Free- masonry "certainly cannot know what they are talking about." Yet, as we pointed out but a short while ago (F. R., Vol. XXVIII, No. 22, p. 412), no less a Masonic authority than Mr. Os- sian Lang, in an ofificial report recently made to the Grand Lodge of New York
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
January 1
Encourage Children to Read Good Books
*'For readers aged 7 to 77''
IMAGINE! Alexandre Dumas' "ThreeMus- keteers" considered one of the best sellers of the week for children, according to a Chicago daily paper. What a dearth of children's books there must be when children will read the works of an author who is on the index.
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Clementia has so often been urged by the young people who have read her other stories ("Uncle Frank's Mary," "The Quest of Mary Selwyn" and "Bird-a-Lea") to tell us more about Berta and Beth, that she has decided to devote several books to Mary and those lovable, mischievous Selwyn Twins. Each book will be a story complete in itself. "Mostly Mary" is neatly bound in cloth with frontispiece and attractive cover. 160 pages. Postpaid $1.00. Send in your Dollar today and receive your copy by return mail. For sale by all Catholic Booksellers and
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and reprinted in pamphlet form, dis- tinctly says : "I do not mean to have yoti infer that thoughtful non-Masons could not possibly hit upon a right reading of the 'history' " and adds that Fr. Herman Gruber, S.J., in his article on Freemasonry in the Catholic Ency- cloj>edia, "comes nearer interpreting the 'history' correctly, in my estimation, than any Masonic writer whose publi- cations have appeared in the English language. . . .'' Correctly to interpret the "history" of Masonry, in the sense in which Mr. Lang employs the term, piesupposes a right understanding of the true nature of the craft, and it is foolish to assert that the popes who condemned Freemasonry did not know what they were condemning,
— Fr. Bustin, in his address at the Catholic Students' Mission Crusade, told of a practice which, if adopted by any large number of flourishing par- ishes, would solve a goodly part of the mission problem within a generation.
"Last year," he said, "Father Dahlent, pastor of the colored church in Macon, Ga., was called to his reward. His loss appeared at the time irreparable, and we so stated it to one of his confreres. This priest replied that his place would soon be taken by another. He then stated that the village in which Father Dahlent was born and reared in Alsace, will hear of his death from the pastor's lips next Sunday. That afternoon, the men of the village will assemble to- gether and pick out a likely boy with a vocation, will educate him, will send him ofif equipped to represent them and their village parish church in mission fields far off. Then he said that for over a hundred and fifty years that lit- tle village has had at least one repre- sentative in mission work. Would to God," Fr. Bustin added sadly, "that statement could be made about any single parish in this United States."
— From an official correspondence between Governor Hardwick, of Geor-
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
gia, and Solicitor Hartridge. of Ailanta. (reproduced in the Xov. Bulletin of tlie Catholic Laymen's Association of (Georgia) it appears that, contrary to the assertions of Tom Watson, the "con- vent inspection act is being carried out rigorously in Chatham " County, in wliich Atlanta is situated. In 1917, a test case was created to establish the constitutionality of the law. The State Supreme Court affirmed the decision of the superior court, and '"since that time," in the words of Solicitor Hart- ridge, "there has been no objection on the part of anyone to the inspection of any of the institutions covered by the act. If there is any just criticism which may be made," adds the Solicitor, "it is that the grand juries in this county have inspected a great many institu- tions which, perhaps, do not come with- in the strict letter of the law.'" Thus there is a chance that the \^eazy law may some day be repealed on account of the abuses connected with its en- forcement. That it has not stopped the lying stories of "Bishop Keiley's white girl slave pens" and others of like tenor, is remarkable and a disap- IX)intment to Catholics, not only in Georgia.
— We see from St. Michael's Alma- nac that the school for the training of negro priests established by the Socie- ty of the Divine Word at Greenville. Miss., last year, is soon to be trans- ferred to Bay St. Louis. The institution, v/hich was founded with the approval and blessing of the Holy See, already has in training 29 students for the priesthood and three candidates for the lay brotherhood. It is under the con- trol of a society v.'hose members have assumed all responsibility for the new venture. Whether or not this society will in course of time be united with the S. V. D., or remain a separate re- ligious community, has not ,yet been decided. We just see from Our Color- ed Missions for December that "on the recommendation of Pope Benedict XV, the priests trained at Sacred Heart College will be members of the Societv of the Divine Word, with the
same rules, rights and privileges as any member of the Society throughout the world." There is a difference of opinion among those working in the negro missions whether it is advisable to attempt to train a colored priest- hood ; but as is has been the practice of the Catholic Church to educate a "native" clergy wherever the work of converting a new people was sufficiently advanced, and as some of our best missionaries beheve that many negroes are called to the priesthood and can be trained to do good work among their fellows, we think the S. V. D. is acting wisely in making the attempt, despite the peculiar difficiilties arising, especial- ly in the South, from the social posi- tion of the negro.
,^,^^^
Forty Years of Missionary Life in Arkansas
By tlie Rev. John Eugene Weibel, V.F.
{4S''(i Installment)
The new convent, a two-story brick build- ing with basement and a tower in the center, is 80x40 feet. Mr. A. M. Weibel and John Kerr were the builders. In Maj', 1898, the new convent was finished. In order to help pay the heavy expense, a fair was held in the roomy attic of the building. Everybody helped to make it a success. ]Mr. Carvielle. the elec- trician, provided the large room with a great number of electric lights. The ladies brought evergreens and flowers, and the many beauti- ful Ijooths with their decorations gave the place a fairylike aspect. Over $2000 was real- ized on that occasion.
Rev. Father Hugo Fessler, O. F. M., from Memphis, blessed the new convent.
During the year 1898 work was continued, especially on the school. With the sanction of the Rt. Rev. Bishop and the Rt. Rev. Abbot General, the convent was now made the motherhouse of the Sisters, on equal footing with Maria-Stein at Pocahontas. The former place was to remain the motherhouse and profession was to be made there both for Maria-Stein and Jonesboro ; the novices were to make part of their novitiate in Maria- Stein, and it was thought, on account of the malaria, this change would be of great hy- gienic advantage. Amongst the railroaders I had often heard the remark that the third section-house would invariably cure the chills. Pocahontas was then quite isolated and hard to reach, and even now it is rather inconvenient of access. However, the place is the mother of all Catholic life in North- eastern Arkansas, and the property of the
18
THE FOETNIGHTLY EEVIEW
January 1
Sisters is so beautifully located that no bet- ter place could be found for a novitiate and a convent school. It was certainly not the intention either of the Bishop or of the su- periors to take any rights or prerogatives from the highly blessed spot, where one of the most successful missionaries of Arkansas had laid the foundations of our faith, and which place that zealous priest, the Rev. James O'Kean, as he often asserted, left only
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
19
with keen regret, to take charge of the Cathedral at Little Rock.
I visited Pocahontas at least every other week to hear the confessions of the Sisters. Jonesboro, which had but a few hundred inhabitants when I first visited the place, was steadily growing, and by this time had from 5000 to 6000. The same was the case with Paragould. When I visited Paragould the first time, in 1882, it had perhaps half a dozen buildings. In 1899 there were in both places a number of factories, with hundreds of employees, and both had become important railroad centers.
Often men who were total strangers would become sick, and we did not know what to do with them. The nearest hospital was St. Joseph's, in Memphis, Tenn., under the man- agement of the Franciscan Sisters. I went so often to that institution with charity patients that I began to feel ashained. although the Sisters, under their zealous Mother, Alexia, never showed the least reluctance to receive poor patients. But I saw the necessity of a hospital for Northeastern Arkansas and was resolved to do my best to bring about the establishment of one. The first and most difficult part was to convert the Sisters in Jonesboro to the plan. Some ascetic priests had put the idea into their beads that Bene- dictine Sisters were not called to conduct hospitals. I pointed out that the very name hospital recalled their origin from the Bene- dictine Order. According to St. Benedict, every monastery must possess a guest-house (hospitium), where strangers can enjoy the hospitality of the religious. As the people were so well treated as guests, and the re- ligious were acquainted with many remedies for the sick, those guest houses in course of time became hospitals. Of course, with the regulation made by the Council of Trent for the strict enclosure for Sisters, the numerous schools and hospitals, formerly kept by Sis- ters, met special difficulties, and many could not be continued. But a later time brought Sisters who could go out and devote them- selves to works of charity, as of old. If there is an order whose founder has set an ex- ample of this charity, it is the Order of the Benedictines of Mount Olive. Their founder, St. Bernard Ptolomei, in the year 1348 sent his Fathers all over the district of Arrezzo, to take care of the many poor people, victims of the pest, of which disease he himself died, as he had foretold, at the age of seventy-six years, on the Feast of the .\ssumption, 1348. (To be continued)
Literary Briefs
—If the Fortnightly Review fails in stim- ulating its readers to think for themselves — even to the point of occasional disagreement with its utterances — its purpose is not at- tained.
First American Edition of the "Divina Com- media"
We see from the Catholic Senti^tel that a new edition of Dante's "Divina Commedia" has recently been printed by the Visitor Printing Company of Providence, R. I. This, we are informed, is the first Italian edition printed in America and was edited by Msgr. .■\luigi Cossio, auditor of the Apostolic Del- egation, Washington.
Meditations on the Sacred Heart of Jesus
"Jesus Christ, the King of Our Hearts," is a volume of meditations (the translator oddly oalls them "elevations") on the Sacred Person of our Divine Redeemer, considered in connection with the regal dignity and sovereignty of the Heart of Jesus over the hearts of men. The book is adapted for private devotion and for reading aloud at devotions to the Sacred Heart or during the "Holy Hour" or services on "First Fri- da}'," and for these purposes it has an ap- pendix of suitable prayers. (Benziger Bros.). The Rosary, its History and Use
Under the above title the Rev. E. J. Mc- Guinness has prepared a useful booklet in 32mo, illustrating the mysteries of the Rosary and presenting appropriate Scriptural texts to be used for meditation on these mysteries. The Assumption and Coronation, for lack of Biblical proofs, are illustrated by excerpts from ancient writers, testifying to the prev- alence of the respective beliefs in their day. The historical introduction should have been revised in the light of recent research. That a historical error is mentioned in a papal encyclical does not render it less an error. (Chicago: Extension Press).
Practical Talks on Family Life
"You and Yours" by Fr. Martin J. Scott, S.J., is a volume of "Practical Talks on Fam- ily Life," permeated by common sense and sound piety. The style is not that of ser- mons, but of easy conversations. The author proceeds from the thesis — undisputed, we think, — that the home is the very heart of both Church and State, and discusses in detail the factors which make for a good home. He says that all his suggestions are founded on experience, and we believe him, even though here and there he makes a statement that seems to indicate lack of ex- perience, as, for instance, that "race suicide" is a sin hardly known among Catholics. On the whole, however, "You and Yours" is a sound, sensible, and helpful book, and we cordially recommend it. (P. J. Kenedy & Sons).
20
THE FORTNIGHTLY BEVIEW
January 1
Books Received
Liither-Studien. Herausgegeben von Hart- mann Grisar S.J. Heft I: Luther zu Worms und die jungsten drei Jahrhun- dertfeste der Reformation. Von H. Grisar S.J. vii & 89 pp. 8vo. Heft II: Luthers Kampfbilder. Von H. Grisar S.J. i. Pas- sionale Christi und Antichristi. Eroflfnung des Bilderkampfes (1521). xiii & 68 pp. 8vo. Mit 5 Abbildungen. B. Herder Book- Co. 90 cts.
Abandonment to Dhnne Providence. By the Rev. J. P. de Caussade, S.J. Edited by the Rev. J. Ramiere, S.J. Introduction by Dom Arnold, O.S.B. From the loth Complete French Edition by E. J. Strickland, xiii & 2,77 pp. 8vo. Exeter. England: The Cath- olic Records Press; St. Louis, Mo.: B. Herder Book Co. $3.50 net.
St. Michael's Almanac for 1922. 106 pp. large 8vo. Illustrated. Techny, III.: Mis- sion Press of the S. V. D. 25 cts. (Wrap- per).
St. Michael's Kalender fiir 1922. 107 pp. large 8vo. Illustrated. Techny, 111.: Mis- sion Press of the S. V. D. 25 cts. (Wrap- per).
St. Jerome and Holy Scripture. The En- cyclical Letter of Pope Benedict XV. . . on the 15th Centenary of the Death of St. Jerome. Authorized Translation. 59 pp. 8vo. P. J. Kenedy & Sons. 40 cts., postpaid. (Wrapper).
The Story of St. John Baptist de la Salle, Founder of the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools. By Bro. Leo. With an Introduction by the Archbishop of New York, vii & 135 pp. l2mo. P. J. Kenedy & Sons. $1.60, postpaid.
A Handbook of Moral Theology. By the Rev. Antony Koch, D. D., Professor of Theology. Adapted and Edited by Arthur Preuss. Volume IV: Man's Duties to God. Second, Revised Edition, iv & 423 pp. i2mo. B. Herder Book Co. $2.50 net.
St. Agatha's Parish, St. Louis, Mo. Souve- nir of the Golden Jubilee, 1871— 1921. 116 pp. 8vo. Richly illustrated. (Wrap- per).
Work, Wealth and IVages. By Joseph Huss- lein, S.J., Ph.D. x & 159 pp. i2mo. Chi- cago: Matrc & Co. $1, postpaid.
Lauda Sion, or Gregorian Melodies for Lit- urgical and Other functions. Compiled by the Rev. Thomas Rust, O.F.M. Edited by the V. Rev. Peter Griesbacher. 145 pp. i2mo. Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press. $1, postpaid.
Rubricae Generates Missalis Romani a Pio X Reformati ct SSmi D. N. Benedicti XV Auctoritate J'lilgati. Additis quibusdam specialiter observandis in Missa Privata coram SS. Sacramento, necnon coram Episcopo in sua Dioecesi, etc. xvi & 317 pp. 32mo. Turin : Marietti. Frs. 7.
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The Fortnightly Review
VOL. XXIX, NO. 2
ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
January 15, 1922
Some Forgotten Aspects of the Irish Question
By the Rev. F. Joseph Kelly, Detroit Seminary
It may be pleaded and generally is pleaded, that the British gov- ernment has been trying con- sistently to undo the wrongs of centuries, and is offering the peo- ple of Ireland privileges which will place them on an equal foot- ing with the people of Jilngland. Granting that this opinion is true, the mere undoing of a wrong does not always place the injured party on an equal footing with those who have not been wronged. The sov- ereign's "pardon" does not ne- cessarily place the innocent con- vict where he was before. His health may have been ruined meanwhile, or his business, or both. In equity, therefore, if not in strict law, he has exceptional claims on the consideration and sympathy of the government which did him the wrong. The conduct of England in the past goes far to explain the present condition of Ireland. If that con- duct has Ijeen exceptional in the highest degree, the Irish may be less unreasonable than is gener- ally supposed in demanding some exceptional remedies.
It is popularly supposed that the special ill-treatment of Ire- land by England began at the time ot' the Reformation. Un- doubtedly the Reformation intro- duced a new element of discord by adding to the antipathy of race the more potent and more bitter antipathy of religion,— the religion
•of a handful of English officials in Dublin imposed upon the Irish nation by the Musselmaii argu- ment of the sword. Before the Re- formation, the Irish nation was outlawed for the crime of being Irish. At the Reformation, it was outlawed anew for the additional ci'ime of being "Papist."
But to say that the Irish were outlawed by England may appear to some an exaggerated statement. It is, however, the literal fact. England found the conquest of Ireland a much more difficult mat- ter than it had bargained for. If the Irish had been united political- ly under one head, one of two re- sults must have followed: — either the English invaders would have been driven out of the country, or the Irish would have submitted after a few decisive defeats. But the ancient Irish were broken up into a number of separate tribes, owing, collectively, no allegiance to any one single chief. This made it impossible, without a military occupation of the whole country, to subdue and rule them in the mass; and a military occupation of the whole country was impos- sible. Political organizations are in this respect like animal organi- zations. When they are highly developed, you can deal with them as individual entities whose power of resistance is destroyed when vou have cut off or overcome the
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
Jacuary 15
liecod. In undeveloped organiza- tions, on the other hand, to divide is simpiv to multiply the centers of life and of resistance. Ireland was politically in this undeveloped condition at the time of Strong-- how's invasion. No victorv, how- ever decisive on the spot, 'sufficed to crush the resistance of the pojjulation at large, because the\- acknowledged no single head. Dis- persed at one place, they sudden- ly attacked at another. Harassed and exasperated at this style of warfare, the English seem to have conceived the idea of exterminat- ing the majority of the native population. The atrocious laws decreed against them hardly ad- mit of any other interpretation. The Irish were, simply as Irish, placed outside the protection of the law, and were treated as ver- min. Submission to English rule did not bring with it the correla- tive privileges of an English sul)- ject. To kill an Irishman was no murder. To break a contract with him was no wrong. He could not sue in the English courts. The slaughter of the Irish and the seizure of their property Avere acts rewarded by the government. There was no restraint on the greed and cruelty of the oppres- sor, except the fear of retaliation. A common defense in the charges of murder was that the murdered man was of tlie "mere Irish." To escape from this cruel bondage, the Irish repeatedly petitioned for admission to the benefits of Eng- lish law, and were always refused. Such was the condition of the Irish beyond the Pale. Nor was the lot even of those w^ho lived within it an enviable one. The de- ,gree of protection which submis- sion to English rule afforded
them, may be tested by a statute of 1465, which decreed* that ''any person going to rob or steal, hav- ing no faithful man of good name or fame in his company in English apparel," might be killed by the first man who met him. This placed the life of every Irish man and Irish woman within the Pale at the disposal of any Englishman who might feel tempted to indulge his passions. But it is right to re- cord even small mercies, and therefore I hasten to add that the brutality of this law Avas some- vi-hat mitigated by a subsequent statute which directed the Irish within the Pale to wear English apparel.
Such however was the fascina- tion of the Irish character, stimu- lated here and there perhaps by sympathy with undeserved Avrongs or by love of adventure, that Englishmen Avere allured across the Pale in considerable numbers. These became proverb- ially more Irish than the Irish. They learned the language, adopt- ed the costume, imbibed the man- ners, and got infected Avith the Avit of the subject race. If this Ijrocess of amalgamation had been alloAved to go on unchecked, Ire- land Avould probably haA^e had a different history. But it Avas ar- rested inside the Pale by the Re- formation; outside the Pale, by the statutes of Kilkenny. By these statutes an impassable gulf Avas dug betAveen the tAA'o races. To intermarry Avith the Irish, or in- deed to form any sort of connec- tion with them, AA^as a capital crime. It Avas also made highly V)onal to present an Irishman for an ecclesiastical benefice or to grant the rights of hospitality to an Irish bard or story-teller. Yet
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
23
the result of it all was that w^hen Henry VIII quarreled with the Pope, and thus added the bitter- ness of religious persecution to the hatred already engendered by English tyranny, the area of Eng- lish rule w^as contracted \\ithin a compass of twenty miles. Till then, the extermination of the Irish, though aimed at in various acts, was never openly recom- mended by English officials. It was left to Protestant zeal to stain the English name with this in- famy. The poet Spenser calmly contemplates the extermination of the Irish as tlie^ surest method of making an ''Hibernia Pacata." After pathetically describing the desolation of Munster by the sol- diers of Elizabeth, he observes : ''The end will (I assure me) be very short, and much sooner than it can be in so great a trouble, as it seemeth, hoped for; although there should be none of them fall by the sword nor be slain by the soldier, yet thus being kept from manurance and their cattle from running abroad, they would quick- ly consume themselves and devour one another."
This horrible anticipation was in fact literally fulfilled in Eliza- beth's reign and on several sub- sequent occasions. The barbarous policy succeeded only too well. Pestilence and famine committed frightful havoc among those who had -escaped the sword and fire. Starving children were to be seen feeding in the silent streets on the corpses of their parents, and even the graves were rifled to appease the pangs of hunger. And these horrors went on, not during one or two years, but at intervals ex- tending over seven generations. Famine, as at the end of the Eliza-
bethan wars, stepped in to com- plete the havoc of the sword. A plague followed. Whole counties were cleared of their inhabitants. Did these dreadful sufferings soften toward the Irish the hearts of their English oppressors? On the contrary, some furious spirits wished that the Irish would rebel again, so that they might be put to the sword.
Another era of persecution dates from William of Orange, and it was not till the reign of George II that the penal code reached what Mr. McLennan calls ''the fullness of its hideousness — the reproach of politicians and disgrace of Protestants and Churchmen." The most brutal laws were passed against the Papists, as they were called. Had they been mere slaves, they might have expected some degree of humane treatment; but since the policy which made them slaves held them at the same time as the natural and interested enemies of their masters, they were doomed to experience all the oppression of tyranny without any of the chances, which other slaves enjo^^ of the tyrants being merciful and feeling their tyranny secure. In short, the Irish Catholics who sur- vived the persecution were liter- ally dispossessed of their native country. The situation of the Irish nation in the revolution of 1688 stands unparalleled in history. If the wars of England had been waged against a foreign enemy, the inhabitants would have re- tained their possessions under the established law of civilized na- tions; but the policy of England was perpetual war against the na- tives of Ireland, and it has render- ed her a blank amid the nations
24
THE FOETNIGHTLY REVIEW
January 15
of Europe and retarded her pro- gress in the civilized world.
Confiscation was the common title of Irish landlords; and from their hrst settlement thev were hemmed in by the old inhabitants brooding over their discontent in sullen indignation. It was not a niere class which the confiscations disinherited and uprooted from the soil, but the entire race of Irishmen; and these still cherish the tradition that thoy are the lawful owners of the land. And, as if it were not enough to have divorced a whole nation from the soil which gave it birth, and which by right belonged to it, the in- genuity of English statecraft found other means of completing the ruin of Ireland. Parliameiit l)assed stringent laws, which drove the Irish from the field of flourishing trade. But they are a pertinacious race and did not readily ''say die." They tried their hands at the smaller indus- tries, since all the larger ones were tabooed for them. To crush Ire- land beyond all hope of competi- tion with English merchants, all the Mediterranean ports were closed against her, and she was at length shut out from commerce with the Avhole world, Old and New, including even the English colonies. To -such a pitch did this cruel policy reach that even the spontaneous produce of the ocean which washed his shores could not lie enjoyed by the Irishman with- out the jealous interference of English interests.
The sins of nations, as of in- dividuals, are sure to find them out, and England has no just cause of complaint if events now pending should prove that her
sins against Ireland are not yet expiated in full. She robbed the Irish of their land, and they be- took themselves to other indus- tries for livelihood. Of these she robbed them also, and drove them back upon the land exclusively for the benefit of Englishmen. Can we wonder that many Irishmen mis- trust ail the assurances of good will and promises of home rule vouchsafed by England and insist upon absolute independence?
The Love of Work
The chief trouble in modern life, says a writer in the Freeman (No. 83), is that human beings have lost so much of their old pride and pleasure in work. ''It is not cant to say," he observes, "that the happy life is the creative life, and that the sense of creation may be had in the domestic arts as in the fine arts, in the work of a cook as in the work of a statesman, ' in teaching, or cleaning mndows, or bringing up a family, or driving a motor-car, or doing almost any kind of work that is not absolute- ly mechanical. Without this cre- ative pleasure in work, we doubt if. there is any lasting happiness to be had by human beings. The. great problem of society is the problem, not only of providing work, but of getting people to en- joy it. We do not mean to suggest that the love of work is a more important thing than the love of the sexes. But the love of the sexes is beyond the control of the State. The love of work, w^hich is the greatest compensation in life for tlie average man, is something that may be encouraged and in- creased by a juster social system than ours."
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
The Official German Answer to the Bryce Report
Perhaps no single instrument of Allied propaganda published dur- ing the war served so well the pur- pose of arousing enmity against Germany, as the Bryce report on Belgian atrocities. \\Tiile this re- port was given the widest circula- tion, the German White Book of 1915, the official reply to the Bryce charges, was denied publication in England by the censor. The com- ment of an English officer who has made the translation of the Ger- man defence for the present Am- erican edition will seem .to the average fair-minded American sufficient justification for printing these vital documents at this time :
"We have seen the evidence ad- duced to prove Germany's mis- deeds in Belgium. AVliy have we been prevented from seeing Ger- many's defence against these charges? lii any ci^'ilized society, even the vilest criminal is allowed to defend himself. What is the use of 'defying Germany' to prove a single case of franc-tireur action and at the same time depriving the pubhc of all access to the Ger- man White Book with its long list of specific outrages supported by sworn evidence?"
The English edition of the Ger- man ^^lite Book is entitled: The German Armv in Belgium. The Wliite Book of May, 1915. Trans- lated by E. N. Bennett, Late Capt. 4th Batt. Oxford and Bucks Light Infantry, formerly Fellow" of Hertfoi-d College, 'Oxford. (New York: B. W. Huebsch Inc.)
How flimsy the evidence is on which the Bryce report was based, says a reviewer in La FoUette's Magazine (Vol. XIII, No. 11), is
made clear by Captain Bennett in his Foreword to this book. The numerous statements in the Bryce report were ''mainly derived from Belgian refugees" who had reach- ed England, men who were "nat- urally in a state of nervous ex- citement and full of bitter indig- nation against the invaders of their soil." It is obvious also that some of these refugees were not eye-witnesses of the outrages they described, ' ' for they had fled from their homes and merely recorded their owu inferences as to the events which had oc<?urred during their absence."
Another serious weakness in the Report, according to Capt. Bennett, "arises from the fact that the "^'arious barristers and others who were sent round to interview these refugees were with very few exceptions quite un- able to converse fluently in French and wholly ignorant of Flemish. Finally, none of the evidence was taken on oath."
On this "ill-digested mass of unsworn statements," then, "some merely at second-hand, made by excited and angry Belgians," is based the report which in the minds of hundreds of thousands of citizens in neutral and allied countries, served as sufficient grounds for resting an indictment against a whole people.
In contrast with the Bryce re- port, the evidence in the German AYhite Book is made up entirely of duly sworn statements. On one point-^and that a vital one— the evidence in both the Bryce and Belgian reports is sho^\Ti to be fabricated; namely, in regard to the question of civilian attacks
26
THE FOBTNIGHTLY REVIEW
January 15
made by Belgians on German troops. ''No proof has ever been given," says the Bryce report, "that civilians fired on German troops ... or of shocking outrages perpetrated by Belgian men and women on German soldiers." Well, there is proof in plenty in this report of such attacks and such outrages and of an incontest- able quality: namely, testimony from Belgian newspapers, cover- ing the entire period of the inva- sion. '*In the face of such evi- dence," says Captain Bennett, "much of it furnished by corre- spondents who were eye-witnesses of what occurred, the main con- tention of the Belgian and Bryce
reports falls to the ground
That the German troops were con- fronted with a widespread and de- termined opposition on the part of armed civilians in flagrant \io- lation of the Laws of War must be accepted as a fact established by evidence varied, cumulative and irresistible."
It is mainly as a result of the Bryce report that there permeated among Allies and neutrals a con- ception of a Teutonic psychology which rendered Germans capable of acts that other nations would have found it impossible to com- mit. We shall have, in the light of this report, if for no other rea- son, to disabuse our minds of this notion. The whole question of out- rages in war-time is still a sub- ject for impartial investigation, as Captain Bennett suggests. Of one thing we may be certain : that the liability for it is rarely con- fined to any one side in war-time. As a corrective to a tremendous and organized prejudice, set in motion by a report which had be- hind it the weight of a powerful
name, as well as for its sheer his- torical importance,- the publication at this time of the German White Book of 1915 ought to be wel- comed by those who still believe that an indictment does not con- stitute a trial.
The Pestilence of Nationalism ' ' The spirit of nationality rages like a pestilence : it is the curse of Europe," Thus writes Lord Hugh Cecil in a letter to the London Times. He blames that spirit for the Great War, with its attendant horrors, because the impelling mo- tive was always an intoxicated patriotism.
"If one can imagine," he goes on, "some beneficent magician, w^ho could weave a spell by which all the peoples of Europe should cease to hate alien nationalities, even if it cost them the love of their own, how enormous would be the benefit to human happiness!" The mistake of the nineteenth century, he declares, was that it exalted nationalism to a quasi- religion, whereas the twentieth century is slowly discovering that the patriotic motive is but a hu- man passion. Hatred is the temp- tation of the patriot, and when he falls to it, few crimes are too loathsome to be committed in his country's name. The narrow faith of "my country right or wrong" must give way to Christian char- ity. We are brothers, one of an- other, without distinction of race or color. The word nationalism is usually applied to subject nations, but the Great Powers have been partners in the thing. When na- tions are caught up in the ardor of Christian charity there will be no more war, no more destruction of human lives for selfish issues.
Id22
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
27
The Right to Life of the Unborn Child
By Peter J. Latz, M. D., Chicago, 111.
There is nothing so indicative of the lowering standard of mor- ality among the people as the growing popularity of the means designed to prevent or nullify conception.
There is a decided and auda- cious effort being made in cer- tain professional circles to bring the knowledge of abortion and of the use of contraceptives to the mass' of the people. Just as the m<»rchant advertises his wares to arouse a desire in the prospective purchaser, so also the abortion in- dustry— for it is possible to desig- nate it thus — sends its women agents, fully equipped, on an "educational" mission for the purpose of placing its wares, l)reviously unknown, in the hands of women at an exorbitant price. Among the many means used to prevent the birth of children, one of the most important is the de- struction of the fetus after the first fev7 months. The reports of doctors allow of no doubt but that abortions among all classes have increased alarmingly and that the "iiumher of criminal abortions is more than double the number of normal births. In connection with this fact it must be remarked that the sense of responsibility to- wards the unborn child is fast waning among women, and errone- ous ideas have taken root, which iu their turn are leading to a still . more chaotic condition. Thus it is that the medical profession, in turn, has not stood adamant against the demands of its pa- tients.
The God-given law of nature, that the life of an innocent human
being must not be taken inten- tionally, includes the child in the uterus of the mother. From the moment when the natural conse- quence of intercourse has set in, the liberty of the parents ceases, and they are consequently not free to interfere with the life of the child: whether it be male or fe- male, healthy or sickly, normal or abnormal, gifted or not, all this is beyond the control of the par- ents.
The child in the womb has the same inviolable right to life as the child in the cradle. The time of birth is immaterial. The destruc- tion and removal of a growing and li\'ing human being constitutes a grave offense. That this being is only several millimeters long, that it is as yet incapable of liv- ing apart from its mother, that it has not sensitive or intellectual life, has no bearing on the matter. It lives, and this life must not be destroyed.
The constantly reiterated state- ment that the mother has power over her own body and therefore also over the undeveloped fruit of her body, is the result of ex- aggerated individualism. The right of determination is not only to be repudiated on ethical and religious grounds, but also on the ground of medical science.
From the ethical and religious standpoint it must be emphasized that the highest moral end of matrimony is, and must remain, the maintenance of the family. But this end is frustrated when the mother takes it upon herself to destroy the fruit of her body. Such action not only sets aside
28
THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
January 16
the liigliei- end of lawful inter- course between the sexes, but violates the ideas of morality and the religious teaching of Christ- ianity, and, finally, sets at naught the natural law of race propaga- tion and development.
On purely scientific grounds, too, this view is untenable. The widespread idea that the unborn child is not an intimate part of the mother, but a lifeless compost of matter, is, as already observed, wholly false. This human being, though yet unboi'n, is rather an individual entity, unfolding itself into self-existence, an independent being, which draws its sustenance and protection, during the period of its unfolding, from the mater- nal body, though its origin goes l)ack to the union of male and fe- male principle (ovum and sper- matozoon).
This being is heir, from the first moment of its existence, not only to the characteristics of mother and father, but to the manifold experiences and aspirations of its progenitors. Indeed, it contains, even in its cellular state, the ele- ments for the formation of its future life.
The destruction of such a Avon- derful work of nature does vio- lence, not only, to all dictates of morality and human responsibil- ity, but to the principles of science.
In cases where attempted justi- lication for the destruction of the unborn shild is based on emesis, pulmonary tuberculosis,pernicious anemia, troublesome dreams, etc., the conclusion has been reached that the supposed harmful in- iiuence of the fetus upon these disorders has been greatly ex- as-ge rated. Doctors, expecting to
relieve these disorders through abortion, constantly accomplish what they wish to avoid. It must be borne in mind that such de- struction entails a radical disrup- tion of the entire organism and cannot be accomplished mthout a loss of blood disastrous to one seriously ill. Dr. F. Frank, a re- nowaied obstetrician, professor at the University of Cologne and director of the university clinic, makes the following significant statement: *'In my long obstetri- cal experience, I know of no case where abortion saved a life. The preservation of fetal life is also the best means of preserving the life of the mother."
As a consequence flowing from pi'ofessioual abortion comes ster- ilization, which has of late reached extraordinary development. In addition to removal of the ovaries and constriction (ligation) of the fallopian tubes, the destruction of the ova and sperm-producing (spermatogenic) layers or tissue cells by means of Roentgen Rays (X-Ra3\s) has increased alai*m- ingly. Most married people are ignorant in physiological matters and do not reckon the conse- quences of their rashness. Once sterility has been accomplished, always sterile. The thought of perpetual impotency has a de- pressing influence upon the wife. The causes of many a case of qualms of conscience, fatigue, in- 'somnia, vertigo, palpitation of the heart, and particularly of neu- rasthenia are knoA\ni only to the physician.
The beginning of fructification or life takes place at the moment when the male semen and the fe- male ovum unite to form a new
1922
THE FOETNIGHTLY REVIEW
complex, tlie child cell. It is im- possible, in the present state of our knowledge, to determine the exact moment when life begins. Dependence must be placed rather upon a secondary manifestation, the cessation of the menstrual flow. Hereon is based the opinion of moralists that in cases of rape or defloration the male sdmen may be at once removed and de- stroyed, provided, of course, it can be assumed with great prob- ability that no fetal life is as yet present. (Noldin, De Sexto Prae- cepto et de Usu Matrimonii, 16tli ed., n. 69, b; Arregui, Suniniarium Theol. Mor., 4th ed., n. 241, b).
With the beginning of preg- nancy come radical changes in the maternal organism. Entirely Jiew functions appear and no or- gan of the mother remains unin- fluenced. Violent removal of a fetus, therefore, aifects the entire organism catastrophically, and those who declare otherwise, do so in the face of facts.
The number of criminal abor- tions, according to clinical re- cords, increases daily in an alarm- ing degree and with them the number of female ailments con- stantly grows. In no phase of practical medicine is this more clearly established than here.
Fr. Junipero Serra and the Military Heads of California
By Francis Borgia Steck, 0. F. M.
Ill
During the first year of his term, Fages seems to have known and fol- lowed instructions quite well. It Svould be rash to declare that because of negligence on his part the lack of dis- cipline among the soldiers of the Monterey presidio was such as finally to induce Fr. Serra, in July, 1771, to make use of the permission he had re- quested and obtained from the viceroy and remove his Mission of San Carlos to the Carmelo River, five miles south of the presidio. The comandante was on the road most of the time that year, which may account for the lack of military discipline at Monterey. He is to blSme, however, to a great extent, for the trying conditions that prevailed at Mission San Gabriel during the first year of its existence.^-^
About a month after the founding of this mission, **one of the soldiers," as Fr. Palou relates, "grievously ofifended the good will (of the Indians) by wronging one of the first chiefs of the rancherias and, what is worse, bv sin-
ning against God our Lord.'" In conse- quence, the natives grew restless, espe- cially after the shameless soldier killed the chief who with a formidable horde of pagans w^as on his way to the mis- sion to avenge the outrage committed on his wife.^*^
Thus far, indeed, neither the mis- sionaries nor the comandante were aware of the real cause of thre trouble. But the lawlessness of the soldiers continued, w^hile the comandante's con- stant disregard of the Fathers' just and repeated complaints naturally embold- ened the soldiers. Not only were they insolent toward the missionaries, quar- relsome among themselves, and regard- less of the corporal's authority; but worse than this, they continued to out- rage the poor Indians. "Flight did not avail them (the Indians) to get rid of the iniquities of the soldiers," Fr. Serra testified in his Reprcscntacion. "The soldiers, six or more, on horseback, left usually in the morning, either with the permission of the corporal or without it; they went to the rancherias, though
The mission was founded September S,
1771.
i'5 Fr. Palou, Vida, cliap. Noticias, vol. ii, p. 299.
XXIX. p. I.^i
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
January 15
Suitable Plays for St. Patrick's Day and Easter Production
Here is a List of Approved Popular Plays
They are from the pens of Catholic play-writers, and have been successfully produced from coast to coast, in Catholic schools, colleges and academies. They are strongly recom- mended by the clergy and teachers for their educational value and entertaining features.
COMEDIES
THAT $10,000.00 FARCE— In three acts, for 19 (or more) male characters. Translated and adapted from the French. A hilarious entertain- ment, easily produced by upper grade and high school boys. Price 50c. Dozen $5.00.
DOWN YOU GO— A comical absurdity in one act; 10 male characters. Price 20c. Dozen $2.00.
THE FAIR MAIDEKS' PARADISE— A pure little comedy in one act; 6 female characters. Price 20c. Dozen $2.00.
A QUIET AFTERNOON IN A FLAT— Comedy in one act; 2 female and 4 juvenile characters. Price 20c. Dozen $2.00.
PYRAMUS AND TIIISBE — A farce in three scenes, extracted from Shakespeare's "A Mid- summer Night's Dream." For 7 male characters. Price 20c. Dozen $2.00.
STRANGE HAPPENINGS AT SLOWVILLE STATION — Farce in one act; 15 female charac- ters. Price 20c. Dozen $2.00.
PHILOSOPHY EXPLODED— Comedy in one act. Two male and one female characters. Can be performed by male characters only. Price 20c. Dozen $2.00.
THE LIVING STATUE— A comedy in four acts for 11 principal male characters. Price 40c. Dozen $4.00.
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THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
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many leagues distant; and when, on seeing them, the men and women ran away, the soldiers (as the declarations of the Fathers repeatedly and the com- plaints of the pagans informed me) availed themselves of the dexterity they have in lassoing a cow or a mule, and in this manner they lassoed Indian women, in order to gratify their un- bridled lust; and occasionally, when the Indian men sought to defend the women, the soldiers killed several of them with musket balls." ^"
These grave disorders went on for an entire year, although the comandante knew of them. One of the Fathers was so affected by what he on one occasion was forced to witness, that he took sick and had to retire to San Diego. Finally, in September, 1772, Fages had Jose Alaria Gongora, the corporal of Mission San Carlos, replace the one at San Gabriel. Gongora was a worthy and conscientious officer. Immediately, things changed for the better and the Fathers "began to breathe easier again after their great affliction." .The coman- dante alone seemed dissatisfied with the restored order and harmony and with the progress the Fathers were making at San Gabriel. Gongora had not been there two months, we learn from Fr. Serra, when Fages secretly ordered him to Monterey, stating that his place at San Gabriel would be taken by the corporal who had been there during the first year. Luckily, the Fr. Presi- dente heard of this contemplated change, much, of course, to the chagrin of Sefior Fages. Fr. Serra Avrites : "At first he wanted to conceal the truth from me. But when I told him how and with what certainty 1 knew of it, he acknowledged it, saying that he had wished to make the change because Gon- gora had already begun to be haughty, which is generally his refrain. If this corporal had done nothing in favor of the mission," Fr. Serra continues, "or if he had neglected everything that concerns the Fathers, such a defect (as haughtiness) would perhaps not have
been noticed, considering that not one of the twenty men of the preceding year acted as gentlemen, neither the soldiers nor the corporal. Finally, after much pleading, he (Fages) promised not to take him away. Whether he did so after my departure, ^* I do not know." i»
The need of more guards at San Gabriel had so far prevented the founding of the three other missions, especially that of San Bueneventura which, above all, the inspector-general, Don Jose de Galvez, was eager to see established. As time wore on, Fages lost sight of instructions altogether. Not so the Fr. Presidente. He was only waiting till order might be restored at San Gabriel. This having been to some extent accomplished, he, early in October, 1772, approached the coman- dante and reminded him of the missions that remained to be founded. The comandante curtly .told him that found- ing new missions was a matter that concerned him and not the missionaries. Here he was evidently wrong; and he must surely have realized it when, not long after, he received the afore-men- tioned instructions of March 18, 1772. But, instead of complying with them, he retaliated by forwarding to Fr, Serra, on October 12. 1772, a portion of a letter which, in reply to his of July 23, 1771, he had received from Viceroy Bucareli under date of Nov- ember 30. 1771. The portion of Buca- reli's letter, which Fages sent to Fr. Serra, read :
"Your Honor (Fages) will see to it and will impress upon the Rev. Fr. Junipero Serra, Presidente of the Mis- sions, the commendable obligation un- der which, by example and persuasion, they are to stimulate all to obey and comply with the orders of your Honor." To this the comandante appended the following note : "I bring all this to the attention of vour Reverence and sup-
17 Representacion : Fr. Serra to Viceroy Cucareli, May 2i, 1773. 5" fa. Barh. Arch.
18 Namely, for Mexico, on October 20, 1772. Why the Fr. Presidente made this long and wearisome journey, will be ex- plained presently.
19 Representacion, tit supra.
Si
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
January 15
plicate you to make the otlier religious understand it for the due accomplish- ment of so imjwrtant an object." -*' ^ Hence, even before the founding of San Gabriel Mission, the comandante had launched false accusations against the friars. Besides criminal negligence in military matters, he made himself guilty of deceit and calumny. It was evidently a matter that needed speedy and energetic action. In a quiet and dignified tone, the Fr. Presidente, on the same day. October 12, answered the charge. "I have always persuaded and urged the subalterns and subjects of your. Honor to obey your orders. For this I have the testimony of my conscience; and your Honor could, if you would, bear testimony to what 1 have done in the case of the soldier Ignacio Estevanell." -^
On the following day, Fr. Serra held a consultation with his confreres at San Diego. Clearly, there was no alternative ; and. forgetting his own bodily infirmities, the heroic friar set out for Mexico. How deeply mortified Viceroy Bucareli was when he learned the true state of affairs and what steps he took to remedy the evil, need not be detailed here. Suffice it to say, Fr. Serra's efforts in behalf of the Cali- fornia missions, made in his famous Rcprcscntacion, were eminently suc- cessful. The removal of Fages from office and the instructions framed for his successor demonstrate how Viceroy Bucareli felt toward the one and wliat he expected of the other.
( To be continued)
Correspondence
The International Eucharistic League
To the Editor:
I was glad to see among the "Notes and Gleanings" of the F. R. for Jan.
-'0 Fages to Fr. Sena, October 12 1772. Arch. Gen. California, 66; Archbishop's Archives, no. 2. Sec The Missions and Mis- sionaries of California, vol. ii, pp. 106-107.
-' Fr. Serra to Fages, October 12, 1772. Archb. Arch., No. 3. T!ie soldier Ignacio was probably one of the deserters whom the Fnthers succeeded in bringing back.
1, on pages 13 and 15, an announce- ment of the "Eucharistic League of Nations in the Holy Ghost," which was estal)lished at Vienna by Father Anton Puntigam, S. J. You were kind enough to suggest that copies of the statutes of the I>eague could be ob- tained by sending to headquarters at Vienna. I should like to state for the information of your readers that Father Puntigam has named the un- dersigned as director of the League for the United States and that The Grail is its official organ in this coun- try.
Their Eminences Cardinals O'Con- nell and Dougherty have both heartily approved of this new Eucharistic movement, which is an Apostolic work that without dou])t will accomplish much for the glory of God and the salvation of souls.
If space will permit, I should like to state further that the "Eucharistic League of Nation-." or 'Tnternational Eucharistic League," as they call it at headquarters, has a threefold object: ( 1 ) peace and harmony among the Catholics of the whole world, (2) the return to the faith of all non-Catho- lics, (3) the conversion of all non- Christians, who form between three- fifths and three-fourths of the human family.
This threefold object is to be at- tained through the Holy Eucharist: (I) by a daily offering of all the Masses and Holy Communions of the whole world, (2) by oft'ering up a Mass heard and a Holy Communion received— once a week (first degree), or once a month (second degree), or three times a year (third degree). — There are no fees, dues, or collections. With the exception of a small alms at the time of admission, there are no moneys to be paid.
The undersigned will cheerfully give any other information that may be re- quired.
Benedict Brown. O.S.B.
Editor of 77;,^ iira'-l
St. Mi'iiinul. Iiid.
1922
THE FOETNIGHTLY EEVIEW
33
Notes and Gleanings
—The Month (No. 690) discusses the question whether or not CathoU- cisni is on the increase in England. It conchides that if the figures for Cath- olic baptisms maintained the same high proportion (eight per cent) in 1920, when the general birth rate suddenly leaped up by two-fifths, "we shall be inclined to agree that our Catholic population cannot now fall very far short of an aggregate of three mil- lions." But until reliable statistics arc available, this is mere guesswork.
— Dean J. W. Leigh, in his lateh published volume, "Other Days" (Lon- don: Fisher Unwin), tells a good story of ]\Irs. Harriet Beecher Stowe and Fanny Kemble, with whom he got acquainted during his American days, 1873-77. At one time, he says, Mrs. Stowe took up the planchette very keenly. She came to J\lrs. Kemble much agitated, and exclaimed : "My dear, what do you think Planchette has
said? That we are all d d fools I"
"The first thing that makes me believe in it," replied Mrs. Kemble.
— Dean W. R. Inge, in the latest im- pression of his "Outspoken Essays" (Longmans), says he "now knows to be unjust" certain violent outbursts against the Germans contained in the earlier editions of the book. The Lon- don Times in its Literary Supplement (No. 1035, p. 754) notes this fact and adds, frankly: "The nations all went stark mad together, and our plain duty now is to restore the solidarity of European civilization, to help the cri]> pled nations to recover, and create safeguards against another outbreak."
—In No. 690 of The Month, Fr. Herbert Thurston, S.J., concludes his notable series of papers on "The Prob- lem of Anne Catherine Emmerich." He examines the veridical element in her alleged visions and shows that they exhibit "an extraordinary confusion of accurate and inaccurate information and we can trust no statement of any sort made therein until it is corrobo- rated from reliable historical sources.''
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THE FOBTNIGHTLY REVIEW
January 16
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He adds : "These visions, so far as their veridical character is concerned, seem to me to stand exactly on the same footing as the communications received through spirituaHst mediums or by automatic writing."
— The action of the Cathedral schools of Denver in making a no vena for securing vocations to the priesthood and the religious life is highly com- mendable. Moreover, the students, desirous of honoring their fellow stu- dents who have given their lives to the service of God, recently raised $300 to erect on the wall of the new Catholic high school entrance a bronze tablet bearing the names of all former stu- dents of the cathedral schools who are now priests or religious. This is an instance where a bronze memorial is in good taste and has some value.
— According to reports, the electric light plant at O'Neill, Neb., has begun to burn corn. It has become advisable and profitable to do this owing to the present state of the grain market. And yet it should make one pause for a moment to consider the kind of social and economic organization in which so valuable a food as corn is burned for fuel because it cannot be marketed at a reasonable profit to the farmer, while people in our own country, to say noth- ing of Russia and China, where mil- lions are on the verge of starvation, lack the necessities of life! How can hide-bound conservatives dare to look an honest and intelligent man in the face while they attempt to pawn off their bogus arguments for the present regime ?
— Samuel Eliot ]\Iorison, in his recently published "Maritime Histor}- of IMassachusetts, 1783-1860" (Hough- ton Mifflin), tells many interesting sto- ries of whaling and the trade in "sacred codfish," with which Puritan New Eng- land used to supply Catholic Europe and by which many large fortunes were made. There were many wrecks along the coast, and when, as often happened, a rich East-Indiaman ran ashore, plundering took place. "Moon- cursing," as it was termed, had many
votaries. It is related of the Rev. Mr. Lewis, of Wellfleet, that one Sunday, whilst he was in the middle of his ser- mon, he saw through a window a vessel going ashore. Without more ado, he ran down the pulpit stairs and, with a shout of "Start fair," led his congrega- tion out of their meeting-house door to plunder the wreck.
— That France is threatened by the same dangers from advocates of "Pa- ternalism" to which we, too, are ex- posed, is amply evident from an article in Le Pr ogres Civique (Paris, Decem- ber 3, 1921), under the caption "Com- pulsory Physical Education Which Now Menaces Us." The writer. Doctor Ruffier, argues against this plan, which, he says, is only a scheme to "provide a roost for ridiculous bureaucrats and greedy office-holders." Strong language this, but evidently the French critic knows whereof he speaks. He writes : "Would it not be proper, Messrs. Dep- uties and Senators, that we should define for you very precisely what 'physical education' means, and that you should know its purpose and means, before we allow you to make it obligatory?" The whole argument of Dr. Ruffier is a justification of the opposition of the F. R. to similar "pa- ternalistic" schemes in our own country.
— Mr. Herbert G. Pouting, a mem- ber of the Scott South Pole Expedition, publishes an account of his experiences under the title, "The Great White South" (Duckworth). A notable fea- ture of the book is the way in which the scientific work of the expedition is made intelligible to- the ordinary reader. Now for the first time we understand how, by means of soundings together with barometer readings, it was pos- sible to establish the fact that the Great Ice Barrier is afloat, contrary to the opinion of Amundsen, who spent a winter on it without detecting any movement. Mr. Ponting,- who is a photographer and an artist, failed to photograph the Aurora in the South, though pictures had been obtained of it in the North, and thinks that his failure was owing to the greater faint-
THE FOETNIGHTLY REVIEW
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January 16
Josepli Hussleitit S J., Ph.D.
<if A Book for Catholic, Protestant or Jew. qf Every Catholic Man and Woman should read and re-read this new book by the eminent Jesuit writer, and encourage friends and acquaintances to procure a copy.
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«f "Work, Wealth and Wag«s" is an excellent treatise on the burning questions of the day. covering such im- portant matters as, "A Living Wage," "The Right To Strike," "Woman at the Wheet of Industry," "Present- day Capitalism, ' "Proletarian Dictatorship." "Copartnership and Profitsharing," "The Problem of Unem- ployment," "Ozanam on Poverty and Wealth," "Three Classes of Catholic Charity Workers," etc., etc., etc. •ff It will be read with profit by the classes ,and the masses: in fact, everyone who is interested in the three \Vs, as opposed to the I. W.W. 's. ought to have a copy of Father Husslein"s book. «!f 1 he purpose of the book is to offer, for the use of ail. a brief but suggestive exposition of the Christian principles underlying the great social problems of our day.
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ness of the light of the Aurora Australis as compared with the Aurora Borealis.
— In the annual report of Rabbi L. :\1. Franklin to the Central Conference of American Rabbis, published in \'ol. XXXI of the official Year Book, there is question of a collection of "unpub- lished manuscripts in regard to the Rohling case," which was or is to be I)urchased from a Dr. Jos. S. Bloch for $1500. ^^'e wonder whether these un- I)ul)lished manuscripts refer to our old friend, Dr. August Rohling, fomierly of the Salesianum, and later of the Cierman Cniversity in Prague, who, as some of our readers may remember, thirty or more years ago was engaged in a violent controversy with certain Jewish writers on the t'rue inten^reta- tion of the Talmud. If so, what makes these unpublished manuscripts worth $1500 to the Central Conference of American Raljbis ? So far as we know, Dr. Rohling was never taken seriously by Catholic scholars. The late Dr.
Edward Preuss, who had studied Talmudic lore under Rabbi Biesenthal in Berlin, used to say that one could prove anything by means of Rohling's methods.
— Our readers will remember the discussion, some time ago in this Re- view, of the question whether unfer- mented grape juice can be validly and licitly used for the Holy Sacrifice of the Alass. We notice from the Year book of the Central Conference of American Rabbis that a similar ques- tion has been agitating liberal American Jewry. Rabbi Deutsch, who investi- gated the question as chainnan of a committee, reported that numerous authorities from the 14th to the 18th century declared the use of unferment- ed wine permissible in religious cere- monies, and in view of "the sacred principle of Judaism that obedience to the law of the country is a religious duty for every Jew," reconmiended that a resolution be passed requesting all the members of the Conference not to
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
37
issue any certiticates for the use of wine for so-called sacramental pur- ]x>ses." A corresponding- resolution was adopted by the Conference. The Orthodox Jews conscientiously believe that fermented wine is indispensable for the fulfilment of their religious obligations.
— By means of a critical apparatus of an elaborate and peculiar kind Prof. J. F. A. Pyre, of the University of Wisconsin, in a book on "The Forma- tion of Tennyson's Style," shows that Tennyson was not only a scrupulous reviser, but also had. what artists often lack, the gift of felicity in revision. Exquisite from the first in their diction and melody, his poems improved each time they passed through his hands, and so afford the student the rare spec- tacle of a scale of approximation in the adaptation of form to substance. Each may be dissected, if we have enough l)atience and discrimination for the task, and we shall find in its finest articulations why it has assumed just this shape and quality. In the whole of "Dora,'' for example, there are only four qualitative ei)ithets. Prof. Pyre tells us why there are so many. The poem seems not to be one of those which were very much worked over; if it had been, we should almost certainly have found the number of these epi- thets gradually reduced, and perhaps v/hen perfection was reached there would have been none at all.
Forty Years of Missionary Life in Arkansas
By the Rev. John Eugene Weibel, V.F. {44th Instalbmni)
When the Sisters had been won over to the idea, I sent the following circular to my friends (July 2, 1899) : "A hospital for Jonesboro is needed. The Benedictine Sis- ters are willing to open one, but they need money. They are still in debt from the fire. Hospitals are expensive. As the Sisters will be compelled to do a certain amount of charity work, and are so poor, the Bishop will not allow them to open a hospital before they have at least the price for one free bed, i. c, $5000. Miss Gardner, President of the National Organization for Public Health Nursing, says : For centuries the monasteries
and convents stood for all that was best in nursing, and we of a later generation, who have lived to see the rise of a great secular profession, should not forget that it would • have fared ill indeed with nursing had it not been for the monks and nuns of the Middle Ages. Without the protection of the strong arm of the Church, individual eflfort would probably have perished in those stormy days. We could cite innumberable facts to show how the Sisters from the be- ginning would look after the sick. St. Rade- guntlis of Thuringia. in her convent of St. Croix, built gardens, baths, porticoes, galler- ies, and a church. Her nursing among the poor was very thorough and her biographer a.<:serts that she shrank from no disease, not even leprosy. St. Odilia, Abbess of Hohen- burg, took care of many sick, but as the in- valids found it hard to ascend the high moun- tain, she built a second nunnery and hospital, called Niedermimster, at the foot of the mountain. Among the sick and pilgrims she showed especially an interest for those com- ing from England and Ireland."
I had written Bishop Fit-^gerald quite a while before, and he answered that he knew there should be a hospital in Northeastern Arkansas, but pointed out how Memphis and Little Rock had endowments for their Iiospitals, whilst we had nothing. I did not lose courage, but kept on asking for help. I had received for New Year, 1897, a beau- tiful gold Waltham watch from the congre- gation in Wynne, for attending their place without any salarj'. I raffled it ofif for the benefit of the new hospital. It brought $100, which started the collection. We kept on collecting and preparing, trusting that some day we would succeed. There was a good deal of talk about it, and many expressed fears as to the success of the undertaking.
June 26th, 1899, at the 13th annual com- mencement of the Holy Angels' school, Jonesboro, there were, not to speak of the splendid drama and comedy, so many beau- tiful articles on exhibition in free-hand draw- ing, maps, and all kinds of sewing and fancy work, that the exhibition would have re- flected great honor upon any college. Walter J. Tynin, then a pupil of Holy Angels' School, made a beautiful closing address. Other pupils of that year were : Pat McCabe, John Heany, Pat J^Iurray, James Rose, Rose Colley (later Sr. M. Magdalen, O.S.B.), May McCabe, Annie Higgins, Beulah Martin, Agnes Calvin, Mabel Schmuck, IMay Engel- hart, and others.
The school at this time was once more at the height which it had reached in 1896, before the fire of that year.
We had a splend'd dramatic club. Night after night we would hold rehearsals, and many of the young people said they learned more at those rehearsals than they had learn- ed at school. The school children also gave entertainments frequently, such as the oper-
THE FOETNIGHTLY KEVIEW
January 16
ettas, "Maud Irving," "The Enchanted Woods," "Pocahontas," "The Cadets' Pic- nic," etc., and dramas like "The Martyrdom 'of St. Tarcisius," "St. Elizabeth," etc., with nunjberless comedies.
Besides the parish school we also had a negro school before the fire. The present prioress, Mother Walburgis, had charge of it. There had been, in the church destroyed by fire, a side chapel for the colored people, and an average of twenty-five used to attend services there. (To be continued) •-»^>^-«
Literary Briefs
A Life of Cardinal Bellarmine
"Der ehrwurdige Kardinal Robert Bellar- min, S.J., cin Vorkampfer fiir Kirche und Papsttum, 1542— 1621," by E. Raitz von Frentz, S.J., is sympathetically written and based upon the latest researches, but it is composed too much with an eye to popular edification and is therefore unsatisfactory to the student. Thus we miss an adequate
account of Bellarmine's work as a contro- versialist and of the role he played in con- nection with the publication of the Sixtine Vulgate. The very readable little volume is embellished with seven appropriate illustra- tions. (B. Herder Book Co.) A Latin Commentary on the Odes of Horace In these days of anti-classic prejudice it requires courage to publish a Latin com- mentary on the Odes of Horace, iis Fr. Her- man, O.S.B., of Atchison, Kas., has begun to do in his booklet, "Commentarius in Oden Primam Quinti Horatii Flacci ad Maece- natem, complectens Paraphrasim, quum Brevem tum Uberiorem, adornatus Adno- tationibus Grammaticis, Etymologicis, His- toricis, Geographicis, !Mythologicis." The commentary is scholarly and attractive, and we recommend it to all lovers of the works of the great lyric poet of the Augustan age. Copies can be ordered from the author at St. Benedict's Abbey, Atchison, Kas.— P. C. Augustine O.S.B.
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
A History of Modern Philosophy
Those who deal in matters philosophical v,-ill warmly welcorhe the first volume of the Jesuit Father Gaston Sortais' latest work, "La Philosophic Moderne depuis Bacon jusqu' au Leibniz." The author's immense historical and philosophical erudition will at once strike the reader. He does not confine himself to the philosophers of first rank, such as Bacon, Gassendi, Hobbes, and Descartes, l)Ut discusses also many minor thinkers who helped shape the seventeenth century move- ment, with which the present work mainly deals. The introduction, some 93 pages, deals with the preceding century, during which the way was paved for the Empiricism of the seventeenth. There is a splendid bibliography at the end of the volume, be- sides an analytic and synthetic table of the various chapters. (Paris: Lethielleux). A New Book on Homiletics
Msgr. A. Meyenberg, the world-renowned editor and author, has begun to publish a series of volumes to supplement his stand- ard work on liomiletics. The first instalment i.s a large quarto of over 800 pages just published by Riiber & Co., of Lucerne, and entitled "Weihnachtshomiletik." It exhibits Jesus Christ from the Incarnation to the be- ginnings of his public life in the light of the liturgy of the Church from Christmas to Septuagesima. The author offers a number of complete sermons and a wealth of rough- hewn honiiletic material characterized by profound erudition and sublime faith. The liturg>', which is treated in such niggardly fashion by the , average preacher, receives due consideration. We are glad to see from tlic preface that the learned author is about to publish a Life of Christ in two volumes. We know of no one so well qualified as he is to depict the life of our Divine Saviour for present-day readers. A New Book by Father Husslein
P'ather Joseph Husslein, S.J., has published a new book, "Work, Wealth, and Wages," in which he re-states briefly, with references to his more exhaustive treatises, the Chris- tian principles underlying the leading social problems of our day: wages and unemploy- ment, labor unions, strikes and the class struggle, woman labor and its proper safe- guards, Socialism, Capitalism and industrial democracy, co-operation, the application of the guild idea to modern industrial condi- tions, the right of private property, poverty and wealth, and Christian charity as scien- tifically applied. Altogether it is a very good resume of the position assumed by the school of social reformers to which the
author belongs and with which we agree in the main, — so far as it goes, though in our opinion it does not go far enough. The book is designed for widespread dissemination among the common people and is well adapt- ed for this purpose, for its perusal will set the "man in the street" to thinking, and once hoi polloi begin to think seriously on these vital problems, a radical change is sure to come in our industrial conditions. (Matre & Co.. Chicago).
Sermons by St. Bernardine of Siena
We are indebted to Fr. James J. Quinn, of Cleveland, O., for a copy of St. Bernard- ine of Siena's Sermons, Selected and Edited by Don Nazareno Orlandi and translated by Miss Helen J. Robins. St. Bernardine, born in 1380, for forty years preached almost un- ceasingly in cities and villages, more often in the piazzas than in the churches. By good fortune many of his most popular sermons have come down to our time. Those here selected are delightful for spontaneity and clearness of thought as well as for vigor and sincerity of style. They derive peculiar charm from the vivid little anecdotes and stories with which they are interlarded and which closely resemble in simplicity and in- genuous piety the "Fioretti" of St. Francis. The translator has done her work well and pruned judiciously where it was advisable. The volume is published by the Tipografia Sociale of Siena, and we hope that some American publisher will take the agency for it in this country.
Arvisenet's "Memoriale Vitae Sacerdotalis" in English
Hurter in his "Nomenclator Literarius Theologiae Catholicae" says of Canon Claude Arvisenet (175S-1831) that his "Memoriale Vitae Sacerdotalis" spread all over Europe and won praise from Pope Pius VII. This excellent meditation book for priests has lately been translated into English by the Rev. F. J. O'Sullivan and published by Benziger Brothers under the title, "An Epi- tome of the Priestly Life." Canon Arvise- net's "Memoriale" covers the whole range of dogmatic, moral, and disciplinary matter pertaining to the priesthood and is service- able alike for meditation, spiritual reading, and particular examen of conscience. Not being familiar with the original, we pre- sume the translator has adapted the book to present-day conditions, for the specimen pages we have perused read as if they had been written last year. The volume is printed in fine large type, bound in flexible leather, and fits snugly into the coat pocket.
40
THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
January 15
German as Spoken in Switzerland
There is considerable misunderstanding in this country as to the language spoken in Switzerland. So accustomed are we to re- gard a country as having one language that we feel that the Swiss must speak "Swiss," just as the French speak French, or the Portuguese, Portuguese. For political or historical reasons, however, there are at least five recognized languages in Switzerland: German, French, Italian, Swiss-German, and a dialect of the Romance languages. Dr. Karl Stucki has now published a book entitled "Schweizerdeutsch. Abriss einer Grammatik mit Laut- und Formlehre," in which he tries to show what the dialect of German that is spoken in the different cantons is like. The author had a difficult task. We find him constantly noting a word that is used in Zurich but not in Basle, another common in Berne but never heard in the villages. His book is of great value to students of lin- guistics. *
Books Received
The Counter Reformation, in Se()tland. With Special Reference to the Revival of 1585 to 1595. By John Hungerford Pollen, viii & 79 pp. i2mo. B. Herder Book Co. $1 net.
Wcihnachtshovtiletik. Von Weihnachten bis Septuagesima. (Homiletische Erganzungs- werke). Von A. Aleyenberg. vii & 820 pp. 8vo. Lucerne, Switzerland : Raeber & Cie. $5 net.
Summarium Thcologiae Moralis ad Codieein luris Canonici Accommodatum. Auct. Nic. Sebastiani. Editio 6ta minor, recognita. xi & 658 pp. i6mo. Turin : P. Marietti. Frs. 12.
"De Tempore" Di^sertotio Philosophico — Scientifieo — hi rid tea in Tit. III. Lib. I Novi Codieis Juris Canonici. Auctore loa. Ijac- au, S.C.I. 51 pp. 8vo. Turin: P. Alarietti. Fr. 2.75. (Wrapper).
The Children's King. By a Sister of Notre Dame, Author of "True Stories for First Communicants" and "First Communion Days." Illustrated by T. Boines, Jr. 22 PP- i6mo. B. Herder Book Co. 70cts. net.
yiemorialc Rituum pro Aliquibus Pracstanti- nribus Sacris Fnnetionibus Pcrsolvendis in Minoribus Eeelesiis. Benedicti XIII iussu oditum, Benedicti XV, auctoritate recogni- tum. Editin I Taurinensis iuxta typicam. 76 pp. i6mo. Turin : P. Marietti. Frs. 5.
Philosophia Seholastiea ad Mentem S. Tho- mac. Auctore Seb. Uccello, S.S.S. In two volumes. Vol. I : Logica, Ontologia, Cos- mologia; xx & 411 pp.; Vol. II: Psycho- logia, Theodicea, Ethica, Philos. Epitome Historica ac Lexicon Scholasticorum Ver- borum losephi Zamae Mellinii. ii & 459 pp. i2mo. Turin : P. Marietti. Frs. 2v
The Western Catholic Union
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The Fortnightly Review
VOL. XXIX, NO. 3
ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
February 1, 1922
A Catholic Laboringman's Reconstruction Programme
This is the season for inven- tory-taking, and it may not be amiss, therefore, to take stock of our social reconstruction pro- grammes and their results. I do not mean to say that in the three years that have elapsed since the period of reconstruction began, it should be possible to place one's finger on actual results. Neverthe- less, certain definite tendencies should be making themselves felt in consequence of these pro- nouncements. It must not be over- looked that at the time of promul- gation conditions favored the \\orkers. The programme of our bishops, based as it was, primar- ily, on wages, hours, and work- ing conditions, was launched in favorable weather. Since then storms have broken loose, heavy storms indeed; the ship's com- pass might well be consulted to de- termine our present bearings, though the storm has by no means abated as yet.
Those of us who have been for- tunate enough to retain our jobs, with immense reduction in our purchasing powder — in conse- quence of reduction in hours as well as wages — have long since ceased to think of "the principle of organization," the exterior conditions of our work, and the minimum of wage. At least w^e are not thinking of them in the same way that the professors of eco- nomics and sociology think of
them. But we have wondered and are discussing, in our own infonn- al and inadequate manner, the re- lationship of these things to real social and industrial reform.
I do not mean to give the im- pression that we are discontented with, or inappreciative of, the ef- forts of our leaders. A group of Catholic laboring-men can surely discuss the bearings of the prin- ciples of our social reform move- ments, even though they come from our spiritual leaders, with- out endangering our reputation for loyalty to the Church we love. It is hardly more than natural that we should discuss the value of such principles in the face of events of the past year.
Much has been made in Catholic circles of the i)ronouncement of the great Pope Leo regarding workingmen's associations, or unions, as they are called in this country; little, however, has been made of his statement that there must be a juster distribution of the goods of this world. The diffi- culty would seem to lie in an exag- gerated notion of the results to be obtained from the labor union movement. I can safely say, from my experience and relationship with many workers, that the work- ers themselves do not place much confidence in organizations as a means to a better order of things. They constitute a source of pro- tection against the tyranny of
42
THE FOKTNIGHTLY REVIEW
Frbruarj- I
those who hold the balance of power, though they have also been used unjustly by Labor during times unfavorable to the emplov- er. In fact they perpetuate and accentuate the division of classes, and are incapable, under the pres- ent constitution of industrial so- ciety, to help effectively to a bet- ter ordering of things."^ I believe I am correct, therefore, when I state that the laborer expects lit- tle from ''the principle of organ- ization," though organizations are perhaps necessary, for the time being, as a means of protec- tion. ^ The present period of depres- sion has brought out clearly the futility of the whole labor union movement. A philosophy of action having as its objectives higher wages, better working conditions, and shorter hours, is obviously bootless at a time like the present. Unless we can get at the causes of the commercial stagnation, lit- tle will ])e accomplished.
Likewise with the host of other proposals inserted in our reform platforms. What, for example, has the minimum wage to do with true reform, when all wages are the plaything of economic forces which Ave seemingly do not under- stand? What is the value of the various housing proposals, when the question of land monopoly is left untouched and unearned in- crement is shanned like a conta- gious disease? How much will come of the cooperative move- ment, so long as the ownership of our natural resources, the source of all wealth, is left unquestioned ? Suppose, in this connection, that a group of workers did come into the possession of the tools of pro-
duction of a certain commodity. Would not the increased profits and benefits silently and quickh' lloAV into the coffers of Privilege? Some years ago, Mr. Ford inaug- urated a new era in our industrial world. He paid a minimum wage far in excess of even the maximum of many industries. What hap- pened? Did not rents, land prices, and commodity prices soar? The increased earnings were capital- ized by Privilege many years in advance.
And again, what have the milk and water proposals regarding a more socialized rural life to do with true agrarian reform, while land monopoly grows ever strong- er in these United States? Only 40% of our population now live on farms, and of these the vast majority are renters, and they are on the increase. What will stop it? Surely not social centers built around the district school- house or the country church!
Thus it is that, while we run down the list of reform proposals and view them in the light of these dour days, we begin to have h feel- ing that after all these externals, — like wages, hours, conditions of work and life, — are to a great ex- tent beyond our control; that be- hind these there must be some- thing else, which, if properly adjusted or reconstructed, would automatically take care of these externals ; that, in short, we have started at the wrong end of the line.
By this time some one will have sensed something "radical." A young man at the "plant," whose education took him into Latin roots, told us at one of our noon-hour gatherings that the
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
43
word ' ^ radical ' ' came from a word meaning ''root." Perhaps a "radical" then, in one sense at least, is he who goes to the root of things. However that may be, I can assure you that in the accept- ed meaning of the term, the vast majority of workers, in my ex- perience, are decidedly non-radi- cal. We look for no overthrow of existing conditions nor for a sud- den revolution, which would turn all things to our unskilled direc- tion. Even though we should awake tomorrow to find Labor at the helm, several decades would elapse before the great body of workers would be sufficiently edu- cated for the new regime,
I do not mean that the laborer spurns organizations, welfare work, regulation of hours, wages and conditions as a temporary means of amelioration. But he does, in my experience, look with disfavor upon these as permanent remedies. The fundamental diffi- culty seems to lie in the ignorance of what is at the bottom of our ills. A thorough diagnosis must be made first. After that the remedy will be easy — at least we can pro- ceed intelligently.
With these thoughts in mind, I recently formulated a "Recon- struction Programme" at one of our informal noon-hour meetings. Its strange departure from tradi- tional programmes may not rob it of interest to your readers. I had in mind Catholic workers primar- ily, though the application, with a few changes, could be made uni- versal.
1 . The establishment of a School of Sociology, where unadulterated principles of Catholic philosophy and theologv might be fearlesslv
applied to modern data, from which would arise a truly Catholic sociology. It would seem that ab- solute freedom and fearlessness must be the first characteristics of such a school. The workers them- selves must provide the funds; freedom from obligation for finan- cial patronage must be absolute.
2. The training in the proposed school of leaders, Avho would act as an educational force.
3. The organization of Catholic laborers along parish lines. Well- trained leaders in a truly Catho- lic sociology would have an ade- quate message to bring to the hungry multitudes.
This, then, is my "Reconstruc- tion Program.me." Surely there is nothing "radical" here. Is'nt it worth a fair trial, in view of the disheartening experience with ]irevailiag proposals f Why talk of tlie cooperative movement, guilds, unionism, and legislative reform, when we are obviously in the dark concerning the diagnosis of our present ills. Is it not yet clear that the first characteristic of a reconstruction programme must be educational? For lack of this many Catholic laborers are losing the true filial spirit and allegiance to the Church.
A Catholic Laborixgman
Here are two new jokes about the
ccjllection box in church, which will be appreciated by our clerical readers. ( 1 ) Sleepy parishioner, when the col- lection plate is passed: "Never mind, waiter.- never mind, just keep the change." (2) The collector approached a parishioner and held out the box. "I never give to missions," whispered the parishioner. "Then take something out of the box, Sir," whispered the col- lector; "the money is for the 'eathen."
44
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
February 1
Those Foreign Debts
By the Rev. Dr. F. Joseph Kelly, Detroit Seminary
Two events have started the American press to editorializing on our foreign debts : the passage by the House of Representatives of the administration's refunding bill, v.'ith modifications, and the pronouncement of Reginald Mc- Kenna, ex-chancellor of the ex- chequer of Great Britain, to the effect that it would be desirable as a reconstruction measure, if America and Great Britain would agree to cancel their debts, coup- led with the rumor that Great Britain proposes to cancel hers.
The insertion by the House in the refunding bill of a provision that no foreign indebtedness should be cancelled is pronounced by some as proper, while others see in the refunding bill a dawn- ing understanding of the relation between these debts and the fail- ure of the world to recover its poise, which offers hope that it will encoarage a further and deep- er understanding, until the point is reached where the actual can- cellation of the debt, huge as it is, may appear as the shortest and least expensive cut to a revival of international trade, a healthier rate of exchange, and a possible redemption of promises regarding international peace. The alUed debts Avithout doul)t are absolutely n'ust, but whether this country will collect, remains to be seen. Am- erica probably would trade them all in behalf of complete disarma- ment and world peace. As time passes, financiers and economists are coming to the view that can- cellation would be advisable for all concerned, and with such
economic experts as Isaac Mar- cosson recommending cancellatioii of all war debts, it is urgent that all facts should be taken into con- sideration. Many reject the theory on which Europe operates to justify the request for debt can- cellation, namely, that we came late into a common venture. They argue that we did not enter for the sake of Italy, France, or England, or to discharge an obligation to humanity, but for practical rea- sons of expediency. Yet there is a phase of .^this debt cancellation that has been consistently ignored. This is, that the government would not upon its own responsi- bility write these debts off. It could hardly put the question up to the people without seeming to advocate cancellation. Immediate- ly that was done, it would be transformed into a political issue. It is doubtful' if any administra- tion could survive which was put in the position of giving billions of dollars away.
The possibility of an agreement between the United States and Great Britain for the cancellation of their respective debts, after contrasting Great Britain's share in the war with ours; is discussed by some papers. They say that in view of these facts it does not seem improper to suggest to Great Britain that, if she is unable to pay in cash what she owes us, she might turn over to us the islands of "^tho British West Indies. Why should England decline to assign them to us in part payment of her debt incurred in obtaining ten times their area of new lands in
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'FHE FOKTNIGHTLY REVIEW
45
other sections of the world! Great Britain could give up all the debts the allies . owe her and have a great deal to show for it in what she gained by the war, but the United States would suffer a dead loss. These countries should pay us the interest on the money they borrowed; they are all able to do so, and should be given indefinite time to pay the principal. If Great Britain abandons her obligations, she ought also to forego her spoils. Yet this country ought to stand ready to consider an adjust- ment which is equitable to all.
The Sex Problem In a recently published volume on ''Taboo and Genetics : A Study of the Biological, Sociological, and Psvchological Foundation of the Family" by M. M. Knight, I. L. Peters, and P. Blanchard (Ke- gan Paul), it is contended that sex is almost as much a matter of degree as of kind. It is shown tliat there are feminine men and masculine women of many grades ; the implication being that strong reproductive instincts can- not be expected from such inter- mediate types. As for the social significance of the book, taken as a whole, it appears to support the conservative principle . that wom- an— at any rate the womanly Avoman who will make a good mother — being physically Aveaker than man and needing a sheltered life in order that she in turn may shelter her babes, is not suited to compete with man in most de- partments of the workaday life. Female policemen and man-mil- liners ought to be recruited from the inter-sexual types, if wanted at all.
In "Sex and Common Sense" (Hurst & Blackett) Miss A. Maude Eoyden tentatively puts forward what seem to her the only possible and dignified cures for the sicknesses of which she treats, and we find that they amount to little more than those Avhich have been so long and unsuccessfully tried. The ''change of heart," in fact, appears to be Avliat Miss Royden, like so many reformers, is building upon. It is cruel to compel husband and wife to live together, after marriage has proved a failure; unhappy mar- riages must therefore be dis- solved ; but the dissolution of mar- riage is a disaster; therefore un- happy marriages must not be con- tracted. So with "birth control." It is wicked to bear umvanted children; but the use of contra- ceptives is undesirable. The reme- dy is continence — and not merely repression of passion, but willing continence. In Avilling continence, also, Ave must find the means of abolishing prostitution and the suffering incident to the present disproportion in the sexes.
It Avill be understood that this is only to state in the roughest form the message of Miss Royden 's book; but that is undeniably the gist of it. Her hopes seem a little millennial ; but courage and truth can do much ; and it is for a brave and instructed facing of the true facts that she eloquently pleads. In this appeal she Avill haA^e the sympathy of all Avho are concern- ed Avith' the great and groAving problems of Avhich she Avrites.
— If you would be different from other people, learn to live within your income.
46
THE FOETNIGHTLY KEVIEW
February 1
The Fight for the Parochial School in Michigan
Signatures are being solicited in various parts of Michigan for a petition asking for a popular vote on a constitutional amend- ment compelling all children aged from seven to sixteen years to at- tend a public State school until they have graduated from the eighth grade.
This amendment differs in three respects from the one defeated by the voters in 1920: (1) It grants the private and parochial schools a respite until 1924, whereas the previous amendment would have put them out of business at once ; (2) It demands the attendance at the State public schools of chil- dren from seven to sixteen, where- as the previous proposal includ- ed all from age five onward; (3) It merely postulates attendance at a public State school, whereas the previous amendment demanded attendance at the public school of the district in which the child re- sided.
These alterations, however, far from rendering the new proposal innocuous, make it even more dangerous than its predecessor because it meets the objections of a number of those who opposed the previous amendment and still aims at the same object, i. e., the destruction of the parochial school.
We see from the Lutherauer (Vol. 78, No. 1) that the Luth- erans of Michigan are already at work instructing the citizens of the State about the true nature of this new attack upon the parochial schools and preparing the fight at the polls, which will take place next November. No doubt the Catholics will again make com- mon cause with the Lutherans in this important matter.
The Missing Link Still Missing The discovery of a fossil skull in a Rhodesian lead-mine has re- newed the surmises of scientists about the condition of primi- tive man. The London Times (Nov. 8), under the caption '^ Af- rican Ape Man," said that the skull ' ' seems to resemble the most primitive member of the human family at present known to us, the Ape-Man (Pithecanthropus erec- tus), discovered in Java by Pro- fessor Dubois in 1892." The ape- man of Java, comments The Month (No. 690), is Hterally a fic- tion, something fashioned from the indications afforded by a frag- ment of the top of a skull, a thigh- bone, and two back-teeth by in- genious anthropologists anxious to find the missing link. Yet our facile journalists take this myth as a type and use him as a stand- ard of reference! "We know noth- ing of the face of the Java skull," Professor Elliot Smith admitted to a Times representative. Yet he produced a model of it from which to argue. The discovery has open- ed up the whole interesting ques- tion of the antiquity of man, but the authorities seem to agree that this specimen is of comparatively recent date. Until the geologists can tell us definitely the age of the various strata which contain animal remains the matter must remain very obscure. At present geologists differ very widely, keanwhile, although Darwin's theory demands an immensely prolonged series of minutely dif- ferentiated specimens connecting man with the ape, or both with some common ancestor, not a scrap of real evidence has yet been afforded by fossil remains. We must still wait and see.
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
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The Lentulus Letter— A Hoary Forgery
It would be amusing, were it not so provoking, to see the spurious "Letter of Lentulus" again mak- ing its appearance in the Ameri- caA Catholic press. This time it started in the St. Louis Amerika, which under its present non- Catholic management can hardly be expected to know better. But that the obvious forgery should be copied into the Ohio Waisen- freund, published by the Papal College Josephinum, and thence translated into the official organ of the diocese of Little Rock [The Guardian, Jan. 7) is truly astound- ing. The editor of the last-men- tioned paper, a Benedictine prior and doctor of theology, introduces the sensational find as f oIIoavs : "A few months before the world war a document of supreme im- portance was accidentally disco^'- ered yi the library of the Lazar- ists m Rome. Because the war soon commenced to absorb all the attention of the world, that docu- ment failed at the time to arouse the interest which it deserves. To us it seems not a little strange that the keepei*s of the document did not divulge it sooner after the end of the war."
In matter of fact, this same al- leged Letter of Lentulus has made the rounds of the American Cath- olic press at least four times in the course of the last thirty years, and we do not know how many times before that. When we first showed it up, about a quarter of a century ago, information con- cerning its true character was not so easy to obtain; but since 1907 there has been accessible to Eng- lish-speaking Catholics the first volume of the Catholic Encyclope- dia, w^hich says (page 610) : "Let-
ter of Lentulus. A brief letter professing to be from Lentulus, or Publius Lentulus, as in some MSS., 'President of the People of Jerusalem', addressed 'to the Roman Senate and People,' de- scribes our Lord's personal ap- pearance. It is evidently spurious, both the office and name of the president of Jerusalem being grossly unhistorical. No ancient writer alludes to this production, which is found only in Latin MSS. It has been conjectured that it may have been composed in order to authenticate a pretended por- trait of Jesus during the Middle Ages." According to Father Ni- sius, S. J., in the KircklicJies Handlexikon, the Lentulus Letter is ''a forgery of the thirteenth or fourteenth century" and has been reproduced innumerable times in letters and books, especially since the sixteenth century.
As an English version of the letter was published in Cowper's "Apocryphal Gospels and Other Documents Relating to Christ" in New York away back in the late seventies or early eighties, the editor of the Guardian might have spared himself the trouble of making a new translation from the Ohio Waisenfreund.
If our Catholic editors would consult the Catholic Encyclopedia, they would not fall into such lu- dicrous blunders.
— The idealist knows exactly where he wants to go, but he has no means of getting there; the practical person gets there, and then finds that he is in the wrong place.
— Only those really know the ease of living who never try to dodge the hard things in life. For the easiest time to do a hard thing is when it first makes its appearance.
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THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
Februai
The Morality of the Strike "The Morality of the Strike.," a doctoral thesis by the Rev. Donald A. McLean "(New York: P. J. Kenedy & Sons) is a notable contribution to Catholic socio- logical literature. Dr. Ryan says of the book that it ''evinces a greater knowledge -and gives a better presentation of the per- tinent economic conditions and re- lations than is to be found in any other English publication on the moral side of industrial dis- putes. ' '
AVe consider this a just ap- praisal. However, the true value of such writing does not lie in the argument itself, but rather in the results that flow from it. In the actual affairs of our industrial life there is precious little con- scious application of the moral principles so ably stated here. But the author has done a noble work in calling the attention of his brother clerics to the existence of problems which, unfortunately, do not exist for the vast majority. Secondly, he has placed the Church in the light of the intel- ligent mother solicitous for her children. And, finally, if the Rev. Doctor's book will but cause furtlier and deeper questioning, his work has been eminently worth while.
No one can read this book in- telligently without coming to the conviction that there is some- thing decidedly rotten in the pres- ent industrial system. We venture to say that if Father McLean had l)een questioned concerning the morality of the projected nation- wide rail strike of last November, he would have decided against the employees. Nor do we see how it
could be otherwise, if we take into consideration the principle that the results must be commensurate with the damage done. The griev- ances are real; tbe moral prin- ciples are clear; and yet the ver- dict must favor a continued, if lesser, injustice. Lito such a eul- de-sac has the present system brought us. There is another ex- ample ^in the case of a strike by policemen or firemen. The only conclusion under the existing re- gime is that such employees must sulTer injustice, without an ade- quate method of redress. The I)resent work deserves a wide wel- come, not so much because of the matter it presents, but because of the inevitable questionings it is sure to evoke. F.
Worship of the State Mr. Anthony Beck writes of the "Worship of the State" m the New York America (Vol. XXVI, No. 9). He justly deplores the modern tendency to reform every- tliing and everybody through legislation. And yet, is it not a fact that every ounce of Catholic social reform, — which is done up in packages with such pretty labels these days, — contains at least 90 per cent of legislative extract? We have yet to find a remedy advocated by our Catho- lic sociologists which does not either rely upon "social legisla- tion" or at least take the present constitution of the political state for granted.
There seems to be an idea prev- alent that if we can but get some form of cooperation injected into our social organism, health will return. Much is to be expected from the cooperative movement,
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THE FOETNIGHTLY EEVIEW
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49
and we trust that its promoters will meet with success. But let us not forget that, so long as Privi- lege is allowed to remain in its various forms (landlordism, cap- italism, etc.), and the present po- litical state is founded upon it, cooperation can accomplish pre- cious little. In other words, so long as Catholic sociologists con-
tinue to accept the modern State, built up as it is on Privilege, and continue their present line of ar- gument for reform by ''Christian social legislation," there is no hope of permanent relief, and we shall be forced to place them among those who are really, though unwittingly, furthering the "Worship of the State."
Fr. Junipero Serra and the Military Heads of California
By Francis Borgia Steck, 0. F. M.
IV Fr. Serra. and Comandante Rivera
Could the viceroy have looked into the future, he would not have ap- pointed Don Fernando de Rivera y Aloncada to succeed Don Pedro Fages. For good reasons, Fr. Serra had pro- posed Don Francisco de Ortega, who was in charge of the San Diego pre- sidio. But since this officer was a mere sergeant, Bucareli's choice fell on Ri- vera who already held the rank of captain. Somehow or other, Fr. Serra's predilection for Ortega came to the ears of the new comandante
Of course, it wounded his pride and, as Fr. Pedro Font explains, -- was to a great extent the cause of his later disafifection for the Fr. Presidente. Rivera knew only too well how eagerly the friar looked forward to the exten- sion of the spiritual conquest by the founding of two missions at the Bay of San Francisco, which the viceroy had expressly commanded the coman- dante to undertake in accord with the Fr. Presidente. Here was his chance to annoy the man who had wounded his foolish pride ; and, wilHng to risk the viceroy's displeasure, he wantonly de- layed the execution of these orders. It was surely a bold attitude to assume. But he may have relied on friends at court to back him and eventually persuade the noble Bucareli ^^^\%p would be well for the royal sQ^iee to
-- Fr. Pedro Font, Diario, Marcn
), ilf6.
supplant a friar whose presence in CaHfornia was, whether with or with- out his fault, a constant occasion for dissatisfaction on the part of the mili- tary. That, it seems, would explain also the letter which Fr. Francisco Pangua, the guardian of San Fernan- do College, wrote to Fr. Serra on November 8, 1774, telling him it was known to the friars in Mexico that in the viceroyal court there were such as "direct their projects not so much to the conquest of souls as to that of territory ;" and warning him to "en- deavor to preserve harmony with the captain (Rivera), for there is no doubt tliat he has secret orders." -^ Plainly, the guardian was hinting that, in the end, the viceroy might find himself compelled to yield to pressure from the royal court in Spain, where, owing to the influence of infidel politicians, a priest would naturally be at a decided disadvantage in a controversy with a military official ; so that, to shut, the mouths of evil-minded politicians, the guardian would finally have to recall the Fr. Presidente from the missions. Although he needed no warning al- ways to do right and to proceed in harmony with the military head, Fr. Serra was in this way put on his guard, in order that in the event of a quarrel he might be able to parry the f his adversary. This may 'acc^fliVl//]^JSQ for the admirable pa-
■.-^^ — - '^
-3 Fr. Fran(f5^cb Pangua to Fr. Serra, No- vember 8, 1774. pta. Barb. Arch.
^CORDIS i^^
50
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
February 1
tience and forbearance with which he endured the singular conduct of Ri- vera and Neve.
As to Rivera's constant excuse that sufficient soldiers were not on hand for the founding of the two missions in the north, it was but a cloak to hide what he dared not disclose. If lack of soldiers did not prevent him, late in the fall of 1774, from making the ex- pedition and from proposing to carry the project through as soon as the rainy season was qver, -* lack of sol- diers was certainly not the reason why he later obstinately refused to co-' operate with Colonel Anza, who came up with fresh troops and supplies ex- pressly for that enterprise. • But jealousy of the colonel only confirmed the comandante in his animosity toward Fr. Serra. The disgusted colonel soon left for Lower California, so that there remained only the Fr. Presidente and his confreres, on whom Rivera might continue to vent his spleen. In May. 1776, he ordered Lieutenant Moraga to establish the presidio at the Bay of San Francisco and to inform the Fr. Presidente that the mission would not be founded for the present. Even Bancroft is constrained to admit, in this instance, that Rivera "could not neglect the opportunity to annoy the priests by saying that the founding of the missions was for the present suspended, as Moraga was instructed to inform the president. Truly," he adds, "the latter had not gained much in the change from Fages to his rival." -^ The fact, finally, that Moraga had sufficient soldiers in the summer of that same year, 1776, to take the matter in his own hands and to begin the Mission of San Francisco, plainly gives the lie to Rivera's oft-repeated excuse for delaying: the work.
What little regard the comandante had for the self-sacrificing mission- aries, he manifested when, on Decem- ber 13, 1775, a courier from San Diego
reported that the Indians there had revolted, set fire to the mission, and murdered Fr. Luis Jayme. After im- parting the sad news to Fr. Serra, the spiteful official added, coldly : "Only one thing pleases me very much ; it is that no soldier was killed, thanks be to God !" -'' During the year interven- ing between the destruction of the mission and its restoration, his haughty and provoking attitude would have driven a man less patient and peace- ■ loving than Fr. Serra to black despair. Though many of the minor details must needs be omitted here, the fol- lowing series of events will suffice to demonstrate what a capricious and re- fractory official the missionaries had to deal with in the person of Coman- dante Rivera.
His flagrant infringement of the Church asylum, which obtained in Spain and its colonies at the time, with all that attended and followed it, con- stitutes one of the darkest episodes of California mission history. Boldly de- fying the I-'ather's warning and the danger of incurring excommunication, the comandante, sword in hand, enter- ed the place set aside for divine wor- ship and dragged out the guilty In- dian who had taken refuge there. Against this public violation of the law, Fr. Fuster justly protested; whereupon Rivera cried : "Very well, Father; your Reverence may protest. There goes the protest," and pointed to the culprit whom the soldiers were hurrying of? to the guardhouse. -^ To free himself of the excommunication he had thereby incurred, the coman- dante proceeded to Monterey and by gross misrepresentations endeavored to steal from the Fr. Presidente a de- cision in his favor. But letters from the missionaries of San Diego, which Rivera, by the way, delivered with the seals broken, told a very different
-* Fr. Palou, Noticias, Vol. II, p. 294. "5 H. H. Bancroft, History of California, Vol. I, p. 286.
-6 Fr. Pedro Font, Diario, January 13, 1776. See also Engelhardt, San Diego Mis- sion (New Series, Local History), p. 71.
-~ Fr. Palou. Noticias, Vol. IV, pp. 149— 150; Fr. Pedro Font, Diario, April 15, 1776. See also San Diego Mission, p. 74.
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THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
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Story. Accordingly, after due delibera- tion, Fr. Serra notified the official that nothing could be done until he had re- turned the Indian to the church ; in which case the Fathers at San Diego had full powers to lift the ban.
Of course, that was not what Rivera wanted. Consequently, the decision, just and considerate though it was, served only to embitter him still more against the man who stood for law and order. In the following summer, when Fr. Serra visited San Diego to under- take the long delayed restoration of the mission, the comandante refused the necessary guards. In the face of established facts to the contrary, he insisted that the Indians were con- templating another attack. Only through the good will of the viceroy was "it finally possible to restore the mission. Having been informed of the disaster, Bucareli sent a guard of twenty-five soldiers to California with express orders to rebuild the mission and found the one of San Juan Capi- strano, which the revolt had delayed. {To be continued)
Correspondence
Pre-Patrician Saints in Ireland
To the Editor:
In the F. R. for January 1, the writer of the synopsis under the head- ing, "Pre-Patrician Saints in Ire- land" made a slight mistake, which is perfectly excusable in one who is not famihar with the geography of Ire- land.
From this synopsis it would appear that "Begerin was one of the Arran group of islands and is now united with the miainland." Now, the fact is that Begerin (called also Ber-Erin, Beg- Eri and Begery; Beg meaning little), was an island situated in Wexford Harbor (formerly called* Lough Gar- man), which is near the southeastern coast of Ireland. (See Irish Ecclesias- tical Record, Oct. 1921, p. 378, hne 9). The Islands of Aran, three in num- ber, are situated in Galway Bay, off
the ivestern coast of Ireland, and many miles from the mainland.
You may find an interesting account of St. Ibar and of the Aran Isles in "Ireland's Ancient Schools and Schol- ars" by Archbishop Healy, pp. 155 sqq.
Yours very sincerely, (Rt. Rev. Msgr.) -Richard Brady Loreffo, Colo.
The Love of Work
To the Editor:
In your Jan. 15th issue you printed from The Freeman some remarks on "The Love of Work." The Freeman contends that the great problem of so- ciety is the problem not only to pro- vide work for the masses, but also to get people to enjoy their work. This is entirely in accord with Benedict XV, who said that one of the five plagues of modern society is disgust for work. What is the cause of this disgust? This mechanical age of ours has killed the ioy of work.
Today everything must be done by machinery if possible. In the past a. shoemaker, for instance, Avas proud of the work of his hands, to-day a shoe is the product of machinery and of a host of men serving that machinery in a mechanical way. Man wants to see the finished product of his hands. This has becgme impossible and hence work is a joyless thing that most men en- deavor to shirk.
(Rev.) Raymond Vernimoxt
Denton. Tex.
— ^Quoting the little note repeatedly printed in this journal, that the F. R. would not feel that its purpose were attained if it did not stimulate its read- ers to think for themselves, -even to the point of occasional disagreement with its utterance^,, the Milwaukee Catholic Citisen (Vol. 51, No. 10) says: "Its [the F. R.'s] purpose in this respect is achieved among its exchanges. And perhaps it is well for us all to cultivate a tolerance of opinion and freedom of discussion on what are clearly open questions for Catholics." The Citisen was not alwavs so tolerant.
bZ
THE FOKTNIGHTLY REVIEW
February 1
Notes and Gleanings
— Our esteemed exchanges are re- spectfully requested to take notice of our recent change of address and to ^end their papers henceforth to 5851 Etzel Ave., St. Louis, Mo.
— We are glad 'to greet the new- Franciscan review, Third Order forum, which was announced in our edition of Jan. 1st. The first number is full of lair promise. Xo one inter- ested in the Tertiary movement can afford to ignore this new organ, which is ablv edited by Father James, O.F.M., at 5045 Latlin .Street, Chicago, 111. The Third Order Forum resembles the F. R. in its typographical make-up, but appears quarterly. We have no doubt it will soon develop into a month- ly. Floreat:
— In his book, "Woodrow Wilson as I Knew Him," 'Mr. Joseph P. Tumulty relates how, during Mr. Wilson's presidency, "the ouija board had its place in 'the White-House." "It was the President's delight," he says, "to play with tl'ie thing, and he would tell laughingly of his 'conversations' with illustrious personages of the past. . . . 'What do you think?' he said to me one day. T got Dean Swift on the ouija board and asked him about some of his flirtations. His answer was : 'You're no gentleman !' " To which the Echo, whence we take the quotation, maliciously adds : "^Maybe the ouija board was the original dictator of the famous fourteen points !"
— The Central Bureau of the Catho- lic Central Society, in one of its recent press bulletins Vol. IX, Xo. 19), calls attention to the excellent work ac- complished by the Catholic Evidence Guild in England, whose members, veritable modern lay catechists, carry the Catholic truth into the highways and byways, the slums and tenements. The Central Bureau says this w'ork is practically as old as the Church and sorely needed also in this country, where "thousands are hungry for spir- itual and religious nourishment, and know not where to find it." Here in-
deed is a promising lield for lay cate- chists. We must reach not only those who have never heard Catholic doc- trine explained, but also those — and their number is legion — who have fal- len away from the faith.
— In reviewing two recent books, a critic in the London Tablet says that Ruskin's name will go down to poster- ity, not as that of a great prophet, but mainly as that of a writer of pure Anglo-Saxon English. Ruskin was a prophet only in the sense that, being imbued with the spirit of the natural virtues, and a zeal to create the same spirit in others, he denounced insincerity and vice in all its forms; but he had no vision. "He could not see into the future ; being blinded by his own pre- conceived ideas as to how things ought to happen, he could not or would not clearly study the trend of events and the natural tendency of men's minds requisite for all such prognostications. We are tjiinking of the natural order, for we do not suppose that even the most enthusiastic of his disciples would claim for him a divine commission to teach and forewarn his countrymen."
— The Friars of the Atonement of Peekskill, N." Y., have taken over the Antidote, but they will not be able to make it a power in the cause of Catho- lic apologetics unless they put it in charge of a competent editor. The gentleman now holding that position seems to regard fraternization between Catholics and Freemasons as a sign "pointing the ■^vay to better things"'
WORK, WEALTH AND WAGES
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1922
S^THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
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(January issue, p. 2). That a K. of C. council should "decorate its club-house profusely with American flags, set oft" by the Masonic emblem," in honor of a visit of 2,000 Shriners (high-degree Masons), as was done lately in Pater- son, N. J., is something the Catholic press ought to censure, and not praise. No real and permanent good can come from fraternizing with members of an organization which the Church ' has again and again condemned in the strongest terms.
— In the Atlantic Monthly Mr. A. Clutton-Brock, an Englishman, writes sanely on nationalism as a form of egotism. "The habit of believing all good of oar own nation and all evil of another," he says, "is a kind of national egotism, having all the symp- toms and absurdities and dangers of personal egotism, or self-esteem ; yet it does not seem to us to be egotism, because the object of our esteem ap- pears to be, not ourselves, but the na- tion. Most of us have no conviction of sin about it, such as we have about oiir own egotism ; nor does boasting of our country seem to us vulgar, like boasting of ourselves. Yet we do boast about it because it is our country, and we feel a warm conviction of its vir- tues which we do not feel about the virtues of any other coutnry." From the Catholic point of view, national egotism is not a whit better than indi- vidual egotism, but both are equally wrong and sinful.
—The boast of the N. C. W. C.'s Press Service that it has helped to bring into being eleven new Catholic newspapers, does not, as the Echo points out, speak well for the judg- ment of the leaders of that organiza- tion. With' the exception of possibly three or four, these papers have no raison d'etre because they have entered a field already well occupied and have no special message or originality. New papers merely diminish the meager support that those already existing re- ceive. Real friends of the Catholic press, therefore, as the Milwaukee Catholic- Citizen justly observes (Vol.
52, No. 8), cannot welcome the useless multiplication of Catholic papers be- cause it is "hurtful and not helpful to the Catholic cause." Those who aid or subscribe for these new papers are "unwitting enemies of the Catholic press." Not more papers, but better papers, should be the parole. If any new papers are started, they should be daily papers.
— The Supreme Court of Indiana, according to the Social Hygiene Biillc- tin, has decided that the law under which the operation of vasectomy could be performed on confirmed idiots, rapists, and imbeciles confined in the State penitentiary was invalid because it denied to a class of citiz'ens the due process of law .guaranteed to all by the Federal Constitution. The court based its decision on the sure ground of tlie XlVth amendment. Ac- cording to Catholic teaching, steriliza- tion is an evil when sought as an end in itself, or as a means to an end, be- cause it is opposed to the principal in- trinsic end of matrimony, which is the generation of offspring. Sterilization is so repugnant to the natural law that no good end can justify it, where it is made an end in itself or a means to an end. For this reason the Church condemns all surgical operations per- formed for the purpose of sterilizing either men or women. (Cfr. the De- cree of the HolyOffice, May22, 1895).
— There has been considerable criti- cism published lately of Long's text- book of English literature. Our read- ers ma}^ remember that this book was sharply censured in the F. R. at the time of its first appearance, ten or more years ago, by Msgr. Schrembs, at that time vicar-general of Grand Rap- ids, now Bishop of Cleveland. It seems that the work was nevertheless intro- duced into a number of Catholic schools, because of its "literary merits" and because the teachers were trying to get awav, as one of them says (America, Vol. XXVI, No. ll,p.253). from "the Jenkins-Sheran type" of text-book, which is admittedly unsatis- factory. It is strange that no Catholic
THE FOETNIGHTLY REVIEW
February 1
writer has undertaken to fill this long- felt want, and to fill it adequately. Have we no writers who are able to combine literary charm with historical accuracy? No wonder Sister Anthony, S.N.D., complains (ibid.) that "we Catholic teachers feel that we have not had the co-operation we should have received from our Catholic leaders in pedagogy."
— Those interested in the theory of "Pan-Psychism," of which Dr. Charles Augustus Strong, erstwhile professor of psychology in Columbia University, is the chief exponent, may find it illuminated in the fables just published by that writer under the title, "The \\'isdom of the Beast." Prof. Strong's humorous grasp of the doctrine of ]\lonism shows itself particularly in the fable of "The Lamb and its Mother." The lamb showed a gift for abstract inquiry which greatly annoyed the old sheep, particularly when she found that the lamb early imbibed the principle "that after all, it was all One." Their dispute closes by the lamb standing up on its hind legs and telling its mother that she is "the naivest old lady that ever had a lamb for its offspring." She did not appear to know that the philos- ophers had threshed these problems out, and " 'it had been proved beyond question that things in themselves are unknowable and do not exist, and that the Universe is One.' 'One what?' asked the Sheep. 'I am not quite sure,' answered her daughter; 'but if I have correctly understood my illustrious teachers, it is one Lamb.' "
— It cannot have escaped the atten- tion of even the lay public that medical practitioners have shown an increasing restiveness in the face of the claims made by the modern laboratory re- searchers. Our worst fears were real- ized when we read the conclusions reached by Sir Almroth Wright in his new book, "Technique of the Teat and the Capillary Glass Tube" (London: Constable). These conclusions are, first, that in those domains of medi- cine, where there are appropriate labo- ratory methods of investigation, the
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
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clinical observer "must be ousted from his present office of expert and adju- dicator in questions of therapeutics," and, second, that in the domains of medicine where there are as yet no laboratory methods, cHnicians may continue to adjudicate, if they feel dis- posed to waste their time, but the re- sults at which they arrive are of no value. Sir Almroth Wright cites as a crucial case the value of quinine in malaria. This drug has been univer- sally regarded as a specific for the mo- laria organism or toxin; and yet cumulative experiment, experience, and statistics have failed to prove its value. The case is similar with vaccinati'bn as a prevention of smallpox.
— Apropos of the repetition by Mr. Michael Williams in his book, "Am- erican Catholics in the War," of cer- tain false charges against the German Catholics of this country. Father Mar- kert in the F amilienhlatt and a writer in the Buffalo Echo have suggested the publication of a complete and docu- mentary history of "Cahenslyism," so called, in order that this phantom of a diseased brain be banished from the world once for all. The Editor of the F. R. was requested to perform this labor by I^Ir. Cahensly himself, on the occasion of Uis last visit to the U. S., some ten or twelve years ago, but had to decline because of too much other work. Since then the matter has been in abeyance, but occasional repetitions of the old falsehoods show that it is still time, and very necessary, to write a truthful account of "Cahenslyism." Let us repeat what we have said sev- eral times before: there is absolutely nothing in the career of Mr. P. P. Cahensly, or the movement falsely branded as "Cahenslyism," that re- flects the slightest discredit on either Germany or the Church. Cahensly's name will live in history, but it should not be held in reprobation, but in honor, because its possessor was an exceptionally enlightened and zealous Catholic, wlio sacrificed much time and no small part of his modest fortune for the benefit cf his fellowmen.
—The Rev. Thomas F. Coakley, who, we suspect, was responsible for the Catholic propaganda advertisements lately published in the daily press of Pittsburgh (F. R., Vol. XXVIII, No. 24, p. 458 sq.) reluctantly admits {America, Vol. XXVI, No. 11) that the undertaking was a failure. The ad- vertisements stirred up the preachers and led to the publication of Protestant counter-advertisements in the daily papers. At last the commotion became so great that both parties decided to stop. Dr. Coakley, while trying to de- fend this curious new method of apol- ogetics, saying that it stiffened the backbone of many Catholics and led to several conversions, admits that "not all Pittsburgh Catholics were in favor of these advertisements," but "some sane and saintly among the faithful, the clergy included, bitterly opposed them and tried to stop them." We do not think the experiment will be re- peated, either in Pittsburgh or else- where, though it remains true, of course, what Dr. Coakley contends, that "we Catholics are at the mercy of our enemies when it comes to getting the ear of the public through the estab- lished news agencies." The logical con- clusion seems to be, however, that we ought to create our own "news agen- cies," that is, establish our own daily papers. Then we shall no longer be "twenty millions (?) without a voice."
— Our Holy Father Pope Benedict XV departed this life rather unex- pectedly Sunday morning, January 21st. There is no need for us to detail the circumstances of his death or Ijurial or to print an account of his life and work. The papers have been full of these matters for the past week and a half. Our readers know how highly the F. R. esteemed Benedict XV and how faithfully it tried to follow his example and instructions in all things, especially in his truly Christlike l)eace policy during and since the Great War. Even now, after his death, both sides claim him, — ^the best proof, we think, that his neutrality was genuine
56
THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
Februarj-
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and sincere, as behooved the Father of Christendom. Aside from his attitude (hiring the war, which merited for him the honorary title of "Pontiff of Uni- versal Peace." the pontificate of the fifteenth Benedict will probably live in history because of the final completion and promulgation of the new Code of Canon \a.\\ and the revision of the ]\Iis- sal. It is wonderfiil how Providence gives to each age and generation pre- cisely .the man needed in the chair of St. Pe;ter. By the time this number of the Review reaches its subscribers the new pope may already be elected. In acclaiming him with joy and respect, let us not forget to pray for the repose of the soul of Benedict XV, who, amid extraordinarily difficult circvimstances, served his ^^laster and the Church so faithfullv and well. R. I. P.
Forty Years of Missionary Life ^n Arkansas
By the Rev. John Eugene Weibel, V.F.
( fjth Installment^
Chapter XXI
ILLNESS OF BISHOP FITZGERALD—
ST. BERNARD'S HOSPITAL— WORK
FOR THE COLORED PEOPLE In the fall of 1898. a sickness called "the Cuban itch" prevailed among the colored people of the South. As it was confined al- most exclusively to the negroes, little at- tention was paid to it at first, and they were allowed to go about freely. By and by the sickness became more threatening, and some physicians declared it to be smallpox, which others denied. In any event, people began to be more careful. A neighbor of ours, Mrs. Higi, who had her washing done by a colored woman, one day remarked : "Susie, in case you should get the smallpox in your house, I do not want you to come here." "Law me," replied the woman, "don't be afraid about that, we all done had 'em last month." In this way the disease spread, and in the beginning of January, several white people died with it.
_ On January 17th, Bishop Fitzgerald ar- rived on the Cotton Belt morning train. He was very tired and could not say Mass, as he was used tc do. He said for years two hours of sleep had been enough for him, and that at times he had been up all night to answer letters. Now when he needed more sleep, and his physician prescribed it, he could not sleep: on some days, too, he
could not genutiect, while on others he felt as limber as in years gone by.
He reminded me that I was getting older, too, and told me to look out for a suitable priest, whom I might train to follow me; "for," he remarked, "the direction of a numeroiTS sisterhood, such as you have founded, requires special knowledge and daily care." W^hile we were conversing, the pseudo-priest whom I mentioned in a form- er chapter entered. After I was througli with him, v.e continued to speak about dif- ferent business affairs, and the Bishop cor- rected a deed I had made, dictating to me its desired form. The weather being bad, he said he would not go to Pocahontas, as he had intended, but to Hot Springs, to take a few baths, since he felt the need of rest and recuperation. Between 12 and i o'clock, just as we were going to dinner, he said : "I am getting sick." I succeeded in helping him to the sopha and immediate- ly applied restoratives, rubbing his head and hands with alcohol, witch hazel, vine- gar, and cold water. I thought first it was a fainting spell, but the Bishop pointed to his arm and I understood it was paralyzed. Father ]\IcCormick, my assistant, immediate- ly went for medical help and brought in Drs. Ellis and Copeland. The Bishop was carried to bed, and his right side was found to be paralyzed. On account of the prevail- ing smallpox we could not get a regular nurse tliat day. Therefore two young men, Pat. J. Nolan and Louis Frei, and I waited on the patient the first night. We had no experience in nursing, but followed the doctor's orders as well as we could. It was a very long night for us all, and I re- solved to do my best to get a hospital for Jonesboro. I certainly wished and prayed for a good nurse, realizing our helplessness in such an emergency. Finally the morning came and we got the service of an ex- perienced m.ale nurse, a Mr. Chapman. The physicians prescribed absolute rest. No one was admitted to the patient without the . doctors' special permission. On Thursday, tlie Bishop asked to receive the Sacraments. On Friday, sensation returned to 4iis right foot. Saturday, Dr. J. A. Dibrell arrived from Little Rock. He found the .patient greatly improved and declared that all that could be done in the case had been done. In fact by that time the Bishop could again speak quite distinctly and was able to move hi? right leg and open and close the afflicted hand. The doctor declared the case was hopeful but forbade anything that might ex- cite or alarm the patient. I had strict orders not to admit anyone and not to mention any business affairs. I posted a notice at the door to that effect. Alsgr. Meerschaert had come from Oklahoma, and he cheered up the_ Bishop. Dr. Ellis said his visit was beneficial. A few days later came another Bishop, belonging to the Province of New Orleans. I po-nted to the notice on the 'door,
58
THE FOETNIGHTLY REVIEW
February
and as he liad several priests with him, to the danger of a number of visitors. But the prelate, evidently not realizing the danger, shoved me aside and entered, in company with the clergymen. They talked about the afTairs of the diocese and its administra- tion. Nervously, I waited at the door for the return of the visitors. I had done all I could to prevent them from entering. After they had left, the Bishop grew worse and raved the whole night. Dr. Ellis now feared the worst and declared the Bishop would never be able to use his right side again. I had to bear the whole blame. The doctor said I should have locked the door and informed him. I had not been prepared for such an event. The parties themselves had no idea of the danger and evidently did not believe tny warning. Bishop Meerschaert had had a great deal of experience with sick people, having nursed a number during the yellow fever epidemic in Mississippi, and therefore carefully avoided anything that was apt to worry the patient.
Fortunately, Bishop Fitzgerald, after this,
began to improve again, although the im- provement was very slow and he never re- gained the full use of his right side. By that time reports had been sent to the Bishop's lifelong friend Col. Richard Kerens, of St. Louis, Mo., that Bishop Fitzgerald was dangerously ill in a small Arkansas town, where he could not get the needed atten- tion and comfort. Upon this news Mr. Kerens, a nuiltimillionaire, sent his partner, Col. Schanerte, to Jonesboro, with his own palatial private car, to take the Bishop to Hot Springs. Col. Schauerte expressed his surprise at the beauty of the Bishop's quarters, the splendid accommodations, and the careful attendance the patient enjoyed. He declared the Bishop could hardly get better service in St. Louis. St. Roman's rec- tory was then quite new and provided with .all modern improvements. Col. Schauerte decided, therefore, to return with his car to St. Louis and not to come back until the patient had recovered sufficiently to stand the journey to Hot Springs without danger. {To he continued)
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
59
Literary Briefs
John Ayscough's "First Impressions of Am- erica"
The London Catholic Times is not well pleased with Msgr. Bickerstaffe-Drew's new book, "First Impressions of America." "All that is of value in this book," says our con- temporary (No. 2816), "could have been set down within the compass of a magazine article. John Ayscough has before now proved himself fascinating in a personal record. Who can forget or be ungrateful for 'Fernando'? But this long record of teas and dinners and luncheons and suppers in con- vents, presbyteries, and private houses, and of the kindly, clever, and entertaining people who presided at the functions or participated therein, somewhat overtaxes a reader's pa- tience. What will chiefly disappoint the my- riad admirers of the author is the consider- ation that the labor devoted to this volume of 'Impressions' might have achieved another 'San Celestino' or 'Hurdcott.' "
Were the Gospels Written in Poetical Form? Fr. Wm. Schmidt, S.V.D., of Anthropos fame, to whom we devoted an article in No. 20 of the current volume of the F. R.. has just published "eine erste Mitteilung" concerning a sensational discovery of his, under the title, "Der strophische Aufbau des Gesamttextes der vier Evangelien" (Vienna: Verlag des Anthropos). The dis- covery is that the entire text of all four Gospels, — not only the addresses, parables, etc. — is composed in verses and strophes, built up not according to subjective notions, but according to objective external criteria, that the strophes are grouped together into pericopes, and that the pericopes form larger groups, which in turn go to constitute the whole of each Gospel. Fr. Schmidt in this preliminary announcement gives a few strik- ing illustrations, but we learn from Dr. Schumacher, professor of New Testament exegesis at the Catholic University of Am- erica, that the theory is not regarded with favor by exegetes.
The Monastic Enclosure
A splendid doctoral dissertation that ought to be made available to the general public, is "The Cloister," by the Rev. Valentine T. Schaaf, O.F.M. (St. Anthony Messenger, Cincinnati, O.). The author originally in- tended to write a history of monastic enclos- ure, but soon found that, within the short space of time at his disposal, he would have to confine himself to making a beginning. This he has done in a thorough and satis- factory manner, and his dissertation reflects
credit upon the Catholic University of Am- erica. Fr. Valentine traces the cloister to its earliest origins in Eastern monasticism and then describes its development in the Bene- dicine Order, which more than any other established the general forms now common to all religious institutes. From the history of the cloister he passes to the ecclesiastical legislation and gives a commentary on canons 597, 598, 599, 600—606, and 2342 of the New Code, which embody the current discipline. The commentary, too, is interspersed with helpful historical notes.
Publishers' Advertising
Mr. Richards, head of the English pub- lishing firm of Grant Richards Ltd., fills the advertising space he buys every week in the London Times' Literary Supplement with personal talks, an example which is worthy of imitation by American publishers, as such talks tend to bring the publisher into closer contact with book-buyers. The following ex- tract from one of Mr. Richards' latest chats is interesting also for another reason, which the reader will perceive as he peruses the paragraph: "The trade journal Book-Post has been interesting itself in the sale of re- view copies, and in the course of its in- quiry has elicited some sensible views from Mr. Denny of the Strand. One opinion of his, however, I should like to challenge. He says: Tf I were a publisher and an adver- tiser, and saw that my books were not re- ceiving proper notice, I should very quickly withdraAV my advertisement.' Of course, much depends on Mr. Denny's interpreta- tion of the word 'proper', but if there is in this matter of advertising one thing more certain than another it is that the publisher who only advertises in journals where his books get good reviews will be taking his money to the very worst market. Rather will the publisher who has sense take space in those papers whose reviews are speedy and capable and honest and interesting, without particular reference to the treatment meted out to his own particular books. Those punctual plaudits that, if I do not do him an injustice, ]\Ir. Denny would like to see, make dull reading; there is not much chance of the advertisements being read on a liter- ary page which is dull and incapable. Briefly a literary paper or a book page is appre- ciated for its salt and not for its butter, and the capable and honest critic hplnc nnb- lisher and bookseller far more than he who, whether on the instructions of his editor or from his own incapacity to distinguish, gives a few lines of placid approval to most of the books that come his way."
60
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
Tebiuarv 1
Books Received
Lamps of fire. By Marian Nesbitt. 130 pp. i2mo. Chicago: Matre & Co. $1, postpaid.
The Light on the Lagoon. A Novel by Isabel C. Clarke. 416 pp. 8vo. Benziger Bros. $2 net.
Testimony to the Truth. By the Rev. Hugh P. Smyth. 240 pp. i2mo. Chicago: The Extension Press, $1.50.
Official Manual of the State of Missouri for the Years 1921 and 1922. Compiled and . Published by Charles U. Becker, Secretary of State. 909 pp. 8vo. Jefferson City, ]\Io. : The Hugh Stevens Co.
The Jesuits, 1534 — 1921. A History of the Society of Jesus from its Foundation to the Present Time. By Thomas J. Camp- bell S.J. XVI & 937 pp. 8vo. New York: The Encyclopedia Press. $6 net.
The "Summa Thcologica" of St. Thomas Aquinas. Literally Translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province. Third Part (Supplement), QQ. LXIX— LXXXVI. 262 pp. 8vo. Benziger Bros. $3 net.
The Psalms. Exegesis II. An Explanation of Psalms I and 2 according to the Interpre- tation of the Fathers and Later Catholic Authorities. Compiled by Rev. Anselm Schaaf, O. S. B., St. Meinrad, Ind. : The Abbey Press. $1.25.
The Parable Book. Our Divine Lord's Own Stories Retold for You by Little Children. Illustrated with Masterpieces from Dore, Bida, Hofmann, and Other Artists, and with Numerous Pen-Sketches by W. E. Waddell and Bess Bethel Crank. 230 pp. large Svo. Chicago: Extension Press, $2.
Missalc Romanum ex Decreto Sacrosancti Concilii Trident in i Restitutum, S. Pii V Pont. Ma.w Editum, Aliorum Pontificum Cura Recognitum, a Pio X Rcformatum et SSmi D. X. Benedicti XV Auctoritate J'ulgatum. Bditio iu.vta Typicam Vatican- am. Ixviii & 652 & 208 pp. Svo. Turin: P. Marietti. Frs. 38.
The Preacher's Vademccum. Sermon Plans for Sundays, Feasts of Our Lord, the Blessed Virgin and the Saints, Advent and Lenten Courses, Forty Hours', Sacred Heart Devotions, Retreats, Conferences, Alay and October Devotions. Special Oc- casions, etc. By two Missionaries. Trans- lated from the French, viii & 439 pp. Svo. Joseph F. Wagner, Inc. $3 net.
Die hciligen Schriften des Alten Bundcs. Aus dem kritisch wiederhergestellten he- braischen IJrtexte iibersetzt und kurz er- lautert von Dr. Nivard Schlogl, O. Cist. Erster Band: Das Buch Mosche, Je- hoschua und Schophetim (Pentateuch, Joschua, Richter, i Scheni. i — 7). Mit 2 lithographierten Karten. xxxii & 424 pp. Svo. Vienna: Burgverlag; St. Louis, Mo.: B. Herder Book Co. $1.25.
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The Fortnightly Review
VOL. XXIX, NO. 4
ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
February 15, 1922
About Anatole France
By the Rev. Edward P. Graham, Sandusky, 0.
Anatole France according to himself and some admirers is a great man, a kind of superior be- ing of the Jovian type, who bears jjatiently with man and all his aberrations because of his own all-reaching knowledge. Accord- ing to others, he is a writer of considerable polish and force, both greatly overrated and of con- siderable licence in thought and word, playfully labelled, nowa- days, intellectual independence. He got the Nobel Prize? He did and in so doing lessened its value for all time. It is said that he had for competitors — and you can judge something of him from them — Thomas Hardy and Gabriele D'Annunzio. Of these men one critic says, all are pagans who pursue beauty instead of religion — a euphonious way of stating that they would fain re-erect the statue which once stood on a sacred hill outside Jerusalem.
Anatole France takes a broad scope in his writings and plays many parts. Astutely he assumed a stage-name, knowing well the advertising value of a well-select- ed cognomen. Off the stage he is Jacques Thibault. It is like Sin- clair Montford, ne James Smith. As a theologian, he pens offhand brief pregnant sentences, whose only fault is their falseness, e. g., ''The saints were a new mythol- ogy." At times he appears as a controversialist, as in his ''The
Church and the Eepublic" and then he disposes himself after the manner of the sob-school, a well defined class with some .iustifica- tion for existence in Calvinistic circles but, among Catholics, ab- surd and baseless. In this school biographies are wet with the tears shed over the mental sufferings of children, soaring human chil- dren, w^iose young minds are op- pressed by dreadful pictures of hell, and so forth. You know how true it is of our children when you see them bounding along the streets gracefully and joyously, their lack-lustre eyes sparkling with fun. Ye gods and little fishes, does even the man in the street not know that all nations who are strong believers in hell and pur- gatory are sad as the old French, or the Irish, or the people of "Merrie England" long ago! As a religio-political writer Anatole France shines brilliantly because in the book just quoted his sharp eye reveals the Pope's ambition to I'eign as a temporal sovereign over France and that the Church at Montmartre is intended to be a second St. Peter's. This stuff sounds familiar to us, as it was the war-cry of the A. P. A., etc. The Cliurch also teaches that a republic is the most detestable form of government. To treat with the Church even in the spiritual line, according to our Jacques, is to alienate the sovereigntv of the
THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
February 15
State, so let his royal namesake look out for his theological laurels.
A. F. once pla^^ed the part of a prophet and gravely informed his listening countrjTiien that if the concordat would be given up, the Church would appeal to violence. Sagely he admits unit}^ to be es- sential to the Church, but it is the civil power which assures it that unity in Catholic countries. What a^isures it elsewhere he does not inform us. Free France, he pleads, from the concordat, gives liberty, and a multitude of sects will ap- pear and unity of obedience will be broken. He summons a defunct prophet to his aid, the seductive Renan, who chanted the same strain, and thus these two, the Jovelike Thibault and the dilet- tante Eenan, proclaim the down- fall of the Church, fated at last to die. Rather unceremoniously France did give up the concordat, and France is now headed towards Canossa.
A. F. foams like an evil spirit at the sight of the cross — at least, La Croix, when borne by the As- sumptionists, but his ravings provoke a smile, for all know that Assumptionists hit hard. No need to state how A. F. loves the Jesuits. AVhen Jacques Thibault ascends his pulpit to preach mor- ality he, with a gesture of con- tempt, waves aside Christ and His teachings in favor of ''the principles of a moral by so much the more solid, as it is independent of all dogmas and b^^ so much the more noble, as it is derived from eternal and necessary ideas of justice, duty and right." So runs a public document, endorsed by Jacques, on morals to be taught in the secular schools, and if fine words were sufficient, France
would not be so infected with di- vorces, child-murders, bluebeards, and some other ''progressive" and destructive vices.
The Christian teaching of the need of a Savior's elevating and sanctifying grace and of a good intention, is twisted bj^ him and then dubbed fanaticism. Merely from an intellectual point of view this French academician might have the modesty to hesitate be- fore shoving aside Paul, August- ine, Bernard, Aquinas, Bossuet, and Newman; but A. F. is too busy asserting that the temporal sovereignty is identified with the papal power concerning moral de- cisions and that the old Church anyhow has often varied in her dogmas and still more in her moral teachings. This Olympian is peevish at times and hard to please, and so he blames the bish- ops who would not accept Leo's advice to rally to the Republic, and those who did rally, are equal- ly condemned, for they did it to curry favor.
A. F. is an ardent believer, so he himself assures us, in the "wine, woman, and song" theory, with the accent on the middle term, and his writings leave no room for doubt on this score. W. L. George, who wrote a little book about Anatole, is vulgar in the l)ook, but maybe he would plead pitch. Yet Mr. George wrote: "One of his books is rather long- winded, here and there dull, peda- gogic, but it represents him fair- ly well from an intellectual point of view, though it contains none of the indecency, blasphemy, and Falstaffian fun which pervade his writings." One of his most praised works is "At the Sign of the Reine Pedauque," which is not without merit, though not very
192^
THE FOETNIGHTLY KEVIEW
63
original and rather ponderous in its humor. Every walk in life is smeared by the author. By the way, the Nobel prize is given for "idealistic literature," yet, to quote Professor Stuart P. Sher- man, "when I say this, I do not forget the vein of cold salacity which runs through his works."
A recent w^riter in the Nation, evidently immature in judgment, refers to a discussion in the same book about the initial difficulty of Christianity as something bril- liant and forcible. That critic must have forgotten Trilby's friend and his dialogue with his dog, which was at least picturesque, whereas A. F.'s — but what is the use? All these immoral opponents of Christ are but weak reprodu- cers of what Celsus and others have written, and they should be shamed into silence and obscurity as plagiarists and dullards. There is no novelty in them. It is not learning, or devotion to truth, or keenness of mind which guide their' pens, but Asmodeus, and their dull sameness results from too strict attention to Astarte's worship. The wandering shade of Lucian would be mortified if he knew what company he is some- times forced to keep among the living.
We are told A. F. is a pagan, The pagans, while sitting in the shadow of death, sought after the True, the Good, and the Beautiful, and they left us some essays that will be read until the end of time. These modern pagans, despite the light that shone in the darkness, seem to know only one beauty, whose materia prima is flesh and blood and whose forma is female. Yet we are admonished to receive all that Anatole offers because "the ])resenting hands are calm
and immortal." When another critic states that his paganism has not the serenity of the ancients but is haunted by the spirit of Christianity^ there is some sense and insight in the statement. But when the same critic adds, he is ' ' one who is pre-occupied with the divinity of a new dispensation," he is using words without mean- ing.
Another overpowered and be- wildered admirer gives us this : "When a personage in one of his books, such as the dog Riquet, pos- sesses no tongue, A. F. gravely sets down the creature's thoughts." How ravishing the grave condescension of the Jovian personage to the canine person- age,, and how very original the idea to interpret a dog's thoughts. Tobit's dog expressed his wel- come semaphorically with his tail, but Anatole 's dog. had an inter- preter. More at home Avas A. F. dealing with the dog's thoughts than with St. Joan of Arc, whose life he presumed to write, because A. F.'s soul, as revealed by his own. pen, reminds one of the scholastic dictum that the souls of animals are completely immersed in matter.
The N. Y. Tribune, the Boston Transcript, the Philadelphia Pub- lic Ledfjer, and the N. Y. Times, are quoted in the Literary Digest. and not one of these papers, all supposedly decent, sounds a word of warning or utters a protest against Anatole France's in- decency and blasphemy. Is there no judgment day, no reckoning for idle words and worse ? Jacques Thibault brings nothing to the literary table that compensates in the slightest for the filth of his offering. If he and all his works were buried a hundred fathoms
64
THE FOETNIGHTLY REVIEW
February lo
deep, would the Avorld be any the poorer for the loss of the old satyr with his insupportable air of all- knowinoness and his unseemly l)ai'es exhaling corruption and de- cay? Is he less an evil spirit be- cause he may be, as a writer, quite as charmino; as Heine's devil?
Luther manifested some faith when he advised a follower of his to sin boldly, for he recognized sin, though his advice was diabol- ical. Anatole France knows no sin. Poor de Lamennais' cheek was wet with a tear when he died. Ana- tole knows well his act of perfect contrition. May he one day recite it from his heart, if only on ac- count of his donation of the prize money to charity and his '* Crime of Svlvestre Bonnard."
M5rthiG'al Elements in the Lives of the Saints
On this subject Fr. W. H. Kent, in a recent installment of his al- ways readable and always val- uable "Literarv Notes" in the Tahlef (No. 4251), makes the fol- lowing sane remarks :
*'We have no wish to deny that the lives and legends of the early Saints, and, as Father Martindale has shown us, a good many of more miodern religious biograph- ies contain a considerable admix- ture of mythical elements.. . .We may well regret, with the great Dominican critic, ]\[elchior Cano, that our ecclesiastical biograph- ers do not display the candor and impartiality of Suetonius and Diogenes Laertius. And we have more reason to regret this than many outside critics who are only concerned with historical truth for its own sake. For we feel that, apart from the evil attaching to all falsehood, the faults of ortho-
dox historians do a grave injury to the faith with which they are associated. And, after all, perfect- ly faithful and strictly historical pictures of the Saints — if we could only get them — would surely be far more edifying, in the true sense of the word, than the fairest fictions of poets and artists.
''On the other hand, it is well to remember that, here as else- where, artistic idealism has its legitimate function. Such relig- ious romances as AViseman's 'Fabiola' or Newman's 'Callista' cannot be censured by the most fastidious historical critic. And some of the early writers of re- ligious legends may be placed in the same category as our modern Cardinals. Often enough, the con- fusion between fact and fiction may owe its origin to the blunders of later compilers, even as the myths of dramatists and ballad- makers are adopted by solemn historians. Some allowance must be made for writers who lived at a distance from the events with which they were dealing, and were, in a manner, at the mercy of the partial and imperfect ma- terials that had come down to their time. Yet, often enough, these old hagiographers would compare very favorably Avith modern critics who cannot put forward the same excuses for their blunders."
— Tho.-ic interested in the literatnre of Freeman ?onrv will find a fairly complete "Alasonic Bibliography," by Rro. Silas H. Shepherd, of Wisconsin, in TJic Bnildcr, a Journal for the Ma- sonic Student, published bv the Nation- al ATasoni'- Research Society at Ana- inosa. la.. Vol. VIII, Nos. 1 and 2 (Tan. and Feb.. 1922).
1W2
THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
65
The Task of Modern Apologetics
111 the first of a course of apol- ogetic lectures given at the Cen- tral Bureau, St. Louis, January 26, Rev. Dr. F. Meffert, of M[- Gladbach, the noted German apol- ogist, spoke of the task of Catho- lic apologetics in our time.
We are facing new conditions, he said, and a culture different from that of fifty or sixty years ago. We are living in a time of marvellous cultural expansion, when old standards and values are questioned, and new principles are promulgated in ethics, sociol- ogy, religion, and economics. To a large extent these new tenden- cies are hostile to Christianity. It is the duty of the Church to take a definite attitude towards these problems and to proclaim that their proper solution does not in- validate any of her teachings.
If we wish to find a parallel for the huge task that confronts the Churcli to-day we must go back to the first centuries of the Christ- iai^ era. Then as now the Church faced the duty of gaining a world for Christ. From the slope of the Areopagus St. Paul delivered his discourse to the Athenians (Acts XVII) and spoke to them of the "unknown God." So, too, must the Church face the present crisis, and teach old truths in a new way, showing that the doctrines of Christ are even to-day for the salvation of nations.
To draw back from this sacred charge would be unworthy of the Church, "the pillar and ground- work of truth." The command of Christ is clear and strong: "Go and teach all nations", — even those who boast of their "modern culture" and say they need no church and no revelation.
In fact the Church to-dav has
a special duty towards the learn- ed and the cultured classes. At the General xVssembly of German Catholics at the "Katholikentag" of Mayeuce, in 1911, Bishop (now Cardinal) Faulhaber spoke of the regaining of the "learned world" for Christ and the Church, as the "king problem" of modern pas- toral activity.
Some of the tendencies that the Church must combat to-day are "evolutionary theories" in reli- gion, the assertion that all truth, even religious truth, is purely relative, and that her position on industrial life and progress is out-of-date and uiisuited for a day of economic expansion. These false teachings must be opposed and the people who are easily led astray, must be shown that the doctrines of the Church meet every exigency.
A gigantic and an imperative duty is before the clergy to-day. Yet there is no reason to grow pessimistic. Our watchword must be that of the old mediaeval hymn: "Vexilla regis prodeunt — the banners of the king are for- ward borne." The Eoyal Banner under which our hosts advance against the forces of ignorance and doubt and error, is the ban- ner of the Cross, which infallibly triumphs over all opposition.
— The Lutherans of Michigan have issued a concise statement of the case of their parochial schools ag-ainst the proposed constitutional amendment, to which we referred in the last F. R. It is a pamphlet of fifteen pages, en- titled "The Private School and Relig- ious IJbertv. A Candid Presentation of the Case of the Lutherans of Michi- gan vs. The Public School Defense League," and is published by the Lutheran Schools Committee. Detroit. Mich.
66
THE FOBTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
February 15
False Theories of Morals
lu their chapter on "The Evo- hition oi' Ethics" (I), (Outlines of Sociolo.^y"; Macmillan), Black- mar and Grillin offer three theories oi' "the oeiiesis of ethics." They say that "the earlier theories were based upon sympathy." Adam Smith is the "authority" cited for this school. A little more than a pag-e is devoted to the opinion, but not a single proof is otfered, neither from Smith, nor by the authors.
"The second group of theories is based upon habit or custom. These theories, to state them briefly and in general terms, pro- ceed upon the assumption that the moral is the habitual for the group. ' '
According to this view, the "group morality" of a band of thieves, of a clique of unscrupul- ous speculators and manipulators of prices, of a gang of "pro- moters," or of a "ring" which robs the public of vast sums of money, or even of a secret organi- zation or club encouraging im- moral conduct, would be justifi- able. Any "fraternity," no matter how wicked its aim and how sub- versive of the good of society, could claim a charter, as its pur- poses find favor with a group, and its practices have become "habit or custom." The conduct of the mcmliers would be suffici- ently explained and "vindicated" f]'om the fact that it had become "habitual for the group."
These conclusions, which flow directly from the "theory" as stated by the two authors, are enough to show its absurdity. The pity of it is that so many students to-day are treated to such doc- trines.
It is true that the authors offer
a mild objection to this "theory of morals." But in the end they have nothing more solid to offer than the following: "Generalizing upon these various theories from the standpoint of sociologj^, we can say that ethical conduct arises fr6m the interplay of the individ- uals developing personality and the surrounding social conditions, including social personalities." But whence do these "social per- sonalities" derive their moral code, and what happens in case of conflicting codes?
Albert Muxtsch, S. J.
Degrading Catholic Journalism A short while ago an official or- gan west of the Mississippi spewed the following pietistic cant :
"In the struggle for honorable position in life the Catholic has equal opportunities with any other man. Names like those of the late Chief Justice AVliite, Charles M. Schwab, Thoq^as P^ortune Ryan, Admiral Benson, the Cudahys, clearly prove that profession of the Catholic faith does not block the way to mate- rial advancement. ' '
In these few words the writer has done more to ridicule religion than have its worst enemies. He has held up for public admiration members of a family who have given public scandal. He has ex- alted the most despicable product of a pagan system of industry, its captains and financiers. He has brought the Church to ridicule in the e.ves of great masses of com- mon people, who look to the Church to lead them out of the land of industrial bondage. He has given the lie to the sacri- fices necessarv to maintain one-
IH22
THE FOETNIGHTLY KEVIEW
self a true Catholic in the midst of the modern pag'anism. Finally, he has deo-raded unutterably the noble calliuR- of a Catholic journ- alist. F. ,^^^$^^^
Anecdotes With a Sting A mere passing anecdote will sometimes leave a sting in the reader's heart. Such, made with- out a hint of its pathos, is that record of Dante Gabriel Rosset- ti's saying in the trouble of his last hours, "I should like to see a priest; I want him to give me absolution for my sins." That did not need to be said again for the hearing of Heaven, but it was repeated to deaf ears on earth; and is printed, if one may so say, with^ smile. And in Whistler's Life we come on another bit of biographical driftwood which be- comes inextricably entangled in our thoughts of him. "The Mas- ter" was sketching in a church at Honfleur. "It was here," his Eng- lish companion reports, "that he said he was going over to Rome some day." Then, of course, the funny man comes in. "I said, 'Don't forget to let me know, so that I may be on hand to see you wandering up the aisle in sack- cloth and ashes, with a candle in each hand, or scrubbing the floor.' " Wliistler fell in with the cheap mood, and turned it off by saying he thought they would make him "a, swell of an abbot or something like that." The inci- dent is quoted, of course, as a tribute to Whistler's wit; and as such it frivolously passes; but a solitary reader here and there re- members it as far otherwise.
Correspondence
— Keep your promises if you would be happy.
The Ridiculed Farmer
To the Editor: —
One of the leading papers in Texas a few days ago was rebuked by a lady reader for placing on its front page a cartoon in which a farmer was made to look silly and vmintelligent. Ridicule is more than sensitive farmers can bear. Hence the Catholic Laboring- man who wrote that fine article in the F. R. of Feb. 1st, will know why only 40 per cent of our population are now farmers, and the vast majority renters, who would move to the towns or cities if they had the means to do so.
Agriculture is the noblest and most necessary of all occupations. Adam was a farmer. Does not the abused and ridiculed farmer co-operate with God in feeding the world? The silly world netfds a change of heart towards the farmer who keeps his fellowmen from starving.
(Rev.) Raymond Vernimont
Denton, Tex.
With Freedom and Fearlessness
To the Editor: —
The first requisite for restoring at least a tolerable harmony between capital and labor, is the valuable sug- gestion from a "Catholic Laboringman" in your issue of Feb. 1, that we need a Catholic school of sociology in which the teachers are endowed with "abso- lute freedom and fearlessness." The Catholic Church has in her storehouses, — sometimes in dusty and cobwebbed old corners, — data, principles, teach- ings, and precedents with which to cope with any difficult situation; otherwise she would not be the Church ever guided by the Holy Ghost. Many of our modern difficulties are without precedent, and, therefore, our much- vaunted prudence and carefulness must occasionally be supplanted with the freedom and confidence of a great surgeon who performs a new kind of operation.
Everybody knows that the Catholic faith has never changed; but Catholic
«8
THE FOETNIGHTLY REVIEW
Februar}- 15
discipline has changed very much. Take the question of suspending a priest, for instance. In the first thousand years of Christianity it was an axiom in Catholic teaching that one bishop could make a priest, but it took not less than three bishops to undo a priest; and it took twelve bishops to undo a bishop. (This may have been the origin of the jury system.) We never heard of a l)ishop being undone ; but it is quite common to hear of a priest being un- done by one bishop ; and once undone, it is almost impossible for a priest to l)e fully reinstated in this earthly life.
Father Edward AlcGlynn was "free and fearless" on the social question; liis Ordinary dismissed him. Seven years later, Leo XIII requested Msgr. Satolli to settle the McGlynn case; four professors of the Catholic University, at the request of the Delegate, reported that they had found nothing in McGlynn's writings or speeches that was opposed to Catholic faith or morality. Archbishop Cor- rigan. ordered to reinstate him, said that he had no vacant parish, and of- fered him an annual pension of $500. AlcGlynn refused this, saying that he would wait for a vacancy. Later he was sent as pastor to St. Mary's at Xewburgh. Not many months before his death he told me that he would ap- peal to the Holy Father for redress, l)ecause in St. Mary's he would never l)c able to pay his personal debts; that he was satisfied to remain -at St. Mary's it the Holy Father would provide some vv-ay for paying his debts.
The McGlynn case has been a mighty deterrent on priests from speaking with "aljsolute freedom and fearlessness" on any subject.
Catholic laymen need to have less fear. At any rate, something should be done quickly if the social question is to be settled peacefully. Until a Cath- olic school of sociology, endowed with "absolute freedom and fearlessness," is started, let two or three laymen, like vour "Catholic Laboringman" with his fine instinct for philosophical and the- ological acumen, fearlessly and freely diiTuse their orthodox and God-inspired x'icws. Not alone popes and bishops are
inspired; millions of God-inspired in- tentions in laymen and women to un- dertake good works, for all eternity remain sterile because of fear.
Church authorities are not likely to interfere with absolute freedom and fearlessness in social teaching. We are too much accustomed to fill our souls with fear. Freedomi of speech, con- sistent with the positive teaching re- quired of a Catholic teacher, ought to be sacredly guarded. This is well ex- pressed in a letter written Sept. 28, 1894, by Archbishop John J. Keane, then Rector of the Catholic University :
"The [Catholic] University claims and admits no responsibility whatso- ever for the utterances of her profes- sors beyond their teaching in our class- rooms. Outside of our precincts they stand on the same level as every other ecclesiastic and every other citizen, and we have no power to deprive them of freedom of speech. Their words and actions are then absolutely and indi- vidually their own, and the University has no responsibility for them whatso- ever. Whoever feels aggrieved by them must do with them just as with any one else." G. Z.
A Catholic Laboringman on Father Husslein's Book
To the Editor:—
Father Husslein's latest book, "Work, Wealth and Wages," is being reviewed by the Catholic press in the convention- al way. For the most part, it is being covered with profuse praise, which is always a substitute for honest intel- lectual effort and clear discernment. The book is "popular," say the review- ers, it appeals to the "common people," it is written for the "average man." Now it is true, very true, that we, who belong to the much thought-of and talked-of "common" or "average peo- ple," need a popular exposition of a social doctrine which is digestible. But is it not also true that "popularisation" and "popularity" (in official, conserva- tive circles) are synonymous ; that this writing down to people is a writing up to the powers that be, whether ecclesi- astical or secular?
I cannot see any difference between
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THE FOETNIGHTLY REVIEW
the doctrine laid down in this book and those of any of the non-Catholic liberal economists who have been flooding the secular channels for many decades past with their palliatives, wnth their cheap nostrums, with their reform-by-legisla- tion programmes, with their unbounded though unwarranted faith in politics, the political method and politicians. It is true that the reverend author calls upon the names of great Catholic soci- ologists of the past, upon popes, upon the much abused — by Catholics as well as Protestants — IMiddle Ages and, final- ly, emphasizes the convenient but over- worked doctrine of the necessity of a spiritual regeneration. As a matter of fact it seems to me to be a severe con- demnation of our officially espoused but lame and limping school of social thought that a book of this kind should be heralded by Catholics, when, in mat- ter of fact, the same doctrines have been on the shelves of the Liberals for many decades past.
This is not a review of Father Huss- lein's latest book. To me this work epitomizes, evaluates, and inventories ,the American Catholic social movement — if, indeed, it may be dignified by this title. The author is accepted, in a general way, as the mouth-piece of the official movement in this country. His book, therefore, signifies more than the work of a private writer ; it presents to us the interpretation of Catholic social thought by ecclesiastical America and marks for us the highway along which this movement is passing.
The F. R. has constantly maintained that this official programme is not only insufficient, but erroneous. It is a de- cided pleasure to see that the Echo, of Buffalo, has taken the same attitude ; it was a decided disappointment, on the other hand, to see that the otherwise discerning Social Justice magazine, the official organ of the Catholic Central Society, has accepted this work of Father Husslein with no little praise. This latter attitude is entirely out of keeping, if I am not mistaken, with the generally accepted programme of the valiant Central Society.
There is no question, let me repeat again, of combating the work of one man or even of a few men. If that were all, it would not be worth the price. We need to see clearly that there are certain tendencies, certain definite movements, and even certain explicit programmes of offi<:ial Catholic social reform thought in this country. It is well past the time when we should realize that this so-called reform move- ment is not Catholic at all, but a bap- tized Liberalism. "Take a liberal econ- omist and to every page add an act of Catholic faith, and then you have his book on Christian economics," is the v/ay the late Count de Mun's organ, L' Association Catholiqiie, characterized Charles Perin, the Belgian Catholic economist, who was a Liberal.
It is to be hoped that the activities of this erroneous school will drive those like yourself and the Buffalo Echo together to protect us, the "com- mon people," from these liberalistic futilities. We need an organ which will espouse a thorough-going CathoHc social reform movement by educational means ; which will point to the dangers as well as the futilities of this Cath- olicised Liberalism, and which will, finally, unite together all those who are willing, once and for all, to break away from this movement.
Unfortunately, this is apparently im- possible at the present time, but I for one — and I know I am voicing the opin- ion of great numbers of Catholic work- men— hope and pray that your Review, along with a few other valiant members of the Catholic press, wnll keep this in- surrection alive. Unless this is done, the whole moral force of the Catholic Church towards the accomplishment of a more just and equitable economic or- der will be entirely lost; indeed, it will, inadvertently, be made to do service for social injustice in perpetuating the present regime of Privilege and Mon- opoly.
I cannot, therefore, view with any- thing but alarm, the tendency of the accepted school, as represented by the author of "Work, W^ealth and Wages."
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
Feljinai}' In
Ir represents a positive menace. Great spiritual looses are being sustained ^«y the Church in America, large numbers of her working children are being weaned fom her true spirit, as only those of us, who work among them (laily. too well know, because of the deadly injustices of the present regime. Our Catholic Liberals are helping to perpetuate this system. Their corner- stone of Social Justice, the Living Wage, is a mockery under Capitalism, as they must well know. Their rem- edies for unemployment are worse than futile because they cover up the funda- mental causes ; their lack of any land reform policy is tragic. Their silence concerning it is condemnatory of the impotency of their system. Their con- stant harping on the recognized and ac- cepted necessity of a spiritual regenera- tion of society is as opium to all intel- lectual activity ; their confusion of Capitalism with Capital, of Capitalism with Privilege and natural resource
monopoly is fundamentally erroneous ; their insistence that our evils are indus- trial, rather than, at bottom, agrarian, is a confounding of the essential issue, and, finally, their whole pharmacopea of nostrums, half-measures, prophylac- tics, and palliatives is calculated, willy nilly, to perpetuate or prolong the dis- ease, just as an underdose of toxin will abet rather than combat a disease.
It is time that the Catholic Radical come to the front, uncover himself, and stand four square to ail comers. The Liberal rather than the Radical will bring on the bloody revolution. But whatever the title, it is now evident that a break must come in the ranks of our Catholic social reformers, and the soon- er it comes, the better. I, for one, trust that you will continue to build up a body of social thought and action which v/ill adequately express traditional Catholicism.
A Catholic Laboringman
Fr. Junipero Serra and the Military Heads of California
By Francis Borgia Steck, 0. F. M.
V
What the viceroy thought of it all when once acquainted with the whole case, and whom he deemed in need of sympathy and 'encouragement as the wronged party, wfe learn from a long letter he addressed to the Fr. Presi- dente under date of December 25. 1776. He wrote in part:
"I doubt not that the suspension of work for the restoration of the de- stroyed Mission of San Diego has given your Reverence much pain. As for me, the very hearing of it dis- pleases me, and much more so the frivolous motives that brought it about. A letter from Don Diego Cho- quet. commander of the Principe, or San Antonio, ~^ has acquainted me with them , . . The governor of these provinces, who is commanded to take
"^ Rivera's mean interference after Clio- quet and his sailors had set out with the Fathers to help restore the mission, forms another disgusting episode.
up his residence at Monterey, .... is charged to consult me and to propose to me what he may deem expedient and necessary to make those establish- ments happy ; and he is likewise charged to act in everything in accord with your Reverence. I hope that you will continue in that fervent zeal which fills the soul of your Reverence for the propagation of the faith, the con- version of souls, and the extension of the domain of the king in those remote territories, and that you will ordain whatever seems attainable. Meanwhile inform me as to what may be neces- sary to make my measures efifective." -^ The governor referred to in this letter was Don Felipe de Neve, who was holding that office in Lower Cali- fornia and who was now, by order of the king, to take up his residence at Monterey as first governor of Upper
29 Viceroy Bucareli to Fr. Serra, Decem- ber 25, 1776. Sfa. Barb. Arch.
IM'4'I
THE FORTNIGHTLY REA^IEW
California. He arrived on February 3, 1777, and in the following March, Ri- vera left for Loreto, to reside there as Ireutenant-governor. "Had Rivera's peculiar ^" conduct been known in Spain," Bancroft concedes, "it is not likely that he would have been re- tained in office ; but the viceroy hoped that in a new field he might succeed better." ^^
Fr. Serra and Governor Xeve We now come to a chapter of Cali= fornia mission history in which waiters like the one just mentioned, must do violence to facts, so as not to appear before the world as advocates of the outraged friars. If ever during the Spanish regime the endurance of Fr. Serra and his confreres was put to a hard test, it was during the governor- ship of Don Felipe de Xeve. Unfortun- ately, space w^ill not allow a detailed account of his hostile attitude toward the missionaries. It would seem that he came to California with a determ- ination to wipe out the mission system and to humiliate the friars, especially the Fr. Presidente. Had his Regla- mento been approved by the king in the points that concerned the missions, the glorious system would have been killed and the neophytes driven back into the mountains, robbed of the bless- ings of Christianity and civilization. Hence it strikes one as rather strange that, two years after Fr. Engelhardt's incontrovertible exposure of Neve's • malicious scheming, a writer should still glorify Neve as "a worthy gover- nor, who at once declared himself the friend and protector of the mission^ aries" ; and to go into raptures over his Reglamento as "California's first code of legislation .... regarded by capable judges as a most remarkable and valu- able document." ^-
From the mass of evidence on hand, we select only two incidents to show how Governor Neve proved himself
"the friend and protector of the mis- sionaries" and how anxious he was to get on with Fr. Serra in particular. In order to support and further the mis- sion establishments materially. Viceroy Bucareli, on July 23, 1773, promulgat- ed Echeveste's Reglamento Provisional and ordained that it was to go into ef- fect on January 1, 1774. This Regla- mento provided for each of the two friars to be stationed at every mission an annual allowance or stipend of $400, to be paid from the Pious Fund. "^ Moreover, during the first five years of a mission, double rations, "* also to be taken from the Pious Fund, were alotted to each of the mission^ aries. The stipend of $400 ^^ was for- warded to them, not in cash, but in merchandise and church goods, previ- ously specified by the Fathers as neces- sary for their respective mission. The rations, likewise in the shape of sup- plies, were to be delivered to them from the presidio warehouse at the ex- pense of the Pious Fund. With this tw^ofold allowance, the Fathers were expected to erect the mission buildings, to maintain themselves and their serv- ants, and to attract and keep the pagan Indians. The reader can imjagine how often the missionaries were forced to skin a flint and how correctly the Fr. Guardian of San Fernando College de= scribed this arrangement as "solemn nonsense" (disparate soleinne')."^ But
^° "spiteful and insubordinate" would have been more to the point.
31 Hist, of California, Vol. I, p. 308.
32 M. A. Field, Chimes of Mission Bells,
V 37.
33 For the enlightment of some who still cherish antiquated notions about the gen- erosity of the Spanish government in the way of pecuniary support it was supposed to, but did not, lavish from the royal treas- ury on the California missions, it is well to mention here that that question was disposed of years ago in The Missions and Mission- aries of California. Vol. II, Appendix B, pp. 655-660.
3* A single ration, in our money, was 18% cents ; a double ration, therefore, 371/2 cents. Thus, for one year, the double rations amounted to $136.89^-;, for one missionary; for both, $273.99.
35 Actually, only about $260, the cost of the transportation of the goods being sub- tracted from the original $400.
3« Fr. Guardian Verger to Don Casa- fonda, August 3, i/Ji- Mitseo Nacional. Trasuntos, f. 128.
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the friars were men who knew how to adapt themselves to circumstances and thus, by dint of economy and self-de- nial they contrived to make both ends meet. Hence, in this respect at least, all went fairly well, until of a sudden Governor Neve likewise began to practice economy.
In October, 1778, he informed the missionaries of San Francisco, Santa Clara, and San Juan Capistrano that he found it necessary "to commjand the suspension of the rations," on account of "the scarcity of provisions at the presidio," and because "higher author- ity has not sanctioned the rations and other assistance which Captain Fer- nando de Rivera allowed for the founding of the last three missions." The first of these reasons was as little founded on fact as the second ; and Neve knew it.
In a lengthy and touching letter. Fathers Palou and Marguia pleaded for their newly established ^Missions of San Francisco and Santa Clara. They respectfully called attention to Echev- este's Reglayncnto, adopted by the Spanish government, as also to the king's wishes. They pointed out how sorely the two missions, now only in their second year, needed the rations, since there was absolutely nothing with which to compensate the laborers and servants who were erecting the build- ings. Then, like suppliant beggars prostrate before a heartless tyrant, they continued :
"Our Seraphic Rule and Apostolic Institute command us to subsist on the alms of benefactors ; on this account there has been assigned to us from the Pious Fund, which is destined for the propagation of the faith, what the Rcglamcnto indicates. Therefore, with due submission, we supplicate you. Sir, for the love of God, for the sake of most holy Church, and for the sake of our holy Father St. Francis, not to per= mit us to be deprived of these alnijS. We are soliciting them not for our- selves, but for the propagation of the faith, on behalf of which we have over- come all the natural repugnance that the begging of alms creates. . .For this
reason, we respectfully supplicate you, Sir, in the name of all, and beg you to command the keeper of the warehouse to give us these rations, a favor for which we hope to see you. Sir, receive the reward in heaven through the in- tercession of our holy Father St. Fran- cis." "'
( To be continued)
Notes and Gleanings
— The English Philological Society is about to issue a new periodical pub= lication called PJiilologica, Journal of Comparative Philology. It is to be edit- ed by Dr. Joseph Baudis, professor of comparative philology in the Univer- sity of Prague.
— Prof. Courtnev Langdon has pub- lished a new English translation of Dante's "Divina Commedia." But it is worse than useless, because, as Prof. John ]\Iacy says in the N. Y. Literary Rez-ie-ix.', "Langdon simply has not the gift of English verse."
— Some popular war books are being rewritten in the light of facts disclosed since the end of the World War. "Many others," observes the Ave Ma- ria, "will never be rewritten, and, as they stand, they are of far less value than the paper upon which they were printed."
— The Vatican Library has lately been enriched by a collection of rare books and manuscripts, founded be- tween 1838 and 1854 by G. F. d' Rossi. After the founder's death this collec- tion passed into the possession of the Emperor of Austria, and later of the Jesuits, who have now handed it over to the Holy See. The collection con- sists of more than 1,000 manuscripts, 2,500 incunabula, and about 6,000 printed volumes.
— The S. Congregation of the Coun= cil, in reply to a query from the Arch- bishop of Posen, decided that, except for grave and special reasons, a bishop cannot forbid hunting to the clergy un- der pain of ipso facto suspension a
37 FF. Pallou and Murguia to Neve, Oc- tober 12, 1778. Sta. Barb. Arch.
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THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
divinis, "unless it be clamorous." The Catholic Times, in reporting this de- cision, adds that in Italy, where wild pigeons fly over the country in droves in the month of September, "there is not, as a rule, a better shot than the parish priest."
— In the American Historical Re- z'iezv (July, 1921) Prof. Carl Becker, the well-known historian, treats ]\Ir. Wells' "Outline of History" with good-humored sarcasm and tells us at the end of his article that the same criticism might be made of that delect= able piece of writing as was made by Diderot of Voltaire's "Essai sur les Moeurs." "Other historians relate facts to inform us of facts. You relate them in order to excite in our hearts a profound hatred of lying, ignorance, hypocrisy, superstition, fanaticism, ty- ranny ; and this anger remains even after the memory of the facts has dis- appeared." In short, Air. Wells has not written history at all. His "History" is the tale of "the adventures of a gen- erous soul among catastrophes."
— The Early English Text Society has reprinted from an old manuscript a Life of Blessed John Fisher, w^ritten by a Catholic contemporary in the days of Queen Elizabeth. The Bishop was seventy-six when he was executed by order of Henry VIII. He died a mar- tyr to his faith, with a copy of the New Testament in his hand. Of the good work done by him for his people of the diocese of Rochester, of his stead= fast loyalty to the Catholic faith, of his kindliness and clear discernment, let all who will read in this early Eng- lish text, now made accessible to the student under the title, "The Life of Fisher, Transcribed from MS. Har- leian 6,382 by the Rev. Ronald Bayne" (an Anglican divine) and published by the Oxford University Press.
—The Builder (Vol. VIII, No. 2) quotes an English Masonic journal as congratulating the Prince Hall Grand Lodge of colored Masons at New York upon its diamond jubilee, and comments as follows : "Here is a typical example of the anomalous con-
dition thai exists throughout the Ma- sonic world. English Masons acknowl- edge the validity of negro Masonry and welcome the negroes into their fraternal circles ; American Masons refuse to extend the fraternal hand and declare with an almost unanimous voice that negro Masonry is clandestine; and yet English and American Masonry is in the closest affiliation, and almost all the Masonry in this country has descended from the Alother Grand Lodge across the sea."
— Dr. Herman Strack, of the Uni- versity of Berlin, has published a book on "Jildische Geheimgesetze" (Berlin: C. A.Schwetschke & Sohnj, in which he contends that there are no secret writ= ings of the Jews, nor have they any oral traditions inaccessible to Christ- ians. "The Jews have nothing to hide from us Christians, and could not hide anything if they tried." A separate chapter deals with Dr. August Rohling and his anti-semitic writings. The author is severe in his condem^nation of Rohling's methods (cfr. F. R., Vol. XXI^X, No. 2, p. 36). He also attacks J3r.Ecker, the compiler of a well-known Bible History, and asserts that he was not the author of "Der Judenspiegel im Lichte der Wahrheit," a book pub- lished under his name at Paderborn in 1884.
— Cardinal Ratti, Archbishop of .Milan, was elected pope Feb. 6th and accepted the election, taking the name of Pius XL He comes from a respect- able middle-class family in the neigh- borhood of Milan and was raised to the cardinalate only last June by Benedict XV. He is in his 65th year and came into prominence in 1915 as papal visitor lo Poland, where he conducted import- ant negotiations and displayed much courage. Up to that time his work had been mostly in the Vatican Library, of whose treasures he is said to be the best living connoisseur. The new Pope is l)ictured by the newspapers as a man of strong character and conciliatory dis- position, who will probably do his best to bring about a just solution of "the Roman question." May he succeed in
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
February 15
this as well as in all his other under- takings ! Ad multos annos!
— That spurious autograph letter of Cotton Mather, in which the Puritan divine is represented as advising that the ship in which William Penn and his followers were sailing to Pennsyl- vania be intercepted and the Quakers captured and sold as slaves in the West Indies, has been given a new lease of life by a Boston periodical. This forg- ery is as tough-lived as the Lentulus Letter. It first appeared in the Eastern Argus, of Pennsylvania, Aug. 28, 1870. Dr. Samuel A. Green, who investigated the matter, concluded that the letter liad been invented by James F. Shunk, the editor of the Argus. If Shunk was not the author, he probably knew who the author was. The Massachusetts Plistorical Society never had a libra- rian by the name of Judkins, among whose posthumbus papers the letter was alleged to have been found.
— Although the American peoi)le are intensely interested in everything as- sociated with the memory of Abraham Lincoln, how m:any of them know that a son of Lincoln is still alive? Robert T. Lincoln, now seventy-eight years of age, strangely enough refuses to speak or write a single word about his il- lustrious father. What is still stranger, — according to B. C. Forbes, writing in a popular magazine, — Robert T. Lin- coln evinces instant and intense dis- pleasure when approached on this sub- ject. Unless he has secretly written something for posthumous publication, — which his friends do not consider at all likely, — the man who could give the most intimate picture of President Lin- coln will go to his grave without leav- ing behind him one word on this sub- ject, which, we should think, would be near and dear to his heart. What may be the reason for this strange silence?
— An organization for priests' housekeepers has been founded bv Father Thuente, O. P. It is called "Marianum" and has two distinct aims. The first is to assist, direct, and encourage women who have the re- quired ability and character to become
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THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
housekeepers for priests. The second is to help these women to understand bet= ter the dignity and responsibiHty of their profession as seen in the light of faith. We trust the betterment of the economic position of the priest's house- keeper is not excluded from the pro- gramme of the new society, for that problem is an important and urgent one. The headquarters of the "Maria- num" (could no more appropriate name have been selected?) are in charge of ]\Iiss Mary Gockel, president of the Missionary Association of Cath- olic Women, 834 — 36th St., Milwau= kee, Wis.
— In "Private Property and Rights in Enemy Countries"' (London: Sweet & ]\Iaxwell), Mr. Paul F. Simonson, an Englishman, examines those pro- visions of the peace treaties which re- late to property and arrives at the con- clusion that they are open to serious criticism because they are at variance with the practice of respecting the pri- vate property of enemy nationals which had been followed by all the European powers for many years be- fore the \\'orld War and had been gen- erally respected as part of the inter- national law. Now each Allied power claims the right to retain and liquidate all the property belonging to Germans within its territory. Unfortunately Mr. Simonson does not attempt to analyze either the ethical or the economic con- sequences of this radical and unjusti- fiable departure from the law of na= tions.
— In reply to an ignorant contempo= rary who had declared that "religion as revealed in God and His Son, Jesus Christ, is the basis of the Masonic Or- der," the Builder, published by the Na- tional Masonic Research Society, savs (Vol. VIII, No. 2, p. 56) : "It raises the old, old question of the religion of Freemasonry, which is not a question at all to one who will take the trouble to read a little history. As plain as plain can be are the words 'concerning God and Religion' in the Constitutions fundamental to the Craft the world over, which tell us that a Mason is
bound to the moral law and will never be a stupid atheist [ ?], but that for the rest he may choose what rehgion he will, or no religion. Freemasonry is not Christian...." For a correct interpre- tation of this statement we must refer the reader to "A Study in Amjerican Freemasonrv," 4th ed., St. Louis, Mo.. B. Herder Book Co., 1920, pp. 79 sqq.
— One thing can be said in favor of the "Church of Christ of the Lat- terday Saints" : It condemns Freema- sonry as an "institution of the evil one" and regards every Alormon who disobe'3's the positive anti-Masonic declarations of the leaders and the no less explicit injunctions of "the four standard works of the church," as a "bad Mormon." This information is taken from a series of well documented articles by Bro. Sam H. Goodwin, of Ltah, in the Masonic monthly Builder, Anamosa, la., (see especially Vol. VIII, No. 2, Feb. 1922). We are not told that the Mormon sect expels such "bad" members, and suspect that there are a number of ]\Iormons who disre- gard the teaching and discipline of their church on the subject of Freema- sonry. The only religious bodies that rigorously excommunicate Alasons are. -o far as we know, the Catholic Church and the Lutheran Synod of Missouri.
— What is termed "culture by con- tact" is now receiving increased atten- tion in our higher institutions of learn- ing. Thus the University of Ann Arbor is paying a celebrated poet a large salary merely for "radiating" an in- fluence that the students are supposed to absorb. In sharp contrast to this indirect method is the direct "contagion by contact" to which the masses are exposed through "jazz" and "popular song" trusts. "Children particularly," says the Nezv Music Rcz'iczv, "are in danger of infection, musically and morally. To quote Mr. Ford's Dear- horn Independent : Girls and boys a little while ago were inquiring who paid ]\Irs. Rip Van Winkle's rent while Rip was away. In decent drawings rooms the fluttering music sheets dis-
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
Februarj- 15
T/ff^ Ideal Magazine for tlie Busy Parish Priest Contents of Februar}' Issue, 1922
PASTORALIA: Bv the Rev. Charles Bruehl, D.D. The Pastoral Visit — What it will accomplish — Aids and Suggestions.
THE LABOR SPY SYSTEM: By the Rev. Joseph Husslein, S. T., Ph. D.
BIBLICAL STUDIES: Some Mile-posts for the Interpreter of John. By the Rev. ^Valter Drum, S. J.
THE CONCESSION OF INDULGENCES': Bv tht Rev. Stanislaus Woywod, O.F.M.
PRACTICAL ASCETICAL NOTES FOR
PRIESTS: An Alternative. By Dom S. Louismet, O.S'.B.
CASUS MORALIS: Censure and Fear. By the Rev. Gerald Murray. C. SS. R.
LITURGICAL NOTES FOR THE MONTH: The Confiteor. By the Benedictine Monks of Buck- fast Ahbev.
ROMAN DOCUMENTS' FOR THE MONTH.
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS:
The "Confessio Monialium" — Mistakes in the Ordo for the Divine Office — Change in the Promises Demanded by the Code in Cases of Mixed Religion and Disparity of Cult — Relation of Dependent Chapels to the Main Church..
HOMILETIC PART SERMON MATTER FROM THE FATHERS. By
the Very Rev. Hugh Pope, O. P., S. T. M. SERMONS ON THE GOSPELS AND EPISTLES: First Sunday in Lent. The Warfare of Life.
By the Rev. H. Kelly, S. J., M. A. S'econd Sunday in Lent. The Vice of Idolatry.
By the Rev. P. J. Lander, S. J. Third Sunday in Lent. Rashness in Judgment.
By the Rev. Paul O'Grady, A. B. Fourth Sunday in Lent. The Old Law or the New. By the Right Rev. Msgr. C. F. Thomas. PARABLE SERMONETTES FOR THE CHIL- DREN'S MASS. For Every Sunday. By the Rev. Frederick Renter. THE SACRED MYSTERIES OF THE PRECIOUS BLOOD : A Lenten Course of six Sermons. By the Rev. Ferdinand Heckmann, O. F. M. 1. The Mystery of the Precious Blood Shed in the Garden of Gethsemani. II. The Mystery of the Precious Blood Slied in the Cruel Scourging. III. The Mystery of the Precious Blood Shed in the Crowning with Thorns. BOOK REVIEWS
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1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
77
closed expressions taken directly from the cesspools of modern capitals, to be made the daily slang:, the thoughtlessly hummed remarks of high-school boys and girls.'' What is still more incred- ible, and no less deplorable, — these same foul songs and dances have found their way into Catholic homes and parish halls. "I can name six parishes in the city of St. Louis where this is going on," Prof. Alois Rhode, organist of St. Antony's Churcli, recently wrote to the F. R. Is there no remedy for such abuses ?
— The Indian Sentinel for January is devoted largely to the memory of Alsgr. W. H. Ketcham, Director of the Bureau of Catholic Indian ^^lissions, who departed this life suddenly on Nov. 14, at the Choctaw Mission, Tucker, Miss., in the 53rd year of his life and was buried Xov. 18th from the cathedral of Oklahoma City. ^Isgr. Ketcham was a convert, but it is not generally known, that, under God, he became the instrument of converting to the Catholic faith, first his sister Ella, then his mother, and. finally, his father, who was of Puritan ancestry and a veteran of the Civil War. The Sioux Indians affectionately called the ]\Ion- signor "Wambli Wakita" (Watching Eagle") and our brilliant friend ^Ir. Eug. AI. Beck, S. J., contributes to the Sentinel a touching sonnet with this title, as follows :
Our eyes have seen thee. Watching Eagle,
bright With youth's eternal radiance, leave tlie
height Where thou didst boldly scan the mystic sun. And turn thine eager pinions to the dun. Inhospitable plains. Oh, thine the quest Untiring for the erring sheep, to wrest The Child of many sorrows from the foe Implacable that seeks his overthrow! • Him dost thou gather up with tender care And lift up to the Holy Mountain where The Light immortal set in bloody doom That we might journey safely through the
gloom.
— The Catholic Record, the official organ of the \\'estern Catholic Union, a mutual benefit society whose adver- tisement has been for some time ap= pearing in the F. R.. in its current num-
ber publishes the details of the "new whole life special insurance certifi- cates" now issued by that organization. They represent what is perhaps the most attractive form of life insurance ofifered by any Catholic fraternal so- ciety. The cost is only a trifle higher than that of ordinary life insurance, and in return the insured member is entitled to cash loan and extended and paid-up insurance privileges similar to tliose given bv old-line insurance com= panics. Any memiber wishing to adopt this plan is free to do so. The reason- ableness of the premium rate may be gathered from the following excerpts "from a table published by the Record : age 16. monthlv rate, per $1,000, $1.04; age 20, "monthly rate, $1.13; age 30. monthly rate, $1.46; age 40, monthly rate, $2.03; age 50, monthly rate. S3. 11. Twenty cents a month must be added for expenses of man- agement. In introducing this new "whole life special," the Western Cath- olic Union, which has long ago placed itself upon a safe and solid financial basis, gives its m'embers the advantage of all the legitimate privileges enjoyed by policy-holders in the most progres= sive regular life insurance companies. It possesses the additional advantage of being a thoroughly Catholic organi- zation which has always proved itself loyal to the Church. There is now no longer even the shadow of an excuse for any Catholic, man or woman, wnth- in the territory covered by the W. C. U. joining a non-Catholic mutual bene- fit organization.
— The N. Y. IVorld does not agree with ]\Ir. Dawes that the Congressional Record ought to be discontinued. "Why not add a comic supplement to it and make it pay?" queries our contempo- rary. But isn't the C. R. comical enough as it is?
— You cannot make a permanent magnet of soft iron; for this purpose you must use toughened steel. It is just the same with the will. It must be toughened from the inside; no amount of outside applied force makes it strong.
78
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
Ft-bruarv \h
Forty Years of Missionary Life in Arkansas
By the Rev. John EugenE Weibel, V.F.
{46th Installment)
The patient kept on improving slowly and by the last of January, Dr. Ellis declared that he could be safely removed to Hot Springs. Col. Kerens again sent his car, and on the 3rd of February, 1900, the Bishop was taken on an extra train to St. Joseph's Infirmary, Hot Springs. Besides the pa- tient there were on the train : Col. Schauer- te, John Nolan, Father ]\IcQuaid, and I. For seven years, with the exception of shorter or longer visits to Little Rock, tlie Bishop was in St. Joseph's Infirmary, at Hot Springs. He never recovered the full use of his right side and it was only by
a great effort that he was able to say Mass a few times. How'ever, his mind and mem- ory remained clear to the end. After a few- weeks in the Infirmary he was again well enough to govern his diocese, and appointed Father Fintan Kraemer, O. S. B., rector ot St. Edward's Church, Little Rock, as his vicar-general.
Father Fintan was indefatigable in carry- ing out every order and w^ish of the Bishop. He worked as vicar-general for several years with great zeal and splendid success, while Rev. Patrick Enright, the pastor of the Cathedral, conscientiously attended to the temporalities of the diocese. For quite a while I was alone at Jonesboro, because Father P. ]\IcCormick was in Paragould, and on account of the epidemic of small- pox could not go from place to place.
This year (1900) for the first time I pre-
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1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
79
pared a year book for St. Roman's Church. It came about in this way. Two young- men, Unger and Johnson, had obtained permission from the priest in charge of St. Roman's to publish a year book for his church, promising to assume all the risks and expenses. As they had good recom- mendations and had published a small year book for Brinkley, I gave them the coveted permission. They visited the business men of Jonesboro and Paragould, and got a good number of valuable advertisements for their enterprise. They made a contract with Mr. Cone, editor of the Sun, for a number of the books, paid him with promissory notes, whilst they kept the cash for them- selves, and left for unknown parts. All efforts to reach them failed. I thereupon published the year book with all the "ads" collected by those enterprising gentlemen, as I announced in the foreword, "solely from a sense of honor and with the hope that at least the promissory notes may be p'aid to the publisher, Mr. Cone."
The people were not the losers, for to judge from the meagre booklet Unger and Johnson had 'published for Brinkley, St. Roman's congregation could never have ex- pected to get such a readable and inter- esting directory as was the year book for 1901. To ourselves it gave a confidence we otherwise never would have had, so that we later published several other similar books and always found them a great help to keep up interest and activity in parochial matters.
After the smallpox epidemic the need of a hospital for Northeastern Arkansas be- came much n;ore evident, and we all, Sis- ters, priests, and people, worked for that end. I succeeded in buying for the Sisters the property of the photographer Robin- son, consisting of a two-story building and a large lot adjoining the Sisters' property. On the 5th of July, 1900, the house was opened as St. Bernard's Hospital. It was filled with patients from the start, mostly sick with malarial fever. The Sisters took up the work with great zeal, and everybody was full of praise for the new institution. Of course, there was not room for many patients. At the same time, the work was new for the Sisters, and they had to learn many things. Besides, the number of Sis- ters available for hospital service was limited, and they had about as much work as they were able to do. But they did it well. With a heroic spirit of sacrifice they waited on the sick day and night, and many a poor man owes his life to their care and charity. A year later. Dr. Lutterloh, in a speech to the hospital staff and its friends, giving an account of the work, said: "Of the first 430 cases, 300 cases were of malarial fever, with but six deaths, and two of these had perforations, which was acci- dental. You will observe the great number of cases of malaria and the very few deaths.
only one uncomplicated. This was a for- eigner, and after 40 days' sickness, his tem- perature ran high, as high as 104% ; he died by the process of simply wearing out, or exhaustion. In regard to the hospital we all know its history. Father Weibel's far- reaching eye saw and realized the need of a hospital. He has the honor of having contributed tlie first five hundred dollars to its erection .... In going over the hospital every stranger is struck with one idea. It is our charity work. The best room in the house is set apart for the poor and needy. We all know faith, hope, and charity, and of these three charity is the greatest. The worthy poor find as good treatment at the Sisters' hands as do the rich. There is no difTerence in the food, no difference in the bed, and the care is the same."
1 certainly felt thankful to the Lord and everybody can understand what a godsend this hospital is in such .a malarial country. (To be continued)
Literary Briefs
Authorized English Version of the Encyclical on St. Jerome
Under the title, "St. Jerome and Holy Scripture," Messrs. P. J. Kenedy & Sons have published an authorized English trans- lation of the encyclical letter of Benedict XV on the fifteenth centenary of the death of St. Jerome. The document, as our read- ers are no doubt aware, is of great im- portance for every Biblical student, and Kenedy & Sons have therefore performed a meritorious service in making it available in a cheap and reliable English translation.
New Light on the Homeric Problem
New light is thrown on the vexed prob- lem of who was the author of the poems attributed to Homer by Dr. Herman Wirth, of Freiburg, Germany, in a book just pub- lished under the title, "Homer und Babylon: Ein Losungsversuch der homerischen Frage vom orientalischen Standpunkte aus." As the title indicates, the author seeks the key to the problem in the Orient. The name "Homer" itself, he contends, is a technical term of Semitic origin, derived from the domain of music The book is valuable mainly for the survey it gives in its intro- ductory chapter of the state of the "Homeric question" and the numerous attempts that have been made to solve it. Whether Dr. Wirth will have better success than his predecessors remains to be seen. He argues quite convincingly and with a wealth of erudition. (B. Herder Book Co).
80
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
Febiuarv 15
The New Rubrics of the Mass
A handy pamphkt, '"Novae Rubricae in Missali" Auctore Dr. Joseph Machens (B. Herder) explains the rubrics contained in the new "Missale," published July 25, 1920, by the authority of the Supreme Pontiflf. Special attention is paid to the new rubrics concerning Votive and Requiem Masses. Two Catholic Stories
Father John Talbot Smith's "The Boy Who Come Back" is a fine Catholic story with a very interesting boy's plot. But it is really a girl's book as well. The author brings out some of the many difficulties that confront the Catholic family, when the father leaves. The plot is centered about a lad who, with the help of a priest, is finally put on the right path, after suffering many serious trials. It is a well-told story. (Blase Benziger & Co., Inc.)
"Denys the Dreamer" (Benziger Brothers) is one of the latest romantic novels of Katharine Tynan Hinkson. The author gives us a picture of Irish farm life and a sketch of a kind, prosperous Irishman. The haughtiness, harmless superstition, and cheerfulness that distinguish some of her characters, are well depicted. Sad and cheerful incidents are happily interwoven. The story is chiefly centered about Denys Dawn and her father Lord Leenane — ^life- like and well-developed figures. Denys has many dreams and most of them come true. Chapter VII, "The Auction," is a vivacious account of an incident with which most people in Ireland are familiar.
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The Fortnightly Review
VOL. XXIX, NO. 5
ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
March 1, 1922
The Reckoning of Time in Canon Law
By the Rev. P. Charles Augustine, 0. S. B., Conception Abbey, Mo.
Rev. Dr. J. Lacou, S.C.J., has published an interesting Latin monograph, "De Tempore," by wa}' of commentary on Title III of the First Book of the new Code of Canon Law (49 pages; P. Ma- rietti, Turin). He treats of "time" from tlie philosophical, the scientific or astronomical, and the juridical viewpoint. The first part is a brief but clear exposition of the Aristotelian-Scholastic con- cept of time, "mensura motus secundutn prius et posterius."
Part II is devoted to the scien- tific-empirical explanation of the movement of the earth around the sun and around its own axis. The sun divides time into years, days, and hours; the moon distributes the months. Of Ihe single divisions the author treats astronomically, referring to the reformation of the calendar by Julius Caesar, 45 B. C, and by Gregorv XIII, A.D. 1582. Under Chapters II and III the tempus locale verum, the tem- pus locale medium, and the tempus locale regioncde are explained.
Part Til is, canonically speak- ing, the most interesting one. The author lays down two principles : (1) Tnless stated otherwise, time must be reckoned physically, i. e., mathematically, not morally; (2) Unless stated otherwise, time must always be complete and full. On the basis of these two rules he rejects the ancient axioms : ''Pa nun pro nihilo reputatur,"
and ''Dies incepta habetur pro completa." The consequence is important for the year of the novitiate. Canon 34, ^3, 3° is ex- plained as to the beginning of the day, initium diei, which, Lacou says, can only mean from mid- night on. AVliat we say in Vol. I of our Commentary on the New Code (Herder), p. 121, needs no correction. But what we say in Vol. Ill, p. 232, would have to be corrected according to this strict- ly mathematical way of comput- ing, so that one who began the novitiate on June 21, 1921, could make profession only on June 22, 1922, unless he had started the novitiate precisely at 12 o'clock at night, June 21, 1921. However, it may be permitted to state that legal acts are not performed at midnight — in fact, according to English law, they can be legally performed onlj^ after daybreak. Besides, from 8 o'clock on June 21, 1921, to 8 o'clock sharp on June 21, 1922, there are 365 days, and 365 days, according to can. 32, §2, make a year — the period required for the validity of the novitiate.
Yet we should rather be rigor- ous as to time, if nothing else is stated. Thus it is distinctly laid down in can. 34, §3, n. 5, that acts recurring at stated times, for in- stance, profession after a term of three years, temporary vows, etc., may be performed the whole re-
82
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
March 1
curring da 3'. Hence if one has made the first temporary profes- sion (viz., after the novitiate) on June 21, 1921, he may pronounce his perpetual vows on June 21, 1924, at any time of the day. Dr. Lacou (p. 46) gives the following- reason : because it is the same act, viz., religious profession, which is not only not interrupted, but rath- er extended indefinitely — in infiul- tum. We might take exception to this reasoning, because the very name, ''triennial vows," spells a definite period, otherwise the re- ligious could not freely leave the religious state after the lapse of this term (can. 637). It w^as true in former days when the vows were perpetual on the side of the vowing person.
There is a hitch somewhere in spite of Dr. Lacou 's explanation. Of course, a decision may make law, but whether it be borne out by the text, is another question. This w^e state, not to belittle the really pleasing, and generally ac- ceptal)le tlioories so well and clearly developed by the young canonist, but simply to set forth our impartial view. Dr. Lacou 's pamphlet is heartily recommended to all interested in the reckoning of time.
Should Old Letters Be Kept?
A contributor to the Irish Ec- clesiastical Record (No. 646) answers this question as follows :
Yes, they should be treasured. Long ago there was a pilgrim saint who left Ireland after a long and hard training. He w^as a sturdy resolute man and bis na- ture and courage were perfected — where everything is perfected — on the shores of Lough Erne. When in his monastery at Bobbio, his sturdiness and courage had
grown, he wrote civil, loving, humble letters to Pope Gregory. But to Pope Boniface he wrote letters of admonition and advice in a disagreement that had sprung up at Rome. ''Vigila, itaque, quae- so. Papa, vigila, et iterum dico, vigila, quia forte Vigilius (537- 555) quem caput scandali isti cla- mant qui nobis culpam injiciunt. Vigila primo pro fide . . . Ut mun- des cathedram Petri ab omni hor- rore, si qui est, ut aiunt intromis- sus, si non puritas agnoscatur ab omnibus. Dolendum enim ac de- flendum est, si in sede Apostolica fides Catholica non tenetur." {Ep. Columhani, V. ad Bonifac). The writer was a saint. He was far from Ireland, and hence no pru- dent, charitable man condemned his letters to the Pope. If he had been living in recent years, pru- dence, charity, counsel, want of foresight, and fear of scandal would have gathered round his as- sets as residuary legatees and made light — bonfires — of his pre- cious letters.
And then, the greatest letters of all, the letters of St. Paul, teach us so much moral theology, dog- matic theology, history, mysti- cism, that they have escaped the flames. They show us the great saint and the great and glorious apostle. His real, glowing love, his courage, his gospel of work, his sorrows, his joys, his patriot- ism, his pride, his temper, his kind, kind heart.
Yes, old letters should be kept, carefully kept, and carefully sorted.
— Some people in forgetfulness speak of the poor as the lower classes. From the point of view of Our Lord they are the higher classes. If their poverty is voluntary they are God's aristocracy.
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
Sanity in Social Reform
By the Rev. Albert Muntsch, S, J.
'^TliG modem social question cannot be fought through or blun- dered through ; it must be thought through," says Prof. F. G. Pea- body of Harvard in his latest book, "The Education of the American Citizen." Every clear- thinking person will recognize the wisdom of this assertion and ap- preciate its epigrammatic force.
For years we have been wrest- ling with what has been vaguely called "the social question." Books have been written about it, and discussion concerning its nu- merous phases never ceases. We have been forcibly reminded of the truth of Dr. Peabody's remarks while reading the following words of the late James Bryce's work, ' ^ Modern Democracies ' ' :
"Democracy has brought no nearer friendly feeling and the sense of human brotherhood amongst the peoples of the world towards one another. Neither has it created good will and a sense of unity and civic fellowship within each of these peoples. . . . Liberty and equality have not been fol- lowed by fraternity. Not even far off do we see her coming shine. It has not enlisted in the service of the state nearly so much of the best political capacity as each country possesses and every country needs for dealing with the domestic and international questions of the present age. It has not purified or dignified politics, nor escaped the "pernicious influence which the money power can exert. . . . Last- ly, democracy has not induced that satisfaction and contentment with itself as the best form of govern- ment which was expected, and has not exorcised the spirit that seeks
to attain its aims by revolution." Many American readers will be somewhat disconcerted by this ap- parent under-estimate of the value of "democracy" and its achievements. But no one knew democratic governments and insti- tutions more intimately than Vis- count Bryce. A man of wide ex- perience, and a ripe student of world politics, he was competent to pass judgment on matters of government.
The reason for the failure of democracy to heal our political ills, and to bring us the much de- sired peace and happiness, is found in the words of Dr. Pea- body. Our legislators and public men and diplomats have not "thought through" the questions that confronted them. Frequently they went ahead blindly A\ithout so much as a definite "w^orking principle" of reform. Witness the many abortive attempts to recon- cile the conflicting demands of capital and labor, to vindicate the "rights of the smaller nations." Recall the utter failure of the "Treaty of Versailles," the sad fate that overtook "the fourteen points," the discussions that sprang up between the nations im- mediately after the "Peace Treaty. ' ' Remember too, the many attempts at what has been well called "fool legislation," the de- sire on the part of some fanatics to impose their will upon the mul- titude, the threatening invasion of personal and family rights by un- wise and sometimes uiijust meas- ures with regard to education, marriage, etc.
In the presence of all this, Dr. Peabody's words come to mind.
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THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
March I
Those occupying- the seats of the mighty haye not ''thought through" their plans of social re- construction. They haye ''fought through" them, — worse still, they haye egregiously "blundered through" measures which they hastily and unwisely forced upon a willing, an unthinking, an un- suspecting people, or one too neg- ligent concerning its social and political rights.
Our best political students agree with Lord Bryce in his indictment of some of the eyils of modern democracy. In his work, "Back to the Republic," Mr. Harry F. At- wood has exposed the fallacy of the notion that the cure for the ills of popular goyernment is more democracy, and warned against political experiments and innoya- tions.
In a more recent book, "Safe- guarding American Ideals," he points out the dangerous tenden- cies of irreligion, shallow and faulty education, class conscious- ness and contempt for law.
Has not the Church, and have not all the programmes of social reconstruction inspired by Chris- tian principles of justice and charity, fought the four great eyils mentioned in the preceding para- graph? The Church "thinks through," she does not "blunder through" the modern social ques- tion. The increasing demand for a return to sanity and to Christian principles in the matter of social reform and legislation, is an elo- quent proof of the strength and wisdom of her position.
Albert Muntsch, S. J.
The Offertory of the Mass for the Dead
The offertory of the Mass "in commemoratione omnium defunc- torum" ("Domine Jesu Christe, Rex gloriae, libera animas omnium fidelium defunctorum. de poenis inferni et de profundo lacu: libera eas de ore leonis, ne absorbeat eas tartarus, ne cadant in obscurum: sed signifer sanctus Michael re- praesentet eas in lucem sanctam, etc.") must haye puzzled many a faithful Catholic. In the "Litur- gical Notes for the Month" con- tributed to the Noyember issue of the Homiletic and Pastoral Re- view (Jos. F. Wagner, Inc., Vol. XXII, No. 2) we read on this subject:
"The offertory is of great anti- quity— in fact it is the only offer- tory which preserves its antique character, composed as it is of antiphon, refrain, and versicle.
It is not easy to explain its mean- ing. . . The Church prays that God would 'save the souls of all the faithful departed from the pains of hell and from the deep pit . . . and suffer not endless darkness to enshroud them. Rather do Thou bid holy Michael, thy standard- bearer, to bring them forth into
glorious light ' That there is
no redemption in hell is a dogma of the Church. To explain the words of this Offertory, some commentators suggest that when Holy Church prays for deliver- ance from 'the pains of hell,' 'the deep pit,' 'the lion's mouth,' she only uses very emphatic language to describe the pains of Purga- tor}'. Now, though we know that these pains are very great, in fact, we have no terms in which to de- scribe or express them, as they
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are utterly different from any- thing that may come within our experience, owing to the different state in which the separated soul finds itself — none the less, such terms seem altogether unsuitable as a description of a strictly tem- poral punishment. Holy Church is ahvays most careful and moder- ate in her expressions and her prayer is ever in harmony with strictest theology. Therefore it is surely nearer the truth to say that in this offertory, the Church prays, not so much for those who have already departed this life. Eather does she consider the struggle of the departing soul. In that supreme moment the dread lion, who is ever going round, seeking whom he may devour — roars his loudest, makes his fiercest attack upon the soul. Well may we pray that we may be saved in that moment * from the deep pit ' and 'the lake of fire' — for there is always danger as long as the breath of life is within us. So we should look upon the offertory as the Church's supplication, not so much for the dead, as for the dy- ing. The word defunct us is sus- ceptible of this interpretation. Certain it is that many prayers which are said at the burial of the dead, are really retrospective, that is, are prayers for the mo- ment of death, not for the dead."
y^^
The Catholics of Georgia
The Btdletin of the Catholic Laymen's Association of Georgia, repeatedly referred to of late in the F. R., now appears semi- monthly as a regular Catholic newspaper of tw^elve five-column pages. The first number (Jan. 25) announces that the Bulletin will
devote particular attention to the activities of the Catholics of Georgia. This is a good program- me, for it is in the local field that the Btdletin' s special mission lies. And in serving the Catholics of Georgia it will fill a place which no other C itholic journal can or does fill.
The Bullatin's patriotism rings true: It is a fallacy "that the Catholics in Georgia (and other Southern States) should not be loyal to our State. Yet we were born in Georgia, most of us. Georgia is rich to us in childhood memories. Our families and homes are here, and most of our friends. All that we have or hope to get in a temporal way Georgia has given to us. In her bosom, on some sun-kissed hillside, we hope to be laid when the Master calls. We are ashamed of some things in Georgia and of some outside sup- posedly representing Georgia ; but we are not ashamed of the great body of our fellow-citizens, and it is no more sensible, no more fair, no more indicative of Christian charity to condemn Georgia or the South for the actions of Stephen- son and our Junior Senator [Tom Watson] than to condemn Catho- lics or the Church for the shame of a few. Catholics resent that, and justly. The lesson is plain. What some persons need is the spirit of charity which is 'not puffed up.' "
Conducted in that spirit the Bulletin of the Catholic Laymen's Association of Georgia will un- doubtedly accomplish much to- wards dispelling the anti-Catholic prejudice so prevalent in the South. We wish this excellent journal many years of successful apologetic activity.
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March 1
Schlogl's New Testament on the Index We see from the Salzburg Ka- tholische Kirchenzeitunq , of Jan. 19tli, that the Rev. Dr. Nivard Schlogl's German translation of the New Testament has been placed on the Roman Index of Forbidden Books.
Dr. Schlogi is a Cistercian and professor of Old Testament Ex- egesis and Oriental Languages at the University of Vienna. His translation of the New Testament, published a little over a year ago, gave rise to a heated discussion in Austria, Germany, and Switzer- land. Many critics objected to Dr. Schlogi's neglect of the Latin Vulgate, the official version of the Church, and the freedom with which he set aside as spurious or doubtful many texts which the Church has always regarded as genuine.
We note from the Augsburger Postzeitung, of Jan. 24th, that Dr. Schlogi was called to Rome some time ago bv C'ardinal Merry del Val, Prefect of the Holy Office, of which the Index Congregation now forms a part, and promised to withdraw his translation of the New Testament from the market until the objections raised against it had been duly considered. Evi- dently, the official investigation has resulted unfavorably.
Meanwhile Dr. Schlogi has pub- lished the first volume of a new translation of the Old Testament ("Die heiligen Schriften des Alten Bundes, aus dem kritisch wieder- hergestellten hebraischen Urtexte libersetzt und kurz erlautert"; Vienna : Burgverlag, Richter & Zoller, 1922), which reached us only the other day and after a cursory perusal of which we are inclined to think that, despite its
undoubted merits, it will also be placed on the Index, because the objections raised against the au- thor's translation of the New Tes- tament apply with equal, if not greater force to his translation of the Old.
It is too bad that so much hon- est labor and profound erudition should go to waste; but the Cath- olic Church has her inexorable rules with regard to the text of Sacred Scripture and the Schlogi incident once again proves that now, as before, she watches with never ceasing care over its integ- rity and over the translations and versions through which it is made accessible to the faithful.
The Rosary Tradition
A new presentment of the tradi- tion connecting St. Dominic with the early developments of the Rosary, by Father L. A. Gentino, 0. P., is noted in the Month for January. It appears that this Spanish Dominican is content to accept a very much milder inter- pretation of the tradition of his Order than that which has been commonly current, — an interpre- tation, indeed, not presented in any Dominican work before the jjontificate of Leo XIII.
''Anyone," writes Father Gen- tino, ''who expects to find in the historical strata of the thirteenth century a type of Rosary such as we say to-day, is like a man hunt- ing for a magazine rifle or a mod- ern motor-boat in a museum of medieval antiquities."
On this the Month writer (Fa- ther Herbert Thurston) remarks: ' ' Exactly so ; that is what we have always maintained. The Rosary devotion is a conspicuous example of slow and gradual evolution.
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The first stages of the develop- ment may be traced back to a time more than a century before St. Dominic was born, while it only reached its complete and perma- nent form two centuries and a half after his death in the days of Alan de Rupe. . . . Father Gentino, if v/e rightly interpret him, consid- ers that no more can be claimed for St. Dominic than that he pop- ularized the practice of reciting the Ave, by preference many times in succession, but without any special direction as to the number
of repetitions or as to the system- atic insertion of Paters, or as to meditation on prescribed subjects or classes of subjects."
Here, certainly, is a much lesser claim than that which attributes the revelation by Our Lady to St. Dominic of the devotion as we know it to-day, except that the three sets of mysteries were no more defined than as being con- cerned with the Incarnation, Pas- sion, and Glorification respect- ively.
Fr. Junipero Serra and the Military Heads of California
By Francis Borgia Steck, 0. F. M.
VI {Conclusion) One should think that so humble and unselfish an appeal would have soften- ed the heart, and even opened the pri- vate purse, of a man who was enjoying an annual cash salary of $4,000. But far from it. A few weeks later, on No= vember 5, Neve informed the two mis- sionaries that he would abide by the Reglamento, which did not provide ra- tions for them, inasmuch as they were no longer supernumeraries, but were now in charge of a mission with the annual allowance of $400. "This," as Fr. Engelhardt rightly points out, "was mere quibbling. The rations were granted for five years from January 1, 1774, to the supernumeraries, who were waiting for their missions to be founded. They could not lose the right to them when the missions at last were established. On the contrary, they needed them more than ever just then. At all events, the law must be inter- preted in the light of the viceroy's wishes ; these were clear. Moreover, if the friars of San Francisco were not entitled to the double rations on the ground that the mission was founded after January 1, 1774, on what grounds were the double, extra rations granted at the same time, continued to the soldiers and immigrants of the presidio, which was also established
after that date and for the sake of the mission?" ^^
After his return from the southern establishments, Fr. Serra interviewed the governor, who had previously writ- ten to him on the matter. Needless to say, his appeal fell on deaf ears. On January 5, 1779, the Fr. Presidente ad- dressed a lengthy letter to Neve ; and when this, too, had no effect, he re= ferred the case to the Fr. Guardian of San Fernando College, who, in turn, laid it before Viceroy Mayorga. We need not follow the controversy further. What has been said amply suffices to show, on the one hand, Fr. Serra's just and conciliatory method of procedure in such cases, and, on the other hand, the provoking conduct of California's unworthy first governor. If in the end Neve gained his point, it was not because he was right, but because in Mexico he had an ally, as unchristian and unscrupulous as him- self, in the comandante-general of the lately organized Provincial Internas. With a man like Don Teodoro de Croix for his immediate superior and powerful abettor. Governor Neve dared to meddle even in an afifair that was absolutely outside his jurisdiction.
38 The Missions and Missionaries of Cali- fornia, Vol. II, p. 285, note 18.
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By September 19, 1776, all the requisite formalities had been observed regarding the faculty of administering the Sacrament of Confirmation which the Holy See, under date of July 10, 1774, granted to the comisario-prefecto of the Franciscans in New Spain and to his successors with powers to sub- delegate one Father of each of ttie four missionary colleges under his jurisdiction. The Father designated for San Fernando College was Fr. Serra, who received the documents with copies of the papal brief in June, 1778. The faculty had been granted for ten years from the date of concession. Ac= cordingly, only six years remained for Fr. Serra in which to exercise the faculty, and naturally he hastened to avail himself of it for the spiritual benefit of his beloved neophytes. How zealously he prepared them in the vari- ous missions of the south for the re- ception of the Sacrament, what un- speakable hardships he underwent in the discharge of this new phase of his many duties, is foreign to the scope of this paper. We can picture it all to ourselves if we rememiber that, within a little more than a year, he had visited all the southern missions and, includ- ing his own neophytes at San Carlos, had confirmed 2,997 persons, very few of whom were not Indians.
Then, like a bolt out of the blue, came a letter from Governor Neve. With a zeal that lacked nothing but a worthy motive, the arrogant and meddlesome official questioned the friar's right to confirm, alleging that the faculty had received neither the royal nor the viceroyal pase or written sanction. In reply, Fr. Serra assured him that all was in order. Thereupon Neve curtly demanded that the mis= sionary show him the papal brief granting the faculty, the letters patent designating who was to exercise it in California, and finally the pase of the proper civil authorities. Fr. Serra, in turn, replied that the only papers he liad were the ones proving that the faculty had been granted and that he had been appointed to exercise it; that
the pase had been duly given, he told the governor, was clear from the en- closed letter which Viceroy Bucareh had written congratulating him on his appointment and on the great number he had already confirmed. To this Neve objected that California was no longer under the immediate jurisdic- tion of the viceroy, and that conse- quently the pase of the vice-patrono was necessary. "Well, then," the Fr. Presidente asked, "who is the vice- patrono?" The comandante answered that for the Provincias Internas it was Comandante=General De Croix, and for California he, the governor. "In that case," Fr. Serra ofifered, "the mat- ter can be easily settled. Here your Honor has the appointment papers and the faculty giving me the right to con- firm. I beg you to affix the pase, in or- der that these poor people may not be deprived of so great a blessing; for, inasmuch as the power is granted for only ten years, it will expire with them." In reply, the governor haughti- ly demanded the original documents and insultingly admonished Fr. Serra not to administer the Sacrament until he had produced them together with instructions from the Comandante- General De Croix. ^^
Only too soon this foolish and un- warranted interference in a purely spir- itual matter threw the_ Fr. Presidente into a vexatious predicament. Early in the fall of 1779, the officers of an ex- ploring party sent word to Mission San Carlos that they wished to meet the Fr. Presidente, and for that reason re- quested him to come to San Francisco. At first, Fr. Serra declined the invita- tion, because, if he visited the two northern missions and refrained from confirming, Indians as well as whites would demand an explanation ; and to give this would surely cause scandal. He reflected, however, that they would at all events look for reasons why he was denying them the spiritual advan-
39 Fr. Palou, Vida, pp. 234-240.— This action of Neve was too much even for Theodore Hittell. See his History of Cali- fornia, Vol. I, pp. 420-421.
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lages he had offered the others in the south. Finally, for once (and justly so), he disregarded the governor's warning, proceeded to the north, and confirmed at both missions/'^ This done, he immediately returned to San Carlos and thenceforth for about a year and a half desisted from administering the Sacrament publicly,*^ although he was sure that he had the faculty, since all the requisite formalities, civil as well as ecclesiastical, had been duly ob- serv'-ed, and that Neve's interference was actuated solely by a base determi- nation to humiliate him. Weighing these facts, one is at a loss what to admire more, Fr. Serra's meekness or Governor Neve's impudence.
How the unworthy governor mean- w^iile created new difficulties regarding the original documents, how the matter was transacted in Mexico, how wan- tonly De Croix, Neve's ally, insulted the Fr. Presidente, how meekly yet firmly . the latter answered the mean insinuation, and how the viceroy finally put an end to the dispute by declaring that the government's pase had been duly affixed — all this forms a long and sad story, too long and too sad for repetition here.^- In conclusion, let us see to what extremes the towering pride and shameless knavery of a man like
*" For this some are inclined to criticise Fr. Serra. As if the licit and valid admini- stration of a Sacrament depended on the approval of a petty civil governor. Both sub- jectively and objectively Fr. Serra was right. He was absolutely sure that he had the faculty to confirm, and as to Neve's inter- ference, it was entirely unwarranted. A man less humble and peace-loving than Fr. Serra, would have simply ignored Neve's assumption and told the meddlesome gov- ernor that, if he still had any doubts in the matter, he might consult the proper author- ities in Mexico.
•*i Privately, however, he did confirm about eleven persons, at different times, in cases where he could not help himself without causing astonishment. But he exercised the faculty so secretly that even Fr. Palou, his intimate friend and biographer, knew noth- ing of it ; and therefore he makes no men- tion of it in his Vida, but says simply that Fr. Serra refrained from administering the Sacrament.
■*- See The Missions and Missionaries of California, Vol. II, pp. 297-318.
Neve can go. On March 26, 1781, he wrote to his equally unworthy abettor, De Croix:
"Fr. Junipero Serra says he sent his patents, etc., to the Fr. Guardian. I do not proceed to take possession of and search the papers, because, it not being certain that he sent them away, he will with his unspeakable artifice and shrewdness have hid them, and the result would be- delay in the Channel foundations, since these Fathers will not furnish the supplies which they have to contribute. There is no vexa- tion which those reHgious when exas- perated will not attempt in their bound- less and incredible pride, since on more than four occasions my policy and moderation was not enough to turn them from the opposition with which they surreptitiously conspired against the government and its ordinances.*^ At a more opportune time, certain measures may be taken which for the present it has been judged necessary to postpone, in order to bring this Fr. Presidente to a proper acknowledgment of the authority which he eludes while he pretends to obey it." **
Fr. Serra especially must have drawn a long breath when, toward the end of August, 1782, he learned that the gov- ernor had been ordered to take over the office of inspector-general of the troops under De Croix. If this was a promo- tion, then we have here a case of pro- movetur tit amoveatur. It may be added briefly that, in the early part of the next year. Neve succeeded his stanch ally as comandante-general. This office placed him in immediate control of the California missions. But fortun- ately his term was not to last long. He departed this life in November, 1784, three months after the saintly death of the man he had wronged so deeply.
Fr. Serra and Governor Faces We have now to consider Fr. Serra's relations with Don Pedro Fages, with whom as governor, "he managed best,
■*3 Here Neve is unwittingly delineating an excellent picture of himself.
" Cal. Arch., Prov. Rec., Vol. II, pp. 278- 282.
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perhaps," but who "had at an earlier time lost his post as a result of Serra's complaints to the viceroy." *^ Why Fr. Serra launched his complaints and with what justice, has already been shown. As to Fages's term of govern- orship, there is very little to say. If the Fr. Presidente "managed best, perhaps" with him, we should be able to account for it. Let us see. During the first nine months of his term. Governor Fages was very careful to follow the instructions so often rehearsed by the government for the benefit of its rep- resentatives in the missions ; and during the next nine months, from March, 1783, to January, 1784, Fages happened to be in Lower Cahfornia, whither he liad gone to meet and bring up his wife \vho wished to share his company at Monterey. Meanwhile, the Fr. Presi- dente was busy making use of the last few days that, he felt, were left him here on earth, for the spiritual and temporal advancement of his beloved missions. In January, 1784, both Fr. Serra and Governor Fages returned to Monterey — the former sick unto death and the latter sufficiently humane to let the aged and ailing friar spend his last days in peace.**^ How Fages would have agreed with the man who "was almost incessantly at outs with every governor of the province," *~ we can conclude from his conduct toward Fr. Lasuen, who, there is no question, "worthily filled the post of the great Junipero,"** and whose presidency was as providen- tial as that of his glorious predecessor. Any one intimately acquainted with the mission history of California will agree that, if Fr. Lasuen's presidency (1785-1803) was more tranquil than Fr. Serra's, it was not because Fr. Lasuen was more eager to preserve harmony with the governors, but solely because these latter (barring Fages) observed their instructions and were more devoted to the cause for which the missionaries continued to sacrifice
themselves. Nor is there any need at all of wondering "if Lasuen might not have done equally well, if the chance [of Fr. SerraJ had fallen to him." ^'^ Considering the perverse attitude of the petty officers whom the missionaries had to deal with during the first fifteen years of their activity in California, it is not at all disparaging to the memory- of Fr. Lasuen if the reader is remind- ed that on three different occasions, be- tween the years 1774 and 1779,^'' Fr. Lasuen, discouraged and disgusted, asked for permission to leave the mis- sions and retire to the college in Mexico ; whereas Fr. Serra, neither in his official nor in his unofficial corre- spondence, ever made the slightest mention of abandoning the spiritual conquest, but always endeavored and mostly contrived to infuse new courage into Fr. Lasuen and the other mission- aries.
But comparisons are odious, especial- ly when made between two men like Fr. Serra, the great Apostle of Califor- nia, and Fr. Lasuen, his scholarly con- frere, zealous fellow-missionary and worthy successor. Only this we will say: One may just as well turn the above reflection around and wonder whether Fr. Lasuen would have been "far more successful in maintaining harmonious relations with the mili- tary," ^^ if he had had Comandantes
*5 C. H. R., ut supra, p. 146. ♦« He passed to his eternal reward that same year, on August 28. 47 C. H. R.. ut supra, p. 146. ^s Ibidem, p. 154.
*9 I bid on, p. 154.
50 Once, in 1774; see Fr. Lasuen to Fr. Francisco Pangua, April 23, I774. Musco Xaciotial; also listed in Dr. Bolton's Guide, p. 198. — Again, early in 1776: see Fr. Palou. Xoticias, Vol. IV. pp. 183, 184. — A third time, in 1779; see Fr. Serra to Fr. Lasuen, March 29, 1779. Sta. Barb. Arch. — Dr. Chap- man admits that "as a man Lasuen never de- sired to stay in the Californias." He fails to assign the reason, however, insisting only that "as a religious he accepted with resigna- tion the duty imposed upon him" (C. H. R., ut supra, p. 147, note 54") which latter applies admirably also to Fr. Serra. From the letter written probably in 1784 by Fr. Lasuen to the Fr. Guardian and adduced by Dr. Chap- man (ibidem) it is quite clear what Fr. La- si-en would have done if he had been presi- dente at the time when Fr. Serra held the office. In that letter, he threatens to ask to retire if Neve's plan goes into effect.
51 C. H. R.. ut supra, p. i.=^4.
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Fages and Rivera and Governor Neve to deal with. On the other hand, how much greater in the eyes of the world would Fr. Serra's glory be to-day if his term of office had been blessed with the whole-hearted cooperation of mili- tary heads like the conscientious Borica and the saintly Arrillaga. This much is certain: if historians of later years had been fair and upright enough to present facts as they found them in the sources, Fr. Junipero Serra, the Apos- tle of California, would by this time have found a place in our country's Hall of Fame.
Correspondence
More Than a Change of Heart Needed for Social Reform
To the Editor: —
The "Catholic Laboringman" who has repeatedly contributed timely re- marks on social reform to the F. R., does well to point out (No. 4, pp. 68 sqq.) the weakness of ever harping on a "return to Christian principles" and on the "need of spiritual regeneration,'" — as if these alone would do away with all our social troubles. He rightly ad- mits that this "return" is necessary, but a.'^serts with equal correctness that the monotonous insistence on that slogan, without offering more practical reme- dies, only serves to make our position ridiculous. We shall rightly be accused of merely "beating the air" and of cau- tiously side-stepping the questions at issue. Those who point out this danger to our speakers and writers are deserv- ing of our gratitude and are good workers in the cause of social reform.
In her book, "The Church and the Hour," Vida D. Scudder has an inter- esting remark about those who do noth- ing in the high cause of redressing social evils and industrial wrongs ex- cept to plead for a "change of heart" and return to "principles." "It may be tnaterialistic," she says, "to object to external poverty and sordidness ; but nc one has a right to say so unless he is prepared to welcome such conditions for his own relatives. It may be super- ficial to look to legislation as a cure for
social evils; but the people who think so must be prepared with other cures. They must not be permitted to fall back on charity, whether 'scrimped or iced,' or warm and efficient; that solution is far outgrown. Neither may they dis- miss the subject with the sententious remark that the one thing necessary is a change of heart. Necessary? Cer- tainly! Change of heart is the begin- ning, it is not the end. Changed hearts all around, by hundreds and by thou- sands, are trying to express their con- version in social action. Has the Church no guidance to give to hearts when they have been changed?"
A. M.
The Alleged German Cruelties in Belgium
To the Editor: —
My neighbor, the Rev. G. Vermeulen, of Cedar Rapids, Neb., last year (1921) visited Belgium, his native country. After his return to Cedar Rapids, I asked him: What did you find out about the German atrocities in Bel-
gmm .
It is surprising, he said, but
the people of Belgium know nothing about it. I drove much about the coun- try, and often saw children with crip- pled legs, arms, blind in one eye, etc., but when I stopped and asked them whether the Germans did it, the reply nearly always was : "No ; we were in- jured by an explosion of a bomb thrown from an airship of the Allies."
The Allies, he continued, did more harm to Belgium than the Germans; especially at the time they were pursu- ing the' retreating Germans. Being friends, they allowed themselves every possible liberty and license towards the Belgians. There is more bad feeling against the Allies than against the Ger- mans in Belgium. And had they not been stuffed with lies by the Allies, the Belgians would have remained neutral. Wherever the Germans had been sta- tioned, and people got acquainted with them, they lived in peace. Belgian girls and German soldiers courting publicly, was a common sight.
(Rev.) C. Breitkopf
Primrose, Neb.
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Notes and Gleanings
— "Liquorature" is the latest word coinage. We find it on the editorial page of the St. Louis Star, but are not sure as to its meaning.
— "The Great Schoolmen of the Mid- dle Ages" by W. J. Townsend (New York: Stechert & Co.), according to the Catholic World (No. 683, p. 685 sq.), is a popular compendium made by a Protestant writer whose assertions require to be very carefully sifted and severely controlled ; which is but a mild way of saying that the book is prac- tically worthless and had best be left alone.
—On the occasion of the thirteenth anniversary of the death of Joel Chand- ler Harris ("Uncle Remus"), who was received into the Catholic Church a short time before his demise by Father Jackson, pastor of St. Anthonys Church, Atlanta, Ga., the Bulletin of the Catholic Laymen's Association of Georgia recalls the interesting fact that Air. Harris expressed to Father Jackson his deep regret that he had not taken the step before, prompted by his study of the Church and the example of his cultured wife.
— According to a report of the N. C. W. C. News Service, which we find in the Milwaukee Catholic Citisen (Vol. 52, No. 12), in reply to a questionnaire circulated among the students of Notre Dame University, Notre Dame, Ind., 268 out of 486 stated that they had never read a Catholic book ; 17 had read a great many ; 34 had read sev- eral, and 34 had read a few. The Catholic periodical press was appreci- ated a little better, for of 482 students more than 400 reported that they read Catholic weeklies and more than 50 that they read Catholic magazines.
— The principal tasks of the Catholic laboringmen's organizations of to-day, according to a recent pastoral letter of the Bishops of Germany, are: (1) To combat Materialism; (2) to champion the principles of Christian ethics in economic life; (3) to stand up for lib- erty of conscience and the rights of the
Church; (4) to apply the principles of Christianity in every branch of public fife, particularly education; (5) to exemplify in word and deed the Chris- tian family life. This is a compre- hensive and a timely platform, fit not only for laboringmen, but for Catholics generally.
— The Catholics of Germany are not all republicans, but there is a monarch- ist group of considerable strength, especially in the South of the country. The far-famed Historisch-politische Blatter, of Munich, are its chief organ. It is significant, however, that that jour- nal declares in its latest number (Vol. 169, No. 2) that "not one member of the Centre party has dared openly to profess himself a monarchist in parlia- ment." In wishing for and seeking a restoration of the monarchy, be it not- ed, the Bavarians have in view, not the kaisertum of the Hohenzollerns, but the kingdom of the Wittelsbachers, under which they have lived and pros- pered for centuries.
— A writer in America {Vol. XXVI, No. 17) calls attention to the "History of English Literature" published by the Brothers of the Christian Schools, which was launched on the sea of lit- erature by the late George Parsons Lathrop and every page of which "be- speaks the masterful touch of Brother Azarias — a blessed by-word in the his- tory of American letters." We agree v/ith the writer that this book is the best Catholic handbook of English and American literature available at pres- ent, that it is far superior to Jenkins and Sheran, and that as long as it is available there is no excuse whatever for using books like Brooke's or Long's, which are a menace to our young stu- dents because of the errors they con- tain.
— Dr. O. Jofilinger, of Berlin, in a book on "Bismarck imd die Juden" (Berlin: Dietrich Reimer), shows that Prince Bismarck was not the violent Anti-Semite as which he is often rep- resented. In his early days he attacked the Jews, but after Bleichroder ad-
1»22
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
vanced him the millions necessary to defeat Austria, in 1866, and he saw- that he could exploit the influence and wealth of the Jews for his political purposes, he befriended them. He came to regard the "J^^^'^sh problem" not as a racial, but rather as a religious prob- lem, which he thought could be satis- factorily solved by evangelization and intermarriage. Dr. Johlinger's book is Ijased upon original source material and his conclusions seem incontro- vertible.
— The Daily American Tribune re- ports that President Harding, ex-Gov- ernor Dineen of Illinois, and Attorney- General Brundage of the same State will receive the thirty-third degree in Freemasonry at Cleveland next Sep- tember. In response to the question why Freemasonry is so quick to put its tag upon men who become promi- nent and influential in public life, our contemporary answers, tersely and cor- rectly : "Because it seeks to control public policy." The average i\merican, who is so suspicious of propaganda and clandestine influence in government atlairs, puts up with these Masonic machinations as though they were a necessary part of our system of gov- ernment. This, in our opinion, makes Freemasonry even more dangerous in America than it is in Europe.
— The late Prof. Remigius Stolzle, of the University of Wiirzburg, of whom the annual report of the Goerres Society for 1921 contains a sympathetic notice, shortly before his death (July 23, 1921) delivered a lecture which has now been published as a volume of the "Philosophische Zeitfragen" ( F. ]\Iei- ner's Verlag). It deals with Charles Darwin's Attitude towards Theism, which has been much controverted. Thus Fr. W'asmann, S. J., cites the author of "The Origin of Species" as a witness for the theistic world-view, whereas Haeckel claimed him as an atheist and Fr. Kneller counted him among the agnostics. Who is right ? Dr. Stolzle shows that Darwin was a believer in God up to about 1859, but later began to have doubts, though he
never formally professed atheism. He himself said towards the end of his life that he was content to call himself an agnostic.
— The St. Louis Glebe-Democrat now publishes a "night edition." It is issued after nine o'clock P. M. and is not an extra edition, but a regular edition at the regular price, which is two cents a copy for all St. Louis dailies. The purpose of this night edition is to "give the news of interest happening between the publication of the evening papers and that of the reg- ular morning editions." This is of some value on Sunday evening, when the "night edition" bridges the long gap between Sunday morning and Monday morning. But because its publication on Sundays night involves just a little more ^-iolation of the Sabbath rest than is entailed by a regular Monday morn- ing paper, we cannot hail the innova- tion with pleasure. What we ought to aim at is a more general and more perfect observance of the Lord's Day and, as Cathohcs, to oppose any meas- ure, movement or innovation tending in the opposite direction.
— If those of our coreligionists who paraded their patriotism before the country during the war thought this would forever silence the charge that Catholics are unpatriotic, they were mistaken. Already, according to the St. Paul Catholic Bulletin (Vol. XII, Xo. 5) anti-Catholic "whispering" campaigns are on foot in different parts of the country. John McCormack is one of the latest victims. Mr. D. J. Ryan, of the Department of Historical Records of the N. C. W. C, reports that "an effort was made to discredit 3ilr. McCormack recently when he sang in a certain city, and yet Mr. McCor- mack, through his concerts, raised more than $700,000 for welfare work, not counting his personal donations." If the N. C. W. C. thought it could silence these accusations by publishing the facts of Catholic participation in the war, it was sadly in error. There will be more "whispering" campaigns, and they will continue as long as there are anti-Cath-
94
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
March 1
oHc fanatics, which will be to the end of time.
— Unlike a number of American pa- pers, Catholic and non-Catholic, the Manchester Guardian, England's great Liberal daily, does not apologize for the late Pope Benedict's attitude in the World War. "History w^ould have written him down a failure, had he attempted to take sides," says our esteemed contemporary ; "he was not merely, like President Wilson in the early stages of the war, outside the conflict, he was above it." And again : "Had the Pope taken sides, he would not merely have forfeited his privilege as the common spiritual Father ; he would have stultified his multiplied acts of charity; he would have broken the one link that bound the warring nations in a common humanity ; and, worst of all, he would have abandoned the only attitude becoming to him, — that of the wise judge who, before summoning up, throws into the scale every shred of evidence in favor of the suspect." (Weekly edition. Vol. VI, No. 4).
— In a discussion of the epistemo- logical methods of the modern science of comparative religion, Dr. J. P. Steffes, in No. 4 of the Pastor Bonus, says that the teleological world-view is slowly gaining ground among scientists. and with it the conception of a preter- natural and an altogether unmechanical power governing the universe. At the same time, however, new difficulties have arisen, mainly from the fact that the science of comparative religion is making it more evident from year to year that other religions besides Chris- ianity allege miracles, prophecies, and divine revelations, and we are not yet in a position to evaluate these phe- nomena properly, either from the his- torical or from the psychological view- point. It is certain, of course, that the supernatural phenomena alleged by non-Christian religions differ not only essentially, but also teleologically, from the genuine miracles, prophecies, and revelations of Christianity ; yet there remain many unsolved problems which
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THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
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— It is comforting to know that Dr. S. Squire Sprigge, the author of "Physic and Fiction" (London: Hod- der & Stoughton), does not share the view that the increase of medical knowledge has made crime easier. It has given the criminal greater facilities, it is true, but it has also greatly refined and extended the means of discovering crimes. One can poison more subtly, but one can be still more subtly found out. And as for the idea that bacterio- logical poisonings, the artificial induce- ment of a well-known and seemingly natural disease, will be adopted by the niodern murderer, the author considers that a romantic fancy. It requires too much skill altogether, he thinks, ever to be practised, except by a few university professors — and they are, he says, a very law-abiding class. We agree that we need not fear the professors, although, as the only potential non-detectable murderers in the world they will henceforth no doubt be accorded a certain fearful respect which they did not enjoy before.
— Mr. B. R. Hubbard, in a letter to America (Vol. XXVI, No. 17), calls attention to the fact that charitably in- clined persons are being cheated whole- sale by American bankers and relief societies, when sending money to pov- erty-stricken Austria. He cites the ex- ample of a gentleman who recently sent fifty dollars to Vienna and received only 760 kronen for a dollar, whereas the market quotation for the day was 6,000. Instead of 300.000 kronen, the full equivalent of fifty dollars, only $6.34 arrived at its destination. The correspondent says that scores of sim- ilar examples could be adduced. De- frauding widows and orphans is one of the sins that cry to Heaven for ven- feance, but since there are scoundrels in this country who will commit this crime, regardless of the punishment threatened by God Himself, it becomes the dutv of all charitable Americans to
see to it that the money they donate to the sufferers in Central Europe actual- ly reaches them. This can be accom- plished either by sending the amount over in dollars or by making donations through some trustworthy agency such as the Central Bureau of the Catholic Central Society here in St. Louis.
— A contributor to the N. Y. Am- erica has analyzed the set of books re- cently advertised by the publishers of a Socialist weekly at a ridiculously low price, and says that while there are some few good books in the collection, most of them are either revolutionary or immoral, "He who educates himself by reading such a set, is educating him- self in all that is narrow and bitter. And the worst of it is that these cheap books are being bought by people who have not been intellectually trained to know the difference between the right and the wrong and to prefer the right to know the difference between the re- fined and the vulgar and prefer the re- fined. With such reading material furnished the unread, we might expect to develop an undesirable philosophy throughout our insufficiently schooled populace." Probably that is what the Socialist publishers of the collection are aiming at. The writer just quoted suggests that this collection be counter- acted by a similar one of good books published under Catholic auspices. "If the Socialists can furnish this amount of reading at such cheap prices," he says, "we can also." Possibly we can; but the sale of a collection of books published imder Catholic auspices would naturally be far more limited and therefore the cost of production would run comparatively higher.
— The Augsbiirgcr Postacitnng in its literary supplement (1922, No. 3) de- votes nearly a page to an appreciation of the life and writings of Msgr. Dr. J. P. Kirsch, best known to the English speaking public by his translated book on "The Communion of Saints." Dr. Kirsch is a native of Luxemburg, but has spent the last thirty years of his life in Switzerland, where he has been teaching Patrologv and Christian ar-
96
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
March 1
®lieiatmtettr
The Ideal Magazine for the Btist/ Parish Priest
Contents of February Issue, 1922
PASTORALIA:
the Rev. Charles Bruehl, D.D.
By tht
The Pastoral Visit— What it will accomplish—
Aids and Suggestions. THE LABOR SPY SYSTEM: By the Rev. Joseph
Husslein, S. T., Ph. D. BIBLICAL STUDIES: Some Mile-posts for the
Interpreter of Tohn. By the Rev. Walter
Drum, S. J. THE CONCESSION OF INDULGENCES'
Rev. Stanislaus Woywod, O.F.M. PRACTICAL ASCETICAL NOTES
the
FOR
Alternative. By Dom
PRIESTS: An Louismet, O.S'.B.
CASUS MORALIS: Censure and Fear. Rev. Gerald Murray. C. SS. R.
LITURGICAL NOTES FOR THE MONTH: The Confiteor. By the Benedictine Monks of Buck- fast Abbey.
ROMAN DOCUMENTS' FOR THE MONTH.
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS:
The "Confessio Monialium" — Mistakes Ordo for the Divine Office— Change Promises Demanded by the Code in Cases of Mixed Religion and Disparity of Cult — Relation of Dependent Chapels to the Main Church.
the
the the
HOMILETIC PART SER^klON MATTER FROM THE FATHERS. By
the Verv Rev. Hugh Pope, O. P., S. T. M. SERMONS ON THE GOSPELS AND EPISTLES: First Sundav in Lent. The Warfare of Life.
By the Rev. H. Kelly, S. J.. M. A. S'econd Sundav in Lent. The Vice of Idolatry.
By the Rev. P. J. Lander, S.J. Third Sunday in Lent. Rashness in Judgment.
By the Rev. Paul O'Grady, A. B. Fourth Sunday in Lent. The Old Law or the New. By the Right Rev. Msgr. C. F. Thomas. PARABLE SERMONETTES FOR THE CHIL- DREN'S MASS. For Every Sunday. By the Rev. Frederick Reuter. THE SACRED MYSTERIES OF THE PRECIOUS BLOOD: A Lenten Course of six Sermons. By the Rev. Ferdinand Heckmann, O. F. M. 1. The Mystery of the Precious Blood Shed in the Garden of Gethsemani. II. The Mystery of the Precious Blood S'hed in the Cruel Scourging. III. The Mystery of the Precious Blood Shed in the Crowning with Thorns. BOOK REVIEWS
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1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
chaeolog-y at tlie Catholic University of Freiburg and written a number of important books. The first of these, ■"Die christHchen Kultusgebaude im Al- tertum." appeared in 1893 ; the latest, "Die romischen Titelkirchen im Alter- tuni," in 1918. Besides, Prof. Kirsch has re-edited Hergenrother's Church History and collaborated with other scholars in ''Forschungen zur christli- chen Literatur- und Dogmengeschich- te," "Studien zur Geschichte und Kul- tur des Altertums," and other import- ant serial publications. It will be news to most of our readers that the learned Professor had been selected to succeed Msgr. Koppes as bishop of Luxem- burg, but his appointment was prevent- ed by the French government because of his alleged pro-German sympathies in the World War. As a neutral Lux- emburger, who speaks German, French, and Italian with equal facility, Msgr. Kirsch has tried to act as mediator be- tween the Latin and Germanic civiliza- tions and his influence has always been employed in favor of international con- ciliation and peace.
Forty Years of Missionary Life in Arkansas
By tlie Rev. John Eugene Weibel, V.F.
(4Tth Iiistallmciif)
Thus that year was eventful, though no one could have foretold how St. Bernard's Hospital would grow as it has since that tiine. Again and again the Sisters were re- minded of the example given them by their holy founder, St. Bernard Ptolomei, who in the time of the "black death" had sent his sons all over Tuscany to help the af- flicted and bnry the dead.
Dr. Lutterloh. the first president of the physicians' staff, from the very beginning worked with all his strength for the hospi- tal. He had a tender heart for all persons in distress, regardless of race, color, or con- dition. Once a number of negroes were partly crushed in a quarry. Several could he saved by operations, some had to have a leg amputated others an arm, etc. The doc- tor asked for permission to use the operating room of the hospital for these unfortunates. Tliere was no other operating room in the town in those days. Of course the Sisters granted the petition, but as they allowed the poorest of the poor to remain at the hospital, and took care of th.em, racial pre-
judice manifested itself. Several doctors resigned as members of the hospital staff, because the Sisters took in colored people. The Sisters had, in consequence, to dis- pense with a physicians' staff altogether, and for a while Dr. Lutterloh was the only physician visiting the institution. But, rely- ing on God's help, the Sisters were de- termined to receive the colored sick just like white patients, and with the help of some generous friends, they succeeded in buying for this purpose a large piece of land with a small house on it, about 250 feet from St. Bernard's Hospital. This house served as a colored ward for some time, but it was very inconvenient, and therefore the colored patients were moved into a new building, which was bought in May, 1901, from Mr. Howard for $2600. This house stood between the Robinson property (St. Bernard's Hospital) and the ground bought for the colored hospital. It was on a lot 100 feet wide and 225 feet deep and had two stories. The two build- ings, Robinson's and Howell's, were after- wards connected by a one-story building, 70x24 feet, containing two wards and a corridor, 70x6 feet. The smaller house used for the colored hospital lent iself admir- ably to a colored school. The Sisters taught in it a number of colored children and had good success with them. There was and still is a most blessed field of work amongst the colored people of the South, and I fear we Catholics have not done our duty in that line.
Capter XXII FATHER ROBERT JENNE— VOYAGE TO EUROPE, 1901— MY SILVER JUBILEE In the spring of 1901, Msgr. Dennis O'- Donahue, then auxiliary b'shop of Indian- apolis, ordained Father Robert Tenne for the d'ocese of Little Rock. The new priest was given to me as assistant and soon, by his zeal and affability, won the love and devo- tion of all the parishioners. Everyone seemed to be sorry when, after a year, he was as- signed as pastor to Brinkley. There, at great personal sacrifice, he built and started a Sisters' school. From Brinklev he was sent to St. Mary's Church, Argenta. where he also started a parochial school, surrendering his own house for that purpose and taking up his abode in the sacristy. Most of his meagre income went toward supporting the church and school. He is now pastor of Curdsville. Ky., where he works with the same zeal and spirit of sacrifice. His faith- ful work in Arkansas is thankfully remem- bered, especially in Jonesboro, Brinkley, and Hot Springs. After arriving in Tonesboro, Father Jenne pitched right into hard work. In a few weeks he knew every family and every child. He visited the schools as often as he could and preached and instructed in
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
March I
church as if he had done it for years. All the church societies had an active leader in him, and especially the mother's union ap- preciated his practical instructions and tried to help him all they could.
When Father Jenne had been thoroughly initiated into and acquainted with the parish work, I was ready to leave for Switzerland. I was suffering from malaria, chills and fever, and hoped that a trip across the water would cure me more surely and quickly than calomel and quinine, to which my system had become inured. I also intended to escape the cele- bration of my silver jubilee. Usually for such an occasion the whole congregation has to work and beg for months. Every society must e-xert itself to provide funds for a purse for the jubilarian. Besides this there are the decorations, the plays, the banquets and, last but not least, the inevitable speeches
and congratulations, adulations and promises, and the pastor has to listen to all these ex- aggerations and must act as if he believed it all. Then, after all is over, he feels he has lost a good deal of his independence. and is under so many obligations to his good people that he hardly is free to act as duty demands. If he ever has the courage to point out their faults, he may have to hear the remark : "Isn't he the limit : we have done so much for him; he is never satisfied." {To be continued)
— If the Fortnightly Review fails in stim- ulating its readers to think for themselves — even to the point of occasional disagreement with its utterances — its purpose is not at- tained.
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1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
Literary Briefs
A story for Girls
It is good to realize that a number ot new Catholic "juvenile" writers are making their appearance. Among them is "Clem- entia." Her latest work is "Mostly Mary," in which we learn more about Mary Sel- wyn. It is a story which will be read with great interest, especially by girls. (Matre & Companj^ Chicago). Stories for Children
We recommend to all parents and teachers of children "The Children's King" by a Sister of Notre Dame. This little booklet is made up of a series of very readable stories, the interpretation of which is given for the benefit of the teacher at the end of each chapter. These will be a great help in the preparation of the little ones for a worthy reception of Holy Communion and a be- ginning in the understanding of the love of the Eucharistic Lord for His children. (B. Herder Book Co.)
A Book for Children on the Sacraments
Since the decree on early Communion has been promulgated and put into practice, an ever increasing amount of literature de- signed to help in the teaching of the es- sentials of our holy faith to children has been flowing from the press. Our Sunday Visitor Press has published "The Saviour's Fountains, a Book for Children on the Seven Sacraments," by Michael Andrew Chapman, with . illustrations by Father Raphael. O.S.B. This is a very commendable piece of work, both as regards the explana- tions of the Sacraments and the accompany- ing illustrations. Colored pictures would have increased the value of the book for children very decidedly, at a small increase in cost. Parents as well as the teachers in our schools should avail themselves of these splendid pedagogical aids.
"The Religion of the Scriptures"
Under this title the Rev. C. Lattey, S. J.. has collected and published "Papers from the Catholic Bible Congress held at Cam- bridge, July 16-19, 1921." The central theme of these lectures is Biblical religion. A prelim- nary explanation of the Catholic standpoint is given by Drs. Arendzen and Downey. Then the religion of the Old Testament and that of the New is set forth, both on the institutional side and in its more personal appeal by Dr. Bird, Fr. Lattey Fr. Martindale, and Fr. Knox. Dr.
Barry contributes a paper on St. Jerome, showing that he purposed to be, and was, an exponent of Biblical religion to Western civilization. Finallj^ the Bishop of Salford, in a note on the supposed origin of Tobias, ofTers a good illustration of the way in which even eminent scholars pass from exact philology to rather reckless processes of higher criticism. The book can be cordially recommended, but it should have been pro- vided with an index. (B. Herder Book Co.) History of San Luis Rey Mission
"The Missions and Missionaries of Cali- fornia," by Fr. Zephyrin Engelhardt, O.F.M., as we have already informed our readers, is being complemented by a series of local histories, the first of which was that of San Diego Mission. No. II, now ready, tells the story of "San Luis Rey Mission," which was founded between San Diego and San Juan Capistrano. in 1798. A portion of the rec- ords of this important mission are lost, but the author has succeeded in piecing together a fairly complete account of its origin and growth. The havoc which confiscation played with San Luis Rey mission was heartrend- ing. In an appendix the exact course of the famous Camino Real is determined more closely than has hitherto been deemed pos- sible, by means of the annual tabular reports of the early missionaries. These supplemen- tary volumes are worthy of being placed beside Fr. Zephyrin's principal work in everj^ library. They are printed on fine paper, bound in Franciscan brown cloth, and equipped with numerous original illustra- tions. (Orders can be sent either directly, or through any bookseller, to Rev. Zephyrin Engelhardt, O.F.M., Old Mission, Santa Barbara, Cal.) The Founding of a Northern University
In "The Founding of a Northern Uni- versity" by Fr. A. Forbes (B. Herder Book Co.) we have the story of the be- ginnings of the University of Aberdeen, in its day a stronghold of Catholic life. In the "Records of the University of Aber- deen" we read that "Bishop William Elthinstone founded the university of Aberdeen with the varietie of professurs, maisters and members thereof." Only one chapter is devoted to the founding of the school, though the others refer often to the life and activities of its saintly founder. University life at the time when Aberdeen began its work (1495). did not offer many material attractions to the devotee of learn- ing. For "the poor scholar, ill-fed and out at elbows, who had often to spend his va-
100
THE FOETNIGHTLY EEVIEW
March 1
cation laboring or begging for the means wherewith to live, while he continued his education, rubbed shoulders with the young noble or the son of the wealthy burgess in the University halls, and could rise, by dint of hard study and natural merit, above them both."
Books Received
My Road to Rome. By Anna Dill Gamble.
56 pp. i2mo. B. Herder Book Co. 15 cts.
net. (Wrapper). The Home JVorld. Friendiv Counsels for
Home-Keeping Hearts. By Francis X.
Doyle, S.J. 192 pp. i2mo. Benziger Bros.
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Die christlicli-socialen Ideeii und die Gewerk- schaftsfrage. Von Dr. theol. et phil. Jo- hannes Raster. 69 pp. 8vo. M. Gladbach : Volksvereinsverlag. M. 8. (Wrapper).
A Parochial Course of Doctrinal Instructions for all Sundays and Holydays of the Year. Based on the" Teachings of the Catechism of the Council of Trent and Harmonized with the Gospels and Epistles of the Sun- davs and Feastdays. Prepared and Ar- ranged by the Rev. Chas. T- Callan, O.P., and the Rev. J. A. ^IcHugh. O.P. Vol. IV: (Moral Series, Vol. H). vi & 536 Pp. 8vo. Xew York: Joseph F. Wagner, Inc. $3-50 net.
Katholischc IVirtschaftsmoral. Von Dr. theol. et oec. publ. Franz Xaver Eberle, Domkapitular in Augsburg, vi & 118 pp. 8vo. B. Herder Co. 75 cts. net. (Wrap- per).
Dcr grossc KuUnrkampf und die katholischc Wcltorganisation. Von Kaspar Mayr, Ge- neralsekretar der Internationalen kath. Liga. 22 pp. i6mo. Graz, Austria: Pau- lus-Verlag. (Wrapper).
Report of the Third Annual Meeting of the Franciscan Educational Conference, West Park, Ohio, Aug. 16, 17, and 18, 1921. 199 pp. 8vo. Published by the Conference. Office of the Secretary, 161 5 Vine Str., Cincinnati, O.
A Program of Catholic Rural Action. By Rev. Edwin V. O'Hara. LL.D. Based on a Religious Survey of Lane County, Ore. 24 pp. 8vo. (Copies of this pamphlet may be had on request from the Rural Life Bureau of the Social Action Dept. of the N. C. W. C, Eugene, Ore.)
Lehrhuch der Dogmatik in sieben Biichem. Fiir akademische Vorlesungen und zum Selbstunterricht von Joseph Pohle, Doktor der Philosophic und Theologie, Hauspra- lat Sr. Heiligkeit. Zweiter Band. Siebte, verbesserte und vermehrte Auflage. x & 529 pp. 8vo. Paderborn: Ferd. Schoe- ningh. 1921.
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The Fortnightly Review
VOL. XXIX, NO.
ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
March 15, 1922
The Classics in Education
The Committee- appointed over two years ago to inquire into the position of the Classics in the Educational System of the United Kingdom has issued its report (''The Classics in Education"; H. M. Stationery Office, London). This Committee was appointed in November, 1919, "to inquire into the position to be assigned to the Classics {i. e., to the lang-uage, literature, and history of ancient Greece and Rome) in the educa- tional system of the United King- dom, and to advise as to the means by which the proper study of these subjects may be maintained and improved." There were nineteen members, with Lord Crewe as chairman. They were all, or near- ly all, men or women of distinc- tion in the world of learning or of education. Among them were four professors of classics, includ- ing Mr. Gilbert Murrav and Mr. Ehys Roberts ; Prof, w! P. Ker to represent English, and Professor Whitehead to represent Science and the Roj^al Society. Other members were the Vice-Chancellor of Sheffield, Sir Henry Hadow, and Dr. Alington, the Headmaster of Eton. On the whole the Com- mittee, though perhaps somewhat too exclusively educational in composition, is one which speaks with great authority on the prob- lem submitted to it.
The report covers over three hundred pages and is crammed with facts and statistics. Even
the recommendations with which it concludes are so numerous and minute that they cover thirteen pages. It will not be possible for us to mention more than a few of them.
The Committee are at once alarmist and hopeful. They set out a very serious situation. Ow- ing to various causes there is a real danger of the disappearance of Greek from the English system of secondary and university edu- cation, and danger, too, of the re- duction of Latin to a position of much less importance than almost all educational authorities desire for it. The causes of this are manifold. The old and occasion- ally insolent predominance of the classics in the education of the ''governing classes" produced a reaction which has not yet fully spent itself in the popular mind, though nearly all who have thought much about education know that it went too far. It combined with the general nineteenth century de- mand for what was believed to be practical to produce results which are still at work and are the cause of most of what is unsatisfactory in the situation set forth in this report.
Yet the Committee by no means take a despairing view of the posi- tion. The truth is perhaps that, while most of the material factors in the problem are against the classics, the moral factors are more and more in their favor.
120
THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
March 15
Bismarck tried in vain to undo liis own teaching and persuade German statesmen that "impon- derabilia" were often the things which proved decisive in the end. In this case the imponderabilia seem on the whole to be decisively on the side of the classics. AVhile ignorant people still repeat the parrot denunciations of fifty years ago, instructed opinion, and even the newest forces of uninstructed opinion, are realizing more and more what education would lose if it lost the classics ; what, as it is, is lost by the vast majority who cannot or do not touch them. No one, as the Committee expressly say, wishes to restore to them their ancient predominance to the neglect of other subjects. But al- most everyone who cares for edu- cation is beginning to feel, or has long felt, that the reaction against them has been carried too far. The admirable introduction of this report, with its reasoned justifica- tion of the claim of the classics to a considerable place in a national system of education was scarcely needed for those who are compe- tent to judge in these matters. It is to be hoped, however, that it will be read and assimilated by many who at present are not well informed on this head.
An important problem in con- nection with the classics arises from the fact, insufficiently recog- nized by schoolmasters of the old type, that, so long as seventy or eighty per cent of their boys leave school without any intellectual interest's of any kind, their system must be pronounced a failure. How far is that failure attributa- ble to excessive time given to Greek and Latin?
The Committee show that the number of periods allotted to the
classics in the time-tables is not nearly so great as critics often suppose, and they recommend that it should not be further reduced. They are plainly right. Nothing can be a more complete waste of time than to attempt to teach Virgil or Sophocles by a single lesson once a week. If Greek or Latin are to be learnt at all, they must be learnt every day.
But there is another possible saving of time which the Commit- tee too easily dismiss or ignore. Why not begin the classics much later? Why not confine them to boys and girls who have shown some turn for literary studies? The enemies of the classics and of the classical schoolmasters to-day are nearly all of their own mak- ing. The man who groans over the time he wasted at a classical college has commonly been a boy who, having no turn whatever for languages, w^as forced to spend six or seven years in failing to learn the elements of the two most difficult of all. He is the living- proof of the failure of the higher schools, just as the man who cares for nothing but football and the "movies" is proof of the failure of the elementary schools. It is not the classics, of course, that have injured the work of the ele- mentary schools; it is mainly the old utilitarian code and the evil influences which it left behind — now, it is to be hoped, in rapid process of removal.
•-♦<$.-•-.
— I ought not to pronounce judg- ment on a fellow-creature until I know all that enters into his life; until I can measure all the forces of temptation and resistance ; until I can give full weight to all the facts in the case. In other words, I am never in a position to judge another. — Mabie.
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
103
The Real Danger of "Freudism"
By the Rev. Albert Muntsch, S. J.
The F. E. has been quoting, dur- ing the last five or six years, the opinions of leading medical men and psychologists on the misuse of ''psycho-analysis" by the igno- rant or unscrupulous practitioner. Abundant proof has been given that the methods advocated by Dr. Sigmund Freud for the heal- ing of mental diseases often result in incalculable harm to the poor victim who falls under the care of a ''psycho-analytic" quack.
Perhaps the insidious and per- nicious effects of what has now become well known as "Freud- ism" have never been so trench- antly pointed out as in a brief edi- torial in the X. Y. Independent (January 28, 1922).
"Suicide," we read there, "may or not be a frequent result of ab- sorption in the doctrines associat- ed with the name of Sigmund Freud. The harm that is done by their dissemination is infinitely more important as affecting the thousands who continue to live than the few here and there whom ii' may perhaps drive to self- destruction. Xor does the word 'dismal' begin to express the actu- al effect of that pernicious teach- ing. Lowering, degrading, be- smirching, covering with slime what normally thinking persons hold in admiration and reverence — that is the real evil, in compar- ison with which all else is trifling. And, so far from all this being the tragic result of a recognition of scientific truth, it springs from the exploitation of a theory based on a grotesquely inadequate foun- dation, condemned by scientists of the highest standing as the out- come of bad logic and unscientific
thinking, and, in so far as it does contain an element of truth, re- quiring the utmost care and cau- tion in its application even at the hands of persons of special train- ing. Its popularization by giib- tong-ued writers and half-baked thinkers has been nothing less than a calamity to a large part of the rising generation."
How well these statements agree with the opinions of Catholic scholars on the subject, may be seen from a review of a book of Dr. J. B. Egger, O.S.B., in the Theologisch - praktische Quartal- schrift, of Linz, Austria (Vol. 75, 1922, Heft 1). Dr. Egger 's book is entitled "Die Psychanalyse als Seelenproblem und Lebensrich- tang." Dr. Hochaschboeck, who v/rites the review, says : "In the present second part of his timely study the author examines psycho- analysis as a practical philosophy from a metaphysical, an ethical, and a pedagogical point of view, in the light of the phUosophia perennis. The verdict was bound to be condemnatory. 'J. J. Rous- seau, Kant, Spencer, Comte, John Stuart Mill, Helvetius, Holbach, Schopenhauer, Eduard von Hart- raann, Haeckel and others have formed a nameless organization, called Psycho-analysis, in order to market their stale theories under this label and find readier sale for them.' Psycho-analysis has, how- ever, powerfully influenced the study of the soul and may in con- nection with other means prove beneficial as a therapeutic meas- ure in the diagnosis and treat- ment of psychoses. As the author subjects opposing theories to a thorough criticism and takes a
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THE rOBTNIOHLY KKVIKW
11)5
•toriiins may Ih> S(>t asido ns rthlfss w itnt'ss.'s in tho liirht of
'* Drori'tum (M'lasiamim.*' St. stin Martyr aiul St. Iri'iiaous,
only ri'inaininLT witnrssos wint • trnstworthy, did n«>t pn»|M»st' iliasni as an artiolo of faith, t niorcly hold it as a p»'rst>nai inii»n. This opinion was ct>ni- tttnl hy ('h'in«Mit of AK'xandria, i>r»'ii. and Dionysius. Hislmp of I'xandria. whom Knsrhius lion- tni with the tith' of (Jrrat and . Athanasius calhMl a I)(R*tor of (» Church.
• •#• >
he Work of the Catholic Extension
Society
Msu'r. F. C. Kflh-y in tho onr
•nt installment of "Thf Story ol'
xtcnsion," in tin* March Hjttii-
on Mtn/ii^inr, pnhlishcs a map
hich illnstratt>s the rcmarkahh'
ork lhi» Catholic K\t«>nsion So
icty has Ih'cn ahlc to do in the six-
•cn years of its existence. There
re •J,(f74 dots, scattcnnl over all
lie continental V. S., Alaska.
*orto Kico, and the IMiilippine
slamls, i\\u\ each di>t represents
I chnnh hnildin^ erect«'<l hy Kx-
••nsion's aitl. It is well to recall
hat the Society follows the ifon-
•ral ride of makinir ^ifts only to
ocalities wherein there is no
^'atholic church, and conse<iuently
tho overwhelming: majority of its
drifts went for new posts, new cen-
t rs of Catholic activity.
Altturcther the Hxteiision So- ciety lias spent much more than five million dollars for the home missions. To this must he atlded ij:ift.s to the foreivrii missions to the amount of $.{n.<MM); $'J(),(MM) spent on tlie education of boys for the priesthood; $7(;.(MM) for the Mexican refujrees and the sui»p<>rl of the seminarv in Castrovillc.
Vx.; $7r).()(M) tor the distnhutiou f Catholic literature; $71,001) for avinir the church property of the VrchdiiU'esc of N'ancouver; f")-!,- 00 for the poor priests and Sis- >rs of Central Kurope, etc., etc.
To th» all this wt)rk re»iuired an miual outlay of $:?;>,000.
The H.itt iisinn M<iiia:iih' itself IMS heen larirely instrumental in nisinir these laixe sums. It is veil edited and deserves the witle •irculation to which it has at- nined. May we not Impe that, as he Society prospers heyoiul the lopes of its ft>uiulers, the H.itt'ii- iini Md'Kiciiir will dispens(» with uch d«)iil>tl'ul advertisiMuents as, or example, that lieadtMl " Ue a Slaster o\' .la// and Ixautime," on >aue 1() of the .March issue f
- ♦ ♦.|^^-»-
Regeneration
Ity j. CoKM)N Ml 1.1.1 K
<lrcamcd tli.il out of this Ian«l of ours. '•riuimed hiRli witli milk and lioncy and
flowers, \ !'cw race spraiiR fn»ni a llo<-»«l of pain, r.> daz/lo tlic eyes of the earth aRain.
\nil out of tl»e hauRhty hand of Power, Xnd droppe«I from the bulRiuR purse of
Wealth. There came for tlie I^oor a playtime-hour — The I.am? walked straiRJit. and the Sick
had health.
\nd I.OV0 was a banner tliaf ^hono with
5;>lendor. \s hripht as the ancient hills of morn, .\s brothrr to brother, men's words were
tender, For sacrifice out of pain was t>orn.
\nd live; oner black prcw white with plory. Kor rrncL' was kinvr in our social plan; .\nd then, for the end of the world's brave
story. We had the rirothorhood of M.in.
—You are interested in the advertisements of others th.it appear in the Rkview. Don't you think others would be interested in
104
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
March 15
definite stand on some of the most important questions of the day, his study has a permanent value." It is comforting in these days of wild theorizing to notice again and again that, after the clouds of
angry controversy have 'feen dis- pelled and after sanity las been restored, the light of Catholic truth and philosophy scves our most perplexing problem.
Albert Muntsci. S. J.
A Revival of Chiliasm
AVho would have thought that Prof. Francis Spirago, the author of the famous "Catechism," so highly regarded and so widely used* throughout the Catholic
sitting upon the restoro' throne oi David, will rule over te whole world as visible King."
We are jjromised a horough refutation of these grouiiless as-
world, would publish a work 8umi>ti«>ns from the wnings of
which would be attacked by emi- nent Catholic theologians as con- trary to revealed truth? Yet such is the case. We find in the Thto- lo (jiscli-praktisch c (J ita rtalscli rif t , of Linz (1922, 1. Jlelt, pp. 4H-(J:{), the first installment of a detailed critique of "J)er Weltuiitergang und die neueErde von Prof. Franz Spirago in Prag" (Prague, P.U!)). Though the book has the imprim- iitur of the Arch))ish(tp of Prague, the critic, Kev. ,]. Schmid- Anger- bach, of Katisbon, declares that it is largelv l)asi'd upon "Der Zu- kunftsstaat" of Dr. Aug. Hohliiig, which is on the Index, and con- tains un-Catholic doctrines.
The theses extracted from Sjiir- ago's work by his critic are dis- tinctly millenarian or chiliastic. They are: (1) "The few just men living on earth will survive the great telluric conflagration, where- as the wicked will perish by fire"; (2) "The surviving just will at-
the Church Fathers in tb second and concluding portion of Dr. Schmid-Angerbach's artice, which will ai)pear in the April number ol the Qiiartahchrift.
Dr. Spirago has plaiijs' fallen a victim to Chiliasm, t which tliere are two forms, one ijretical, the other simply erronoas. The moderate Chiliasm hereu ques- tion had a numl)er of dherents among Patristic writers. notably Pai)ias, Justin Martyr, tenaeus, Terlullian, Commodian, nd Lac- tantius. Its favorite texts Apoc. XX, 1 s(i(i. As Msgr. Poh; points out ("Eschatology," ed Preuss, ]). 157), this moderate orm of Chiliasm is not ea.sy to rfute be- cause it .seems to have ai)asis in Sacred Scripture and rimitive tradition. Yet the New Tstament as well as the early creoe speak of the resurrection of He flesh, the Last Judgment, and the end of the world in terms whih make
tend the Last Judgment in their it evident that these thre events
living bodies, whereupon they will are to follow one anotheiin close
be changed and survive upon the succession, and therefor* no time
new earth, multiply, and finally go is left for a millennium.
to Heaven without passing through the stage of death"; (3) "After the Last Judgment a new eternal kingdom of God will arise upon the renewed earth, and Christ,
The traditional basis f Chili- asm is very weak. Papia-was ad- mittedly uncritical. Tertiiian was a heretic when he embracd Chih- asm. Lactantius, Commocan, and
'7i^
i»»)«***
ikn*
*«■»..
■■^«'
int
THE PORTNIOHTLY REVIEW
106
\ rtorins may be set aside as
"' ' ♦ .^^ ^ i the liifht of
' ' luuin." Si.
V aini Si. IrriKi«u>,
liiiiiiir \viliu'ss«s u 111.
:liy, did not pri>|Misc
;in article of faith.
< Id it as a ptTMinal
.wN o|iiiii(>ii was c«)iii-
( h'lnent of Ah'Xaiulria.
< :id Dioiiysius, Hixhop ot
la, whom Kusi'hius lion-
the titK» i»f (treat and
IS ealloit a Doctor of
The Wor of the Catholic Extension Society I '. * '. Kvlli'N ill thi- tui .Ihii.Mit of ••Thi« Story oi ill thf Maroh Extnt • . piihlislu's a map lln' reinarka)»lt*
. KxteIl^io|| So
> al»lr to (h> ill thi* six
its existfiieo. Thrn*
at- •>, scatten"*! over all
th. ital r. S., Alaska.
i*o, and tlu' IMiilippiiic
(lid »'ju*h tlot n'presrnl>
huildini; en'et»*<l hy Kx-
. ai<l. it is Wfll tt» nrall
til! th- Society follows the iren-
«!.il r\\\ of niakintr ^ifts only to
l«»<;iliti.' whfrrin there is no
Calholi chiireh, and consequently
tin- oviu helming majority of its
i:itt> wut for new posts, iirw crii
t' I- of Catholic activity.
'her the Kxtension So-
^ spent inueh more than
on dollars for the home
Ttt this must he a*Med
M»fl> I the forei;rn missions to
the amunt of $;'»(MHM); $L»(;.(HMl
spent o the e<lueation of hoys for
the pnRthoo<l; $7tl,(MM) for the
Moxica refuir«»es and the su|)port
of til* seminarv in Castroville.
Tex.; $75,tHX) for the distrihutiou of Catholic literature; $71.(RH) for savinir the church property of the ArchdiiK'csc of Vancouver; |s34,- (HK> for the |H)or priests and Sis- ters of Central Kuropc. etc., etc.
To do all this work re<iuired an annual outlay of $:i'^(HH).
The Exit usum MafKuinc itself has iH'en larirely instrumental in raisint; these lar^e sums. It is well tnlitetl and deserves the wide circulatitm to which it has at- taiiunl. May we not hope that, as the Society prospers heyond the ho|H»8 of its fouiulers, the Exftn- sitm Mafnicin«' will dispense with such douhtful a«lvertiseinents as, for example, that headtnl "Be a Master of Jazz and Kairtime," on pa^e 1(» t»f the March issue?
Regeneration
II) j. Ct'kM.s .Miu>:i
I drcatnrd thai out of this land of ours, Brimmed hiijli with milk and honey and
(lowers, .\ tJew race sprang from a ftood of pain. To daxxle the eyes of the earth again.
And otit of the hauRhty han«l of Power. .\nd dropped from the bulging purse of
Wealth, There came for the Poor a playtime-hour — The I^m? walked straight, and the Sick
had health.
.\nd Love was a banner that shone with
splendor, .\s bright as the ancient hills of morn. As brothtr to brother, men's words were
tender. For sacrifice out of pain was twrn.
And lives once black grew white with glory. For Pe.ic? was king in our social plan; And then, for the end of the world's brave
story, \Vc ha<l the Brotherhood of M.in.
— You are interested in the advertisemenf« of others that appear in the Review. Don't you think others would be interested in yours?
104
THE FOETNIGHTLY EEVIEW
March 15
definite stand on some of the most important questions of the day, his study has a permanent value." It is comforting in these days of wild theorizing to notice again and again that, after the clouds of
angry controversy have been dis- pelled and after sanity has been restored, the light of Catholic truth and philosophy solves our most perplexing problems.
i^LBEET MUNTSCH, S. J.
A Revival of Chiliasm
Who would have thought that Prof. Francis Spirago, the author of the famous "Catechism," so highly regarded and so widely used throughout the Catholic world, would publish a work which would be attacked by emi- nent Catholic theologians as con- trary to revealed truth f Yet such is the case. We find in the Tlieo- logiscli-praktisclie Quartalschrift, of Linz (1922, 1. Heft, pp. 48-63), the first installment of a detailed critique of ''Der Weltuntergang und die neue Erde von Prof. Franz Spirago in Prag" (Prague, 1919). Though the book has the imprim- atur of the Archbishop of Prague, the critic, Rev. J. Schmid-Anger- bach, of Ratisbon, declares that it is largely based upon "Der Zu- kunftsstaat" of Dr. Aug. Rohling, which is on the Index, and con- tains un-Catholic doctrines.
The theses extracted from Spir- ago's work by his critic are dis- tinctly millenarian or chiliastic. They are: (1) "The few just men living on earth will survive the great telluric conflagration, where- as the wicked will perish by fire"; (2) "The surviving just will at- tend the Last Judgment in their living bodies, whereupon they will be changed and survive upon the new earth, multiply, and finally go to Heaven without passing through the stage of death"; (3) "After the Last Judgment a new eternal kingdom of God will arise upon the renewed earth, and Christ,
sitting upon the restored throne of David, mil rule over the whole world as visible King."
We are promised a thorough refutation of these groundless as- sumptions from the writings of the Church Fathers in the second and concluding portion of Dr. Schmid-Angerbach 's article, which will appear in the April number ol the Quartalschrift.
Dr. Spirago has plainly fallen a victim to Chiliasm, of which there are two forms, one heretical, the other simply erroneous. The moderate Chiliasm here in ques- tion had a number of adherents among Patristic writers, notably Papias, Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, Tertullian, Commodian, and Lac- tantius. Its favorite text is Apoc. XX, 1 sqq. As Msgr. Pohle points out ("Eschatology," ed. Preuss, p. 157), this moderate form of Chiliasm is not easy to refute be- cause it seems to have a basis in Sacred Scripture and primitive tradition. Yet the New Testament as well as the early creeds speak of the resurrection of the flesh, the Last Judgment, and the end of the world in terms which make it evident that these three events are to follow one another in close succession, and therefore no time is left for a millennium.
The traditional basis of Chili- asm is very weak. Papias was ad- mittedly uncritical. TertuUian was a heretic when he embraced Chili- asm. Lactantius, Commodian, and
1922
THE FOETNIGHTLY EEVIEW
105
Victorinus may be set aside as worthless witnesses in the light of the "Decretum Gelasianum." St. Justin Martyr and St. Irenaeus, the only remaining witnesses who are trustworthy, did iiot propose Cliiliasm as an article of faith, but merely held it as a personal opinion. This opinion was com- batted by Clement of Alexandria, Origen, and Dionysius, Bishop of Alexandria, whom Eusebius hon- ored with the title of Great and St. Athanasius called a Doctor of the Church.
The Work of the Catholic Extension Society
MsgT. F. C. Kelley in the cur- rent installment of "The Story of Extension," in the March Exten- sion Magazine, publishes a map which illustrates the remarkable work the Catholic Extension So- ciety has been able to do in the six- teen years of its existence. There are 2,074 dots, scattered over all the continental U. S., Alaska, Porto Rico, and the Philippine Islands, and each dot represents a church building erected by Ex- tension's aid. It is well to recall that the Society follows the gen- eral rule of .making gifts only to localities wherein there is no Catholic church, and consequently the overwhelming majority of its gifts went for new posts, new cen- ters of Catholic activity.
Altogether the Extension So- ciety has spent much more than f've million dollars for the home missions. To this must be added gifts to the foreign missions to the amount of $30,000; $26,000 spent on the education of boys for the priesthood; $76,000 for the Mexican refugees and the support of the seminary in Castroville,
Tex.; $75,000 for the distribution of Catholic literature ; $71,000 for saving the church property of the Archdiocese of Vancouver; $54,- 000 for the poor priests and Sis- ters of Central Europe, etc., etc.
To do all this work required an annual outlay of $33,000.
The Extension Magazine itself has been largely instrumental in raising these large sums. It is well edited and deserves the wide circulation to which it has at- tained. May we not hope that, as the Society prospers beyond the hopes of its founders, the Exten- sion Magazine will dispense with such doubtful advertisements as, for example, that headed "Be a Master of Jazz and Ragtime," on page 16 of the March issue ?
■^-.^>^
Regeneration By J. Corson Miller
I dreamed that out of this land of ours, Brimmed high with milk and honey and
flowers, A new race sprang from a flood of pain, To dazzle the eyes of the earth again.
And out of the haughty hand of Power, And dropped from the bulging purse of
Wealth, There came for the Poor a playtime-hour — The Lams walked straight, and the Sick
had health.
And Love was a banner that shone with
splendor, As bright as the ancient hills of morn. As brother to brother, men's words were
tender, For sacrifice out of pain was born.
And lives once black grew white with glory. For Peace was king in our social plan; And then, for the end of the world's brave
story, We had the Brotherhood of Man.
-.^>*
— You are interested in the advertisements of others that appear in the Review. Don't you think others would be interested in yours?
106
THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
March 16
A Homesick Apostate
The Augsburger Postzeitiuii), in its Literary Supplement (No. 4), calls attention to a remarkable book, "Die religiosen Kriit'te des katliolisclien Dogmas," by Dr. Leonard Fendt (Munich: Kaiser,
Dr. Fendt is an apostate priest, who was formerly professor of dogmatic theology at Dillingen. He is now pastor of a Protestant congregation and has written the book just mentioned "for evangel- ical theologians who love their church and are willing to remain faithful to her, no matter how she may fare in the near future, but who at the same time are realists enough to learn from all truly popular religions, especially from Catholicism, which was the mother of all existing Christian denomi- nations."
The book is really an extensive Catholic dogmatic theology, based upon the teaching of Trent and the Vaticanum. The exposition is substantially correct, though there are a few minor errors and sev- eral important dogmas, such as that of the primacy of St. Peter, are passed over almost without mention. "The religious deci- sion" indicated in the title evi- dently leans in favor of Catho- licism, and Fendt 's Catholic critic in the Postzeltung does not hesi- tate to say: "We are so little used to fairness and justice on the part of those who for one reason or another have turned their backs upon the Catholic Church, that the warm and noble tone in which I'endt deals with *the religious decision' is an agreeable surprise. One f requenth- asks oneself : AVhy did this man leave the Church? and between the lines of his book here and there one cannot help
reading the wish: Would that I were back home again!"
An Exposure of Spiritism The puerile and immoral prac- tice of Spiritism has received a nasty knock from the editor of the London Saturday Review^ who, by arrangement with Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the high- priest of the cult in England, attended a seance in High- gate some weeks ago. Although sympathetically inclined and pre- pared to accept genuine evidence^ Mr. Filson Young speedily dis- covered that the preparation for the seance and the conduct of it were expressly calculated to dull the edge of criticism, and, keeping himself calm amidst the emotion around him, was able to detect the fraud. Li the Saturday Be view of January 21 and 28th, he gives an acount of the whole thing which, the Mouth hopes, "will be republished and scattered broad- cast, for it may open the eyes of those who are tempted by the promises of Spiritists to the com- bination of blaspheni}' 'and deceit involved in their practices. We are not so convinced as Mr. Young," adds our esteemed con- temporary (No. 692), "that the whole thing is purely fraud, how- ever it may have been in the case he investigated. We can readily believe that evil spirits are some- times allowed to take advantage of the unhallowed curiosity of necromancers, and produce mani- festations which are beyond na- ture. But there can be no doubt that the conditions insisted on for the usual seances lend themselves readily to imposture, and that the impudence of the conductors of such operations can hardly exceed the credulity of their dupes."
Il:
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
107
The Fable of the SUver Mallet It will surprise many of our readers to learn, on the authority of Father Herbert Thurston, S. J., that the ceremonial which is al- leged to take place after the demise of a pope in formal attestation of the fact of his death, exists only in the imagination of certain writers, among whom are the Eoman reporters who supplied the American public with the news that, after Benedict XV had breathed his last, the Cardinal Penitentiary touched the dead Pope's head with a silver mallet, and called three times: "Giacomo della Chiesa, are you there?" This ceremonial is described in so many otherwise reliable Cathohc books (such as, for instance, Goyau's ''Le Vatican" and Mo- roni's "Dizionario") that one can hardly believe one's eyes when one reads in the Februarv number of Tlie Mouth (No. 692^ pp. 170 sqq.) Father Thurston's positive assurance that no silver hammer is ever used to strike the pope's forehead and that the custom of calling aloud three times the words "Pater Sancte" w^as dis- continued nearly two and a half centuries ago, on the death of Clement X, in 1676.
"It really seems a pity," Fr. Thurston facetiously concludes, "that the attention of Sir James Fraser has never been directed to
this interesting ceremonial
He would, we feel sure, find in the alleged custom abundant material for another new volume of 'The Golden Bough.' Surely it is ob- vious that the mallet episode en- shrines a most illuminating reve- lation of the manner of providing a new pontiff or god among prim- itive peoples. When the old chief medicine-man grew weak, you
knocked him on the head with the nearest available piece of timber .... and then you called him at intervals by his name, affection- ately and solicitously, until he
ceased to answer After that
you shut up all the most dispu- tacious members of the tribe to elect the new pontiff, and you left them without food and water until they came to an agreement. Sir James Fraser would work out the details with immense learning and with abundant illustrations from the practice of all primitive peo- ples from Lapland to Patagonia. And the result would be quite as valuable and quite as true to his- tory as Sir James's elucidations of the role of the famous priest of Diana in the grove of Aricia."
An Eminent Swiss Catholic Writer Dr. Wm. Oehl, of the University of Freiburg (Switzerland), con- tributes to the Literary Supple- ment of the Augshurger Postzei- tung (No. 4) a paper on the life and writings of Msgr. A. Meyen- berg, the eminent Swiss priest and writer, who is well known also in English speaking countries through one of his classical books on homiletics, which has been translated into our language.
Albert Meyenberg was born November 9, 1861, at Lucerne and studied theology (1881-1884) at Innsbruck and under Msgr. F. Hettinger at Wiirzburg. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1885. Upon his return to Switzerland he taught Christian doctrine for six years at Baar and Zug and, in 1891, was appointed professor of moral theology in the seminary at Lucerne. A few years later he gave up moral theology and took the chair of homiletics and pastor-
106
THE FOETNIGHTLY EEVIEW
March 15
A Homesick Apostate
The Augshurger Postzeitung, in its Literary Supplement (No. 4), calls attention to a remarkable book, *'Die religiosen Krafte des katholisclien Dogmas," by Dr. Leonard Fendt (Mmiicli: Kaiser, 1921).
Dr. Fendt is an apostate priest, who was formerly professor of dogmatic theology at Dillingen. He is now pastor of a Protestant congregation and has written the book just mentioned ''for evangel- ical theologians who love their church and are willing to remain faithful to her, no matter how she may fare in the near future, but who at the same time are realists enough to learn from all truly popular religions, especially from Catholicism, which was the mother of all existing Christian denomi- nations."
The book is really an extensive Catholic dogmatic theology, based upon the teaching of Trent and the Vaticanum. The exposition is substantially correct, though there are a few minor errors and sev- eral important dogmas, such as that of the primacy of St. Peter, are passed over almost without mention. "The religious deci- sion" indicated in the title evi- dently leans in favor of Catho- licism, and Fendt 's Catholic critic in the Postzeitung does not hesi- tate to say: "We are so little used to fairness and justice on the part of those who for one reason or another have turned their backs upon the Catholic Church, that the v%^arm and noble tone in which Fendt deals with 'the religious decision' is an agreeable surprise. One frequently asks oneself : Why did this man leave the Church? and between the lines of his book here and there one cannot help
reading the wish: Would that I were back home again!"
An Exposure of Spiritism The puerile and immoral prac- tice of Spiritism has received a nasty knock from the editor of the London Saturday Review, who, by arrangement with Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the high- priest of the cult in England, attended a seance in High- gate some weeks ago. Although sympathetically inclined and pre- pared to accept genuine evidence, Mr. Filson Young speedily dis- covered that the preparation for the seance and the conduct of it were expressly calculated to dull the edge of criticism, and, keeping himself calm amidst the emotion around him, was able to detect the fraud. In the Saturday Revieio of January 21 and 28th, he gives an acount of the whole thing which, the Mouth hopes, "will be republished and scattered broad- cast, for it may open the eyes of those who are tempted by the Xjromises of Spiritists to the com- bination of blasphemy "and deceit involved in their practices. We are not so convinced as Mr. Young," adds our esteemed con- temporary (No. 692), "that the whole thing is purety fraud, how- ever it may have been in the case he investigated. We can readily believe that evil spirits are some- times allowed to take advantage of the unhallowed curiosity of necromancers, and produce mani- festations which are beyond na- ture. But there can be no doubt that the conditions insisted on for the usual seances lend themselves readily to imposture, and that the impudence of the conductors of such operations can hardly exceed the credulity of their dupes."
192^
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
107
The Fable of the SUver Mallet It will surprise many of our readers to learn, on the authority of Father Herbert Thurston, S. J., that the ceremonial which is al- leged to take place after the demise of a pope in formal attestation of the fact of his death, exists only in the imagination of certain writers, among whom are the Eoman reporters who supplied the American public with the news that, after Benedict XV had breathed his last, the Cardinal Penitentiary touched the dead Pope's head with a silver mallet, and called three times: "Giacomo delta Chiesa, are you there?" This ceremonial is described in so many otherwise reliable Catholic books (such as, for instance, Goyau's ''Le Vatican" and Mo- roni's "Dizionario") that one can hardly believe one's eyes when one reads in the Februarv number of The Month (No. 692, pp. 170 sqq.) Father Thurston's positive assurance that no silver hammer is ever used to strike the pope's forehead and that the custom of calling aloud three times the words "Pater Sancte" was dis- continued nearly two and a half centuries ago, on the death of Clement X, in 1676.
*'It really seems a pity," Fr. Thurston facetiously concludes, "that the attention of Sir James Fraser has never been directed to
this interesting ceremonial
He would, we feel sure, find in the alleged custom abundant material for another new volume of 'The Golden Bough.' Surely it is ob- vious that the mallet episode en- shrines a most illuminating reve- lation of the manner of providing a new pontiff or god among prim- itive peoples. When the old chief medicine-man grew weak, you
knocked him on the head with the nearest available piece of timber .... and then you called him at intervals by his name, affection- ately and solicitously, until he
ceased to answer After that
you shut up all the most dispu- tacious members of the tribe to elect the new pontiff, and you left them without food and water until they came to an agreement. Sir James Fraser would work out the details with immense learning and with abundant illustrations from the practice of all primitive peo- ples from Lapland to Patagonia. And the result would be quite as valuable and quite as true to his- tory as Sir James's elucidations of the role of the famous priest of Diana in the grove of Aricia."
An Eminent Swiss Catholic Writer Dr. Wm. Oehl, of the University of Freiburg (Switzerland), con- tributes to the Literary Supple- ment of the Augshurger Postsei- tung (No. 4) a paper on the life and writings of Msgr. A. Meyen- berg, the eminent Swiss priest and writer, who is well known also in English speaking countries through one of his classical books on homiletics, which has been translated into our language.
Albert Meyenberg was born November 9, 1861, at Lucerne and studied theology (1881-1884) at Innsbruck and under Msgr. F. Hettinger at Wiirzburg. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1885. Upon his return to Switzerland he taught Christian doctrine for six years at Baar and Zug and, in 1891, was appointed professor of moral theology in the seminary at Lucerne. A few years later he gave up moral theology and took the chair of homiletics and pastor-
108
THE FOETNIGHTLY KEVIEW
March 15
al theology. It is with subjects of these two important sciences that most of his pubUshed writings deal. His best known books are: ''Homiletisch - Katechetische Stu- dien, ' ' 1892 ; ' ' Ob wir ihn finden ? ' ' 1907; ''1st die Bibel inspiriert?" 1905; ''Wartburgfahrten," 1909; "Weihnachtshomiletik," 1921. His *'Wartburgfahrten," in the opin- ion of Dr. Oehl, ranks with Bishop von Keppler's "More Joy" and Fr. Morawski's ''Abende am Gen- fersee" as one of the classics of modern German Catholic litera- ture. Msgr. Meyenberg is also an authority on botany, which has truly been called the ''scientia amabilis," and for a number of years has edited with great skill the weekly Scliiveisensche Kir- cheuzeitung, which is among our most valued exchanges.
We join in the congratulations of his friends upon his sixtieth birthday and hope this distin- guished Swiss Catholic editor and author will for many years to come be enabled to continue his strenuous and fruitful labors on behalf of that venerable world- ^'iew of which he is one of the most brilliant and effective expo- nents in Europe to-day.
Dante and the Visio Alberici
Dante in several passages of his writings alludes to a certain work commonly known as "Alberici Visio." Who was this Albericus and what about his "vision"? The Catholic Encyclopedia men- tions only two persons by that name : a Cardinal of Ostia, who died in France, A. D. 1147, and Alberic of Monte Cassino (died 1088), also a cardinal, whose later writings are said to be found among those ascribed to Peter Damian. There is, however, an-
other Alberic. He was born at Settefrati, a hilly municipality in the diocese of Sora, in 1101. "\Vhen ten years old, he had a strange vi- sion. A dove carried him to Heaven by the hair of his head and pre- sented him to St. Peter, who prom- ised to show him the eternal realms. Two angels conducted him first through Hell, then through Purgatory, and finally through the seven heavens. Later the youth entered the famous ab- bey of Monte Cassino under Abbot Gerard, where he was ordained to the priesthood, in 1124.
This "vision" created quite a furore and soon was known to the populace far and Avide. Abbot Senioretto commanded the monk Guido to put it to paper, but neither diction nor composition pleased him, and he charged Peter the Deacon with the task.
The "Vision of Albericus," as written doAm by Petrus Diaconus, is still preserved in MS. at Monte Cassino (Cod. memb. n. 239). It was first published by Francesco Cancellieri in 1814 and reproduced in an edition of the "Divina Com- media," Rome, 1815. The Monte Cassino edition of the "Divina Commedia" of 1894 also contains a careful recension of the "Visio Alberici. ' '
Though many commentators on Dante ignore the "Visio Alberi- ci," some (like Carey, and espe- cially Italian writers) acknowl- edge a striking similarity of con- tents between the two works.
Additional information on this topic may be found in the Rivista Storica Beneditfina, Eome, 1911, Vol. VI, pp. 214-220, whence we have extracted the above quoted data for the benefit of the readers of the F. R.
P. Chas. Augustixe, O.S.B.
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
109
Notes and Gleanings
A contributor to Blackfriars (No. 23) recalls a good joke by the late Cardinal Wiseman. Wiseman, he says, l:ad a ready wit, which he sometimes indulged even at the ceremonies in which his heart delighted. On one oc- casion the celebrant coram Cardinah was a very reverend but very small priest in a voluminous red chasuble and a stole so long as almost to trail along the ground. This was too much for the Cardinal, who could not refrain from saying to one of his at- tendants: "Quis est iste qui venit de Edom, tinctis vestibus de Bosra? Iste fcrmosus gradiens in stola sua?"
Not a few of the popes were gifted vdth a keen sense of humor. Fr. Walter Gumbley, O.P., writing on "Dignity and Humor" in No. 23 of Blackfriars, names especially Gregorv the Great, Benedict XIV, Pius IX, 'and Leo XIII. Of Benedict XIV he says: He was not only a great wit himself, but thorough- ly appreciated wit in others. Once the poverty-stricken scholar Galiani sent him as a present a large chest full of rocks and lava collected around Vesu- vius and enclosed a note saying: "Holy Father, command that these stones be made bread." The Pontiff at once con- ferred on him a canonry with an income of a hundred ducats. Pius IX, when the majority of the Sacred College voted against political amnesty, put his white skullcap over a pile of black beans, declaring, "Now they are all white!" When a cardinal, referring to the great mortality amongst his brethren, said to the aged Pius that the beads were dropping off the Rosary, the Pope struck his breast and replied: "Yes! But the Pater Noster remains firm." -•--•--♦•-••
Sarcasm is often met amongst the higher clergy. Chadderdon, the Prot- estant Bishop of Norwich, compared ■"the discovery of a good wife to the search of an eel in a barrel of snakes." Likely enough, comments Fr. Gumbley, domestic worries had driven him into open advocacy of a celibate life.
Very clever was the pun by which George Mountain obtained the see of London from James the First. On hearing that the King had a difficulty in making up his mind concerning the vacant bishopric. Mountain said to him: "O King! if thou hadst faith, thou wouldst say to this Mountain : Go, cast thyself into the See, and lo ! it would be done."
Once upon a time the better maga- zines were purchased and read by the middle class ; now their price makes them in a measure "exoteric." The "man in the street" is fed with cheap and worthless papers and magazines, half filled with advertisements, for publishing, under Capitalism, has be- become a mere business, which has to show profits, not only for the publish- ers, but for the dividend-hungry stock- holders who have provided the capital necessary to run a large printing con- cern. And the businesses which adver- tise in these papers and publications also have to show profits, not only for the firm, but also for the stockholders, and so on and so forth. The whole thing, as Mrs. H. M. Hyndman says in a letter to Blackfriars (No. 24), "is a vicious spiral, leading us lower and lower down ! . . . Mammon and Stupid- ity, twin gods of the possessing class, have stolen from the people those op- portunities of education which they themselves do not use."
"Written with a purpose," "tenden- tious," "thesis novel or play," have be- come stock phrases among book re- viewers. Yet, as a writer in Black- friars points out (No. 24), a book written with no purpose at all would be an exceedingly strange performance. Of course, the implication commonly is that the purpose, tendency or thesis does not appeal to the reviewer. Most books nowadays, it is to be feared, are written for no other purpose than to make money — at the expense, all too often, of good taste and good morals. Yet we rarely hear book reviewers waxing wroth over this "purpose."
110
THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
March 15
Prior Vincent McNabb, O.P., one of the Dominican friars engaged in Jing- lishing the "Summa Theologica" of St. Thomas, in a review of this monument- al work calls attention to the fact that St. Thomas, in dealing in the "Supple- mentnm" with the "Four Last Things," shows a certain youthful vigor rarely found in the mellowed pages of the "Summa." One amongst many exam- ples, he says, is found in Question 77, Article 2. "St. Thomas never came so near deserving the praise 'He did not suffer fools gladly,' as in this article, which deals with the unending race of fools given over to Apocalyptic ravings and computations. He brings to a close his calm discussion of these arithmet- ical lunatics with the grim phrase: 'The falseness of these calculators is evi- dent ; as will likewise be the falseness of those who even now cease not to calculate.' But our translation is little more than a pale cast of the strong original : 'Quorum f alsitas patet ; et patebit similiter eorum qui adhuc com- putare non cessant.' A perfect silhou- ette !"
A Catholic reviewer of the latest English biography of Bossuet (Jacques Benigne Bossuet: a Study'') by E. K. Sanders, an Anglican lady, says it is an admirable work, as a whole, but by no means ideal, because "no outsider can ever write the ideal biography of a Catholic saint or churchman." The book's chief blemish is the author's lack of understanding of the simple truth that a very low and scanty prac- tice is compatible and often co-exists with very real faith. Thus Mrs. Sand- ers is baffled by Mme. de Montespan, who, while she was the king's mistress, rigidly observed the fast. The Madame herself has explained the reason : "Must I commit all sins because I com- mit one?" Mrs. Sanders also shows lier ignorance of the Catholic religion ■ — and of the human heart — when she Vv'onders at the occasional desire of the royal mistress to approach the Sacra- ments ; at the immoral king himself upholding the obscure priest who had refused absolution to his principal
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
111
favorite at the height of her power; at the sorceress and poisoner who held that a no vena of prayer could work greater wonders than a potion or an incantation, etc. "^len who do not translate their theories into practice often hold those theories very firmly and with intelligent conviction.''
"A Religious j\Iedley" is the way Dr. Richard Downey in the New JVit- ness (No. 482) characterizes "An En- cyclopedia of Religions" by Alaurice A. Canney (London: Routledge). "It is a mine of information about things that don't matter," he says. "The things which the average student of religion wants to know are not there." For Catholic matters ^Ir. Canney 's chief, if not sole, authority is Addis and Arnold's Ii)ictionary, and his refer- ences are to^the seventh edition of 1905, instead ' to the current (ninth) edition of \9ir. He has apparently never heard of the Catholic Encyclope- dia or of the classic works of Catholic scholarship. Needless to add, "An En- cyclopedia of Religions," though it may possibly prove of some value to the advanced student of comparative re- ligion and to occultists in search of hisarreries, cannot be recommended as an adequate work of reference for "the cultured general reader."' It is but fair to add, however, that Canney's Encyclopedia is praised by the usually careful London Unnrrsc (No. 3187).
Information of great interest to the layman is scattered here and there through the pages of "The Wheat Plant," an agricultural monograph just published by Prof. John Percival, of Reading, England. Perhaps the most remarkable single fact recounted in the book is that there are at least 2,000 varieties of wheat which grow under widely different conditions. So various is the range that somewhere or other in the world a wheat crop is being cut always, no matter what the time of the year. The author regards our bread wheat as a hybrid derived from the wild small spelt of the Balkans and the
wild emnier of Syria and western Persia. The wheat grown by primitive man was probably the club dwarf vari- ety still cultivated in Turkestan. Prof. Percival scoffs at the stories that grains of wheat taken from Egyptian tombs have germinated. His own tests with grains of known age show that few kernels over fifteen years old will sprout, and he points in corroboration to the experiments of Prof. Flinders Petrie, who has tried in vain to grow the kernels of wheat found in his Egyptian explorations.
Herder's Literarischer Handweiser, now edited by Dr. Gustav Keckeis, is the leading Catholic magazine devoted entirely to book reviewing in Germany. No. 1 for 1922 inaugurates a new series of this time-tested old periodical, now in its 58th year. The Literarischer Haiidzcciser is published monthly and counts among its contributors such eminent and universally known schol- ars as Fr. H. Grisar, S.J., Msgr. C. M. Kaufmann, Fr. H. Muckermann, S.J., Dr. L. von Pastor, Prof. E. M. Roloff, P'r. Eric Wasmann, S.J., etc. Subscrip- tions for 1922 are taken by the B. Herder Book Co., of St. Louis. The subscription price is two dollars per annum.
Fr. Hildebrand Hopfl, O.S.B., an eminent Scripturist now teaching in the Collegio S. Anselmo in Rome, in No. 4 of the Literary Supplement to the Augshiirgcr Postzeititng reviews Fr. W. Schmidt's S.V.D. "Der strophische Aufbau des Gesamttextes der vier Evangelien," to which we briefly re- ferred in our issue of February 1. Fr. Schmidt, as our readers may remem- ber, thinks he has made the sensational discovery that the entire text of the Gospels — not only the addresses and parables of Christ, etc. — is composed in verses and strophes, built up, not according to subjective notions, but ac- cording to objective historical criteria ; tliat the strophes are grouped into pericopes, and that the pericopes form larger groups, which in turn go to con-
112
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
March 15
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113
slitute the whole of each Gospel. Dr. Hopfl admits in certain parts of the Gospels a kind of rhythm, analogous to that found in the sapiential books of the Old Testament; but he regards the "objective criteria" of Fr. Schmidt as entirely too subjective to form the basis of such a strange theory, which leaves unanswered the question: Did Jesus Himself speak in verses or did the Apostles clothe His teaching in poetical garb? In the latter case it would be more difficult to uphold the historicity of the Gospels. -•--•--♦--•-
The sensational appointment of Fa- ther Joseph M. Denning, of Marion, O., as American ambassador to the Vatican, with which we were regaled soon after the inauguration of Mr. Harding, has simmered down to the commonplace assignment of that rev- erend gentleman to the post of consul at Tangiers. We are assured that Fa- ther Denning's ordinary, the Archbish- op of Cincinnati, has given his consent to this appointment, and that, of course, settles the matter so far as ecclesiastical discipline is concerned. As to the larger question of priests entering politics and accepting political offices, not a few of Fr. Denning's own brethren of the cloth seem to feel that his case is setting a bad precedent. -•--♦•-•--♦-
Bishop Chartrand, of Indianapolis, in a pastoral letter on the Catholic press, says that "the efforts of writers and publishers of Catholic literature are deserving of praise and encourage- ment, and we all of us have an obliga- tion of making their labors fruitful and far-reaching." The Bishop whole- heartedly adds : "We may not always agree with the opinions of individuals as expressed in its [the CathoHc pa- per's] columns, but unless faith and morals are attacked, entire freedom of expression ought to be granted to edi- tors. In largeness of mind we should be able to discriminate between essen- tials and mere personal opinion." W^ould that all bishops and priests supported the Catholic press in such a broad-minded and generous fashion !
Forty Years of Missionary Life
in Arkansas
By the Rev. John Eugene Weibel, V.F.
{48th Imtallment)
As we had a good, rehable mixed choir, I was anxious to get a pipe organ. We had a reed organ, but I felt my choir deserved a fine pipe organ ; at the same time I feared to ask for it, as some might object to this and say other things were more necessary. Therefore, I resolved to take the people by surprise, and one Sunday announced that we were going to have a pipe organ for our splendid choir, which had been so faithful, and in which the main singers had been active from the first day that services were held in Jonesboro, before we had a church, in fact, when we still had Mass in a private room, in 1884. I asked those who were ready to help to bring me their contribution, but added that I expected the greatest sacri- fice from those, if there were any, who did not think we needed a pipe organ and were therefore determined not to contribute, namely to keep quiet and say nothing. I mentioned the wheel which does not work, but makes the greatest noise. Then I turned to the others who were glad to help and told them: "If anybody makes any remarks about purchasing the organ, ask at once. How much did you contribute? If they reply, nothing,, tell them either to open their pocket-books or to shut their mouths." Well, I never heard the least remark con- cerning the organ and never got anything more easily. In fact, many a time I suc- ceeded in a similar way when more earnest words would hardly have been heeded.
In the early days of the Catholic colony of Pocahontas I had a number of uncultured people who vexed me by their lack of man- ners. I am sorry to say they were mostly country-people of mine from Switzerland. Some had the bad habit of turning their heads every time the church door would open, even during the sermon; they were determined to know who had come in. Al- luding to this, I told them, it was good that they showed themselves indignant about peo- ple who came too late, but on account of the great distance of many farmers from church, and their defective clocks, this was unavoidable at times. However, henceforth they would not need to look around, as I could see the persons from the pulpit, and in future would tell them who it was, when- ever the door opened. They all laughed. Soon after the door opened again. A lady entered whom I did not know. Therefore I remarked : "This time you will have to look for yourselves, for I do not know this lady." I had no more trouble with people looking around.
Two Sisters, Mary Ann Brunner and Meinrada End, accompanied me to Europe.
112
THE FORTIGHTLY REVIEW
March 15
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114
THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
March 15
We took passage on the beautiful Hamburg liner, "Graf Walclersee," and we had a splen- did voyage. The weather was hne, the serv- ice all that could be desired, concerts by brass bands in the open air and at night by a good orchestra in the large dining-room of the second class. On these occasions almost everyone would take part in the singing of popular songs played by the orchestra. Leaf- lets with the words of tlie song were handed around. A Bohemian priest. ^Isgr. E. A. Bouska, rector of St. Wenceslaus' Churcli. at Tabor, X. D., kept our company in good humor during the whole trip. Notwithstand- ing his anti-semitic remarks and his many jokes at the expense of the people from Jerusalem and Samaria, our Jewish fellow- travelers were always seeking his company. We found our people glad at our arrival in Switzerland, Imt for quite a while my health improved but little. Xevertheless, I traveled about a good deal, visiting various friends and places and acquiring numerous objects for the Arkansas missions. In Au- gust, I went to ^Munich to visit ^Isgr. George Bruckle. I intended to remain there only a
few days, but the famous Miinchener beer worked like a tonic on me; my appetite re- turned, and the tired malarial feeling disap- peared. I was told that this was the ex- perience of many visitors and thereupon pro- longed my stay for two weeks. I returned to Switzerland in good health, full of cour- age and strength to resume my work.
Arriving in my home town on the last day of August, to my surprise I found the town decorated as it had been for my first Mass. On the Feast of St. Symphorosa, September 2nd, was the 25th anniversary of my first jNIass. On the eve of the feast the Abbess gave a banquet in the large guest-hall of the Abbey to the jubilarian and his many clerical friends. While we were at table the young men of the congregation came in procession with torchlights to the piazza of Our Lady's fountain, in front of the Abbey's guest- house. The band played and fireworks went up. (To be cotitinited) — .^g^-.^
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THE FOETNIGHTLY KEVIEW
115
Literarj' Briefs
Pope Pius IX
^Ir. J. Herbert Williams publishes in book form what is hardly more than an essay on '"Pope Pius IX," written with a view to further in English-speaking countries the cause of that saintly Pontiflf's beatification. The essay is worthy of perusal, but it was hardly important enough for a book. (Sands & Co. and B. Herder Book Co.).
A New Story by Father Spalding
Father Henry S. Spalding, S.J., has pub- lislied another of his fascinating stories of out-door life and adventure for boys. It is entitled, ""Signals from the Bay Tree" and deals with the adventures of three boys who made a camping trip into the almost unex- plored regions of the Ten Thousand Islands and tiie Everglades of Florida. (Benziger Bros.) A Novelette by Miss Nesbitt
"Lamps of Fire" is a novelette — it is hardly long enough to be called a novel — in which the author, ]\Iarian Nesbitt, weaves a readable and entertaining story around the theme, "Jealousy is as hard as hell ; the lamps thereof are lamps of fire and flame." Tlie publishers (Alatre and Co., Chicago) are to be congratulated on the workmanship and appearance of the book.
Indulgenced Prayers
Tlie '"Treasury of Indulgences," compiled by M. P. Donelan (B. Herder Book Co.), contains a large collection of prayers and ejaculations indulgenced by the Church. It is excellently adapted for visits to the Blessed Sacrament as well as for the regular church services. Religious cannot afford to be with- out it. and for the Catholic who is intent upon more than Sunday Alass, it is a real blessing. The Divine Motherhood of Mary
In a volume titled '"The Divine Mother- hood," the Rt. Rev. Ansgar Vonier, O.S.B., Abbot of Buckfast, sets forth in popular siyle and for devotional purposes the teach- ing of the Church on the divine maternity of the B. V. Mary. The treatise would be n;ore convincing had the author heeded the timely suggestions made for the reconstruc- tion of Mariology some years ago by Dr. Eartmann nf Paderborn. (B. Herder Book Co.) "Vademecum Theologiae Moralis"
This is the title of a synopsis of moral theology by Fr. Dominic Priimmer, O.P., of the University of Fribourg, Switzerland, de- signed for the use of seminarists and con-
fessors. It contains within 593 i6nio pages the entire doctrine, condensed, of the au- tlior's well-known three-volume ""Manuale." The book is beautifully printed on very thin paper and fits snugly into the coat pocket. Xo doubt it will please those who have used the '"^lanuale" and many others who stand in need of a digest of this kind. (B. Herder Book Co.)
The Church and Eugenics
The third, revised and enlarged, edition has appeared of Fr. Thomas J. Gerrard's C. S. G. pamphlet, "The Church and Eu- genics." The booklet is a classic and admir- ably adapted in scope and method for the use of social study clubs, of which we in America have, alas, too few! The new edition has been brought up to date and contains a short appendix in which the thorny problem of '"Instruction in -Matters of Sex" is treated with masterly delicacy. The author's guiding thought is that religion is the only force in the world capable of realizing the final aim of sound eugenics. (C. S. G. and B. Herder Book Co.)
The "Summa Theologica" in English
The latest volume of the literal transla- tion of the "Summa Theologica" of St. Thomas Aquinas by the English Dominicans comprises Questions LXIX to LXXXVI of the Third Part (Supplementum), which is presumably the work of Fr. Reginald of Piperno. It deals with the resurrection, the last judgment, suffrages for the dead, and the quality of the risen bodies. The im- portant work of translating the "Summa" is thus nearing its completion, and it is but just to say that the high standard set from the beginning is being maintained to the end. Let us hope for a revival of Thomistic theology among us as a fruit of this labor- ious undertaking. (Benziger Brothers).
A Thesis on Cynewulf
"The Dependence of Part I of Cynewulf's Christ upon the Antiphonary" is a Catholic University doctoral dissertation by the Rev. Eugene Burgert, O.S.B. The author has delved into some very interesting phases of the literature and history of the times of Cynewulf, and though the atmosphere is oc- casionally quite tenuous, the careful reader will agree with the conclusion that the rela- tion of Christ I to the Antiphonary is one of almost complete dependence. We note in passing that the author attacks the accepted opinion that Cynewulf was a savant rather than an humble poet. This opinion is based on the assumption that Cynewulf's acquaint-
116
THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
March 15
ance with patristic, hymnic, and liturgical literature came from a daily reading of the Divine Office rather than from long hours of scholarly meditation over the Fathers and Biblical literature.
The Formation of Character
The B. Herder Book Co. have brought out an American edition of Fr. Ernest R. Hull's brochure, 'The Formation of Character." It is in one sense the sequel, in another sense the prelude of the same author's ad- mirable booklet, "Fortifying the Layman.' The author discusses the training of the young under a scheme of three questions : (i) What sort of result do we want our training to produce? (2) What sort of ma- terial is given us out of which to produce the result? (3) How are we to handle that material so as to bring the desired result about? The whole constitutes an admirable handbook for parents on the duties they owe to their adolescent children and the best way of performing these duties. Fr. Hull is always brilliant and always practical. We trust this brochure will have an even larger sale than "Fortifying the Layman." (B. Her- der Book Co.)
Books Received
The Church in England. By the Rev. Geo.
Stebbins, C.SS.R. xi & 620 pp. 8vo.
Sands & Co. and B. Herder Book Co. $5
net. Relations IntellcctucUcs aire les Centranx?
Par Maurice Lecat. viii & 128 pp. 8vo.
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Allies, 92. (Wrapper).
Saint Gregory VII, Pope. (The "Xotre Dame" Series of Lives of the Saints), vi & 245 pp. i2mo. Illustrated. Sands & Co. and B. Herder Book Co. $1.80 net.
Dcr licilige Franc von Borja, General der Gcsellschaft Jesu (1510-1572). Von Otto Karrer, S.J. Mit einem Titelbild, xvi & 442 pp. 8vo. Freiburg i. Br. : Herder & Co.; St. Louis, Mo.: B. Herder Book Co. $2.50 net.
The Ascent of Calvary. By Pere Louis Per- roy. Authorized Translation from the French by Marian Lindsay. With Introduc- tion by Archbishop Glennon. xi & 336 pp. i2mo. P. J. Kennedy & Sons. $1.60 post- paid.
Herders Konversations-Lexikon. Dritte Auf- lage. Reich illustriert durch Textabbildun- gen, Tafeln und Karten. Zweiter Ergan- zungsband. Erste Halfte: A bis K. Zehnter Band des Gesamtwerkes. 928 cols. B. Herder Book Co. $4.75. (Price of the entire work, ten volumes, $56.50 net).
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The Fortnightly Review
VOL. XXIX, NO. 7
ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
April 1, 1922
About H. G. Wells
By the Rev. Edw. P. Graham, Sandusky, 0.
It is painful to write about H. G. AVells, because no matter how mild and restrained the language used, he persists in displaying himself, to quote his own words (as Mr. Britling), "a weak, silly, ill-informed, and hasty minded writer." The difficulty is increased by his ignorance of religion, which is such that merely to quote liim borders on blasphemy. That he is popular as a novelist is not to be wondered at, as he depicts, vividly and briskly, and with many a happy phrase, contemporary life around him. But his ability as a story-teller would not account for his vogue. He is also, like other spoiled authors, a propagandist or tendency writer, being the ever open mouthpiece for many of the Younger Generation, who despise the stupidity of their fathers and the absurdity of their mothers. Yet even this additional reason can scarcely account for the noto- riety which is his and is so exces- sive that it suggests, not a natural, but a stimulated growth. He set out by the easiest way to win an audience, namely, by attacking everything of the past, particular- ly of the immediate past or Vic- torian period. ''Accordingly he put into circulation the popular epithets for the politics, religion, art and morals which prevailed in the dingy, furtive, canting, hum- bugging English world of his fa- thers with its muddled system, its
emasculated orthodoxy, its shabby subservience, its unreasonable prohibitions, its rank surrender of mind and body to the dictation of pedants and old w^omen and fools. At the same time, he gave currency to the catchwords of the new era: 'scientific method,' 're- search,' 'efficiency,' 'constructive statesmanship,' 'eugenics,' etc. . . . And we are feeling persuaded," as Professor Stuart P. Sherman, just quoded, adds, "that we are moving, or that the world has rolled on and left us beliind.'^
Wells denounces with ease and demolishes with zest everything, — the past as unsatisfactory, the present as contemptible, and then offers ideas vague, crude, and im- practicable to reform nothing less than the whole world. Not know^- ing enough either of theology or of history to hesitate, and una- ware of the existence of any such virtues as humihty or modesty, he theorizes and dogmatizes until one is perplexed as to w^hether he knows he is a humbug, or inno- cently imagines he is a philosoph- er, rjpenly he avows that he cares not for facts, making liis beliefs as he needs them. The proved ex- perience of mankind has no weight for him and he has "no shyness about theology, of which he is fearless." He had a scientific edu- cation, but throws all its methods overboard w^hen romancing for reform, and faith in himself is the
118
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
April
only infinity lie knows, though some of his readers suspect it has a counterpart in his ignorance of himself and of his kind.
Marriage, according to Glad- stone, is a touchstone of reform. Mr. Wells generously admits that man's ideas of marriage must be profoundly modified to suit his plans ; but that is a secondary con- sideration to him. *'I want to change the respective values of the family altogether. There must be experiments : Splendid and beautiful and courageous people must come together and have chil- dren, and motherhood must be en- dowed. To this proposition there is no alternative." What is the object of all this? The develop- ment of a ''great race mind. To this must our lives be given." So now you know why, at least, the English exist for ''Our Empire," and you see that, after twenty centuries, this earthbound prophet has climbed, no higher than the pagan Scipio's Dream!
For a sound basis for his zo- ological morality, Mr. Wells de- clares we must reject and set aside as starting propositions all ab- stract, refined, and intellectual ideas — such as right, liberty, hap- piness, duty or beauty, — and hold fast to "the fundamental asser- tion of life as a tissue and suc- cession of births." It is useless to analyse or comment on this. It comes from the fertile pen that has produced many futile works which advocate reconstruction of the world and the alteration of human nature, that his heroes and heroines may philander together for a twelvemonth in tranquillity. ("Man when he was in honor did not understand . . . and is become like to senseless beasts." Ps. 48.)
No doubt assailed him for the
success of his schemes, for, like most of our own. pseudo-reform- ers, Mr. Wells pins his faith on the State to accomplish all re- forms. Indeed, the State looms so large in his plans that even he, the imperturbable, was distressed to discover that German efficiency was the realization of his life-long dreams. That, of course, not being English, should be destroyed; but he was honest enough to modify his condemnatory attitude towards the Germans, and to confess also that the way he had urged so long- on his fellow-citizens was not the way of salvation. He had found something was necessary besides state-directed machinery to rail- road mankind into the scientific millennium.
May be it was a god. Well, if so, Wells was not discouraged, but, forgetting Voltaire 's sarcasm, he started to discover or, rather, to formulate a god. The newly- evolved idol bore a suspicious like- ness to his discoverer, being noth- ing but a magnified image of Wells himself thrown on the low- hovering clouds, hazy, indefinite, very finite and not yet quite com- plete either in form or power. It hath not fully appeared what man- ner of god he shall be, but, as he knows no righteousness, he does not concern himself with man's individual acts as to food, health, and sex! Our physicians relieve this youthful god of these unim- portant and perhaps embarrassing details. All this and more is con- tained in Wells's "God The In- visible King," which, in the ver- nacular, is "some book." There is many a page in it that makes no more sense than Mrs. Eddy's 011a Podrida of Quimby's "Christian Science" and her own hash of philosophic odds and ends, put on
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
iiy
the market under the label, "Sci- ence and Health." Mr. AVells's publishers, it is charitable to sup- pose, accepted the book on account of his name, and some critics were' perplexed at it and some were afraid to condemn it for what it is, namely, a piece of intolerable impudence and incredible igno- rance. There are, alas, many readers and writers in this coun- try who dare not call their souls their o^\^l and who, abandoning their common sense at the sound of the dailies, weeklies, monthlies, and quarterlies, bow down and adore a popular idol.
Spontaneous generation has no place in biology ; neither has it in sociology. So, to classify Mr. AVells, suffice it to say that, as god-maker, he descends generical- h' from Comte : but it is not wortli the pains to differentiate him spe- cifically, as he offers nothing worth while. Podmore informs us that Andrew Jackson Davis's god was a "progressive nebula." Wells has progressed, as his god is a progressive idea, which is, of course, consolinglv more spiritual. "Whence," "Why," and "Wliith- er," before this inchoate deity was discovered? Do not bother Mr. Wells with trifies.
It is amusing to see Mr. Wells, mistaking the interest aroused over the one repentant "natural- ist," leap to the conclusion "that he, single-handed, has made a great light break upon the world waiting in outer darkness for his private illumination. Far from admitting that he has returned to the fold, he naively lifts up his voice and invites the fold to turn to him." (Prof. Sherman). And how does he expect to establish the kingdom of god on earth, in which there shall be "no churches,
no priests, no bibles, no creeds"? By complete and universal an- archy, with one exception — Mr. Wells is to lay down its absolute rules.
But, you exclaim, all this is ab- surd and trifling. Of course it is, and so is Mr. Wells, who resem- bles a motley-clad clown leaping into a pulpit and juggling words whose meaning he knows not. How unlike Mr. Chesterton's honest confession and his ensuing hearty and logical fight for sanity.
There is, however, a very seri- ous side to it. Many really con- sider Mr. Wells as a guide, a kind of prophet, and he, in his colossal egotism, presumes to teach and to lead. One cannot be too severe on him, neither can he complain, as he condemns Christianity with its 1^'ounder and all its teachers and leaders. Its glorious and thrilling history is a closed book to him. "You brute, you bestial thing of pride and lies! You who have overshadowed the souls of other men. You senseless fool!" so cried the Angel from the Land of Beautiful Dreams, in one of his rather disappointing stories. Why not so address Mr. Wells himself, who rushes in ruthlesly on holy and sacred ground I If there was any certainty that, even in his best moments, he were not simply attitudinizing, simply playing the novelist, one might sympathize with him as with a man groping for the light ; but, when he Imows no supreme being and starts to fashion one mentally, bit by bit, like an image-maker of old fash- ioned an idol for his own worship, it is permissible to prefer a medicine-man of Borneo to Wells the god-maker.
Many read Mr. Wells for his stories : those who read him for
120
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
April 1
auglit else are a melancholy justi- fication for Schopenhauer's "pur- blind race of miserable men," — a race going to broken cisterns and a sad proof of a world becoming- mad because it has rejected { 'hrist. It is impossible at present
to picture H. G. Wells on his knees, saying, ex corde, the Our Father, but since with God all things are possible, so one day may this dreamer also write, ''ex somno solutus sum."
Europe Without Peace
The results of a great and de- structive war are now manifest in tile material depletion of Europe; and the ideals that were held up i:i the fervor of conflict seem but njocking shadows to the peoples who, after attaining the climax of an unparalleled united effort, have gone down again into a cheerless world of neglected firesides, worn- out workshops, and ruined mar- kets. The prevailing mood is one of disillusionment. The great concentrated passions of the war have shrunk into an indiscrimi- nate petulance. It seems incredi- ble now — so narrow and sordid has life once more become — that only a few years ago millions of men were struggling under the compulsion of meanings and pur- poses suddenly revealed in some broad historical perspective.
Which is real — yesterday or to- day? What is to blame for our present unhappy condition — the war or the peace? The tendency now is to blame the peace and the authors of peace, and, in a curious revulsion of feeling, to repudiate the motives and associations of the war. It is remarkable to see how the arguments of pacifists which were regarded as heretical and treasonable Avhen the struggle was at its height, are not only tolerated now, but are being pro- claimed and frequently accepted as a new orthodoxy.
Signor Nitti, who, as prime
minister of Italy took a prominent I)art in the work of the Supreme Council and the discussions con- cerning the application of the Treaty of Versailles, in a book entitled, "L'Europa senza Pace" (Florence: Bemporad), attempts to give such an analysis.
"I believe," he says, "that Eu- rope is in grave peril of collapse, more on account of the peace trea- ties than on account of the war."
Signor Nitti 's thesis is that, the economic unity of Europe having been dislocated by the war, the task of the peace-makers should have been so to adjust the terms of peace as to re-establish that unity as soon as possible. This task, he considers, they failed to achieve, largely because of the im- possible claims put forward by France, as a result of which bur- dens impossible to bear were im- posed on Germany, and the victors themselves are suffering from the consequences of their disloyalty to their own professed principles.
The victors, says Signor Nitti, in their manner of making peace, have displayed the mentality that led the Germans into war. The consequence is that the restora- tion of the economic unity of Eu- rope, which is of vital necessity to all nations, has been frustrated by the peace. The defeated nations are falling into bankruptcy and are dragging the victors -with them into the abyss. Europe is
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
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essentially a unity, and the par- alysis or collapse of any one of lier members means the decay of all. To crush Germany means to destroy Europe.
It is worth while remarking on Sigiior Nitti's attitude toward the question of responsibility for the war. He admits that, during the V, ar, all the Allies very loudly and emphatically attributed the re- sponsibility to Germany. That, he lightly declares, was a war meas- ure dictated by the necessity of exciting and maintaining the light- ing spirit of the peoples. ( !!?) But though Germany, he says, was to a large extent responsible, owing to the strength and arrogance of her military caste, the fatuity of her emperor, and the mediocre capacity of her politicians, yet she was by no means wholly responsi- ble. Sigiior Nitti restates the fa- miliar view, to which Mr. Lloyd George once lent support in a speech, that the behavior of all Europe was such as continually to increase the risk of war, and then proceeds to suggest that if Russia had not been so provocative, Ger- many would never have plunged into the conflict. He refers to con- versations he had before the war Avith German statesmen who ex- pressed their anxiety at the grow- ing strength, and what they re- garded as the growing aggressive- ness, of Russia, and he affirms that the feeble Czar was sur- rounded by corrupt and reaction- ary statesmen, who were plotting a war in Europe to recover the prestige lost in Manchuria.
Signor Nitti regards Germany as "the most cultivated nation in Europe" — the phrase recurs again and again — and sometimes grows warm in her praises, though occa- sionallv he makes cautious reser-
vations. He considers that Ger- many, if she had won, would have made a wiser peace. "Dotata di maggior senso pratico, avrebbe chiesto forse condizioni meno im- possibili per avere un vantaggio sicuro senza la rovina del vinto." He expresses warm sympathy for Hungary, who, he says, has lost much of her territory to "peoples of inferior culture." The policy 01 France he severely condemns, while expressing admiration for the democratic traditions from which, he declares, France has temporarily departed. He fre- quently claims Mr, Lloyd George as a supporter of his views, and towards the United States his at- titude is one of sedulous admira- tion, to the point of describing as "praiseworthy" the refusal of the Senate to ratify the Treaty of Versailles.
The chapter on reconstruction contains practical suggestions for the reduction of the amount of reparations and the inclusion of Germany in the League of Na- tions.
The chaplain of Folsom Prison, California, asks for Catholic books, magazines, and papers for the men in his charge. His address is : Rev. J. H. Ellis, Prison Chapel, Represa, Cal.
We learn from a private source that Father P. De Roo,, of Portland, Ore., has completed his attempted rehabilita- tion of Alexander VI, on which he has been working a number of years. The work will consist of five volumes, or about three thousand pages in all. The author maintains that Alexander has been maligned even by Catholic historians like Prof. Pastor, and was in reality a great and good pope. As it will require about $12,000 to bring out this work, its appearance is some- what uncertain.
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
April 1
The Definability of the Assumption
The Rev. J. Ernst, D.D., lias re- published, in book form, his arti- cles on the Assumption of theB. V. Mary, which originally appeared ill the Tlieologisch - praktische Quartalsclirift of Linz (cfr. F. R., XXVIII, 19, p. 351). The volume is entitled, "Die leibliche Himniel- fahrt Mariens, historisch-dogma- tisch iiach ihrer Definierbarkeit beleuchtet," and is published by Manz of Ratisbon (64 pp. 8vo.).
Dr. Ernst, as our readers know, denies that the doctrine of the As- sumption can .be established on purely historical, or even exclu- sively dogmatic, grounds. He shows, against Gutberlet and Renaudin, that there is no real senientia comminns, nor a con- sensus Pafrum et iheologornm. He attributes great weight to the attitude of the Breviary Commis- sion under Benedict XIV.
Msgr. Meyenberg, in a review of Dr. Ernst's book in the Schwei- ^erische Kirclienzeitunfj (1922, No. 2), expresses the opinion that Dr. Ernst demands too much for the definability of the doctrine of the Assumption. He points out that Dr. Scheeben many years ago ad- mitted that if the Assumption of the Bl. Virgin Mary would ever be raised to the rank of a dogma, it would be, not on the strength or any historical tradition, but for reasons of congruity derived from speculative theology.
"The Church," says Monsignor Meyenberg, "is guided by the Holy Ghost and therefore able to enucleate from its seed-hulls, as it were, a dogma that has been tem- porarily obscured. Dr. Ernst, moreover, seems to attribute too little importance to the voices con- stantlv raised in tradition and the-
ology in favor of the doctrine of the assumption. His distinction between a [jia and a prohahilis opinio (see Benedict XIV, De Festis, P. II, c. 8, n. 18) and be- tween fides pia and fides dogma- tica, is well founded ; but we must not overlook the fact that Benedict XIV himself observed that it v\'ould be " inipiwn" to deviate from the opinio pia et prohahilis concerning the bodily Assumption of Our Lady into Heaven. Dr. Ernst is probably right in holding that impiiun here does not mean impious in the sense of godless, but merely, opposed to pietas, i.e., to that childlike reverence which men owe to sacred things. But he weakens the attitude of Benedict XIV, which cannot be fully guaged from the debate of the Breviary Commission on the advisability of changing the term * ' assumptio ' ' into "pausatio" or "transitus."' The question at issue is whether or not the doctrine of the Assump- tion, in spite of much opposition and obscuration, did in course of time enter into the ordinary teach- ii g of the Church. This essential question is not clearly and defi- nitelv raised and discussed by Dr. Ernst."
And yet, as we too have pointed out on more than one occasion, everything depends on the answer to this question. Until it is fully settled, we welcome with Dr. Mey- enberg every contribution to the problem of the definability of the Assumption, especially by such competent theologians as Dr. J. Ernst.
— A wishbone will do you no good unless you have a backbone to put
with it.
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY KEVIEW
123
Resurrection
By Lawrence ^I. Loerke
Await no angel Easter morn, Christ's royal Resurrection Day. Wouldst thou arise with Him, thyself Must roll the stone of sin away I
Houses
By Eugexe M. Beck, S.J., St. Louis L'n; versity
OLD houses are like friends whose face
Is moulded into riper grace
By time's impartial hand. Each stone
And cornice wears a softer tone
Denied to garish youth. Warm greys
Are eloquent of stormy days
And trials stoutly borne. But, oh !
XEW houses have no soul. The glow
Of mellow familiarity
Is not for them. Still grieves the tree
In each discordant board. Their rooms
Are lonely as Egyptian tombs :
A woodland rose, the smell of earth
Were better than their solemn dearth.
Oh, furbish them and prink them in
The finery of gilded sin I
Let flagrant colors riot on
Your panels, sons of wealth ! Anon
Ye shall lay down your foolish head
Among the uncompanioned dead.
Xo choiring birds shall reverence
With fluted dirge your monuments.
These may ye own I . . . When I shall die.
I shall not unremembered lie.
But one far hut upon a steep
Of song shall my remembrance keep.
And haply this poor note of mine
Shall glad a heart on life's decline !
Dr. G. Stanley Hall on "Morale" Soldiers and sailors used to play a game of cards, called * ' able- v-'hackets," in which the loser received a whack or blow with a knotted handkerchief for every game he lost.
Similar punishment should be meted out to every scribe . who Lmnches a new theory on "mor- als," based on silly postulates or on data gathered haphazard from a mde range of human activities cr from ''opinions" taken at ran-
dom from men who are struggling under abnormal conditions. Those who have read the chapters on ''Criterions of Morality" in any good treatise on ethics know how many theories have been advanced to worrv the hapless collegian.
President G. Stanley Hall, whose aberrations in the field of Ijsychology have already been pointed out in former numbers of the F. R., now oifers a brand-new theory of moral conduct in a book called "Morale." From a review in the American Journal of Soci- ology (January, 1922, page 526) we learn that "the body of this book is based upon studies of the personal experiences and medical history of soldiers under the stress of war and of battle."
Now what sane philosopher ever thought of basing a theory of con- duct on "medical histories" of persons laboring under stress of body and mind? The great war has indeed played havoc with many preconceived theories, but it has not overturned the founda- tions of right and wrong.
Dr. Hall takes a slam at what he, no doubt, considers an "out- worn ' ' system. He says : " If God be conceived as immanent, as thus implied, and not as afc extra and transcendent, which is idolatry, we might define morale in terms of the Westminster divines as glorifying God; while the other half of this famous definition of man's chief end, 'and enjoy Him forever,' is simply transcendental selfishness. True morale is never motivated by the expectation of pav or pain in another world."
We must leave to Dr. Hall the much-needed comment upon, and proof of these statements, merely remarking that the last phrase is a trite repetition of the idea under-
iti^ Kaut*s famous *' categorical
r.^erative."'
iSut Dr. Hall has not over-
tho adamant iiie founda-
- 't I'hristian ethics by his
est "discovery." He has lost
irame. The punishment of
\hackets" is in order.
A. M.
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEV
April 1
A New Translation of Horace
. Finlayson lias i»ul)lisiif(l
.nw Knglish translation of "The
' '«les of Horace" (London: Kout-
He pursues his own metli-
Ai we cannot call felicitous.
.ipered by the demands of
me, he allows himself frecjuent
"rsions which are awkward, as
^l as phrases which are doubl-
. English. We do not want, hav-
_• passed the radiant age of self-
:;ce, to translate "(Juis
-racilis" at all; but we
certainly not be satisfied
. h a passage as :
".Mis ! the day ^Tkti perjured vows he'll oft bewail. That gods have changed, and him affray With angrj- seas and blust'ring gale."
To choose for "The Death of i^ntilios" a tripi)ing measure like
"Boy! I detest with honuly fare
All Persian pomps; thy garlands spare—
With linden weaving : Xor h«ed in what lone spot there blowi. Perchance, the last delaying rose
N'o eye perceiving."
The "homely fare" is not in the fmffinal and the last rose is tedi- f>u»,ly overdone.
The (ydes of Horace are so efe«4^ly packed with etfective words aiwi suggestions as to defy trans- hitor^. They are like an exquisite **'>'ft of jiggsaw puzzle, and even rh#r finest of scholars cannot al- xav * Yift .i^are which word goes with whi/^rh, or how much of banter or ^-nm-iAJif^n lies l>eneath a verb or
an epithet, ven if all these points were certai, and the true sense would be 1 produced in English, wliere wor« have often acquired a differentcolor, English is not, like Latin, concise language, and it is not ^11 provided with the rhymes ^ich the translator needs.
There isio way of really enjoy- ing Horac< except by reading and trying to iiiderstand him in the exquisite nd inimitable Latin of the originl.
Sec:t Society Notes
Order of tt Eastern Star
There hi been some dispute as to whether th Order of the Eastern Star is connects with the Masonic frater- nity or nu It is interesting to hear what a M;onic journal lias to say on the subjec The Builder, "a Journal for the .Mfonic Student." published at .\naniosa, la., savs in its November issue (Vol\lI. No. 11 ) : "IThe Order of the Eaern Star] is not a -Masonic u-ganizatin in any sense of that word^ except tli( loosest, which would cover the whole amily of societies associated with or fuilar to Freemasonry, such a«i the SHne. the Grotto, the Sciots, the kosifucians, the Acacia Frater- nity, etc. But in every stricter sense, in the leal and historical detinitions, the O. ES. is not a Masonic body."
High Tidve. a Se'c International Masonic hth
'High Twelve International" was founded t Sioux City. la., and became a Masoir institution over a year ago. It intenf to organize branches imme- diately i- cities of 25.000 or more in- habitant throughout the countrv-. The purpi)se>f High Twelve, according to its secrarv. \V. M. Morheiser. is 'to unite alhiembers in the happy bounds of a soal hour and programme, that thereby hev mav inform themselves m the triits of Ma^onrv. . . ." Members
:.-Trf W * ■"
-ttaiya
» * •» It
IVM
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
125
three or lore de^Tees of
and be in god standing as
t the time the make applica-
meml>er>hip in the High
mu>t !
Mason 1 .
Masons »
tion for
Twelve < I'or further n formation see
The Bu: :.r, a Journal or the Masonic
Student, Anamosa, la.A'ol \ II Xo
12. p, 348).
Order of Pe Malay furioys
Additional infoniiatm on thi> or- K.ni/atio , which admn to niemhir- >hip (.nK >ons of Masos between lo and 21, but denies that is a Masonic organizati».n. can l>e gdiered from a statement funii>hed to the National Masonic Research Si>cic\' by one of it> officers and publi>hi in that So- ciety's organ, Ilw Huilcr, Anamosa la.. \'oI. \il. No. 12. Pi 362 sq. In- quiries regarding the wrk of this or- ganization sh(»uld be adcl'>sed tt) Ray \ . Uenslow. National uiK-rvisi»r of De Molay. Kansas City, do.
Order of the liiiilders fc Hoys
This is a fraternal orjjaization made iip of boys iK-twern th«- aes of 14 and 21. sons of menil.rrs Mtihc Masonic fraternity and thnr oon^nions. The n;embers arc groui>ed ir. "Chapters," with a ritualistic form i ceremony. Its object is to 'aid the Us under the guidance of their Masoniu-lder broth- ers, in the devel«>pment ad betterment of all that jH-rtains to heir moral, mental, social, physical, nd spiritual welfare." Master '.Masonsire 'always welcome at the urdiK.ials of tlie r.uilders." In Auj^ii-:. l''J. the Order had 45 Chaperts. re|)resfnng approx- imately 4.500 lM)ys. with lany others in process of formation, le presiilent of the Central Council is \rtluir M. Millard, RcHmi 1*^>1 l-'' ^ State Str.. ( hicago. 111.
Masonic College l-ralcmitu
There are two Masonic allege fra- ternities, the "Acacia." and le "Square and Compass.*' The forme is one of the Greek Ix'tter fraternitici^vith rules and regulations similar h the Phi Gamma Delta, etc. The lacr is of vcrv different nature. It isessentiallv
a non-secret society. Anv Master Ma- son in good standing is welcomed to its meetmgs, and it has no ritual. College Masons may petition for membership on their own initiative, and a member of any other college fraternilv is eligi- ble. Its aim is to "propagate 'in college life and among college alumni the spirit and principles of Freemasonrv." (See The Builder, a Journal for tlie'Masonic Student, Anamosa. la.. \'ol \11 No 12. p. 366).
Royal Neighbors of America
This lodge is the female auxiliary of the Modern Woodmen of America. It a-^^^Tts that it has "nothing to do with religion," yet an analysis of its ritual shows: (1) that it has an altar; (2) that is has a religious test; (3) that it has a chaplain called Worthy Chancel- lor; (4) that its lodges ask a divine blessing and read passages from S. Scripture; (5) that one of the basic principles of the organization is "l-aith." Surely a society with all these religious features cannot truthfully say: "We are not a religious organiza- tion." The "religious principles" of the Royal Neighbors are Universalist or Unitarian. According to the Burial Ritual, every Royal Neighbor goes to Heaven, whether she believes in Jesus Christ or not. Reprints of the Ritual of the R. N. of A. can be had from the National Christian As.sociiUion. 850 W. Madison Str.. Chicago. 111. (Christian Cynosure, \'ol. LI\', 1922. No. 11, pp. 323 s(|(i.).
-•■♦<£'-•-
A very creditable parish history is that piiMished in commemoration of the golden jubilee of St. .\yatha's parish, of this city. In justice to tlie older anil tlie younger mem- bers of the congregation the historical text is given in both English and German. The illustrations are well executed and appropri- ate. Like most other German .American Catholic parishes, St. Agatha's has been a prolific mother of priests, no less than nine l)riests having come from her pale, among them our esteemed occasional contributors the Rev. A. B. Lager. D.D.. and Father Francis Borgia Steck, O.F.M., the eminent Iranciscan historian.
124
THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
April 1
lying Kant's famous *' categorical imperative."
But Dr. Hall lias not over- thrown the adamantine founda- tions of Christian ethics by his latest "discovery." He has lost the game. The punishment of "ablewhackets" is in order.
A. M.
■H—H^M
A New Translation of Horace
John Finlayson has published a new English translation of ' * The Odes of Horace" (London: Rout- ledge). He pursues his own meth- od, which we cannot call felicitous. Hampered by the demands of rhyme, he allows himself frequent inversions which are awkward, as v/ell as phrases which are doubt- ful English. We do not want, hav- ing passed the radiant age of self- confidence, to translate "Quis nmlta gracilis" at all; but we sJiould certainly not be satisfied with such a passage as :
"Alas ! the day When perjured vows he'll oft bewail. That gods have changed, and him affra}' With angry seas and blust'ring gale."
To choose for "The Death of Quintilius" a tripping measure like
"Boy! I detest with homely fare
All Persian pomps ; thy garlands spare —
With linden weaving : Nor heed in what lone spot there blows, Perchance, the last delaying rose
No eye perceiving."
The * ' homely fare ' ' is not in the original, and the last rose is tedi- ously overdone.
The Odes of Horace are so closely packed with effective words and suggestions as to defy trans- lators. They are like an exquisite sort of jiggsaw puzzle, and even the finest of scholars cannot al- ways be sure which word goes with which, or how much of banter or seriousness lies beneath a verb or
an epithet. Even if all these points were certain, and the true sense would be reproduced in English, vrhere words have often acquired a different color, English is not, like Latin, a concise language, and it is not well provided with the rhymes which the translator needs.
There is no way of really enjoy- ing Horace except by reading and trying to understand him in the exquisite and inimitable Latin of the original.
Secret Society Notes
Order of the Eastern Star
There has been some dispute as to whether the Order of the Eastern Star is connected with the Masonic frater- nity or not. It is interesting to hear what a Masonic journal has to say on the subject. The Builder, "a Journal for the Masonic Student," pubUshed at Anamosa, la., says in its November issue (Vol. VII, No. 11) : "[The Order of the Eastern Star] is not a Masonic o.-ganization in any sense of that word^ except the loosest, which would cover the whole family of societies associated with or similar to Freemasonry, such as the Shrine, the Grotto, the Sciots, the Rosicrucians, the Acacia Frater- nity, etc. But in every stricter sense, in the legal and historical definitions, the O. E. S. is not a Masonic body."
High Tzcek'e, a Nc7^' International Masonic Club
"High Twelve International" was founded at Sioux City, la., and became a Masonic institution over a year ago. It intends to organize branches imme- diately in cities of 25,000 or more in- habitants throughout the country. The purpose of High Twelve, according to its secretary, W. M. Morheiser, is "'to unite all members in the happy bounds of a social hour and programme, that thereby they may inform themselves in the truths of Masonry. . . ." IMembers
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
125
must have three or more degrees of Alasonry and be in good standing as Masons at the time they make appHca- tion for membership in the High Twelve. (For further information see The Builder, a Journal for the Masonic Student, Anamosa, la., Vol. VII, No. 12, p. 348).
Order of De Mold^' for Boys
Additional information on this or- grmization, which admits to member- ship only sons of Masons between 16 and 21, but denies that it is a Masonic organization, can be gathered from a statement furnished to the National Masonic Research Society by one of its officers and published in that So- ciety's organ. The Builder, Anamosa, la.. Vol. VII, No. 12, pp. 362 sq. In- quiries regarding the work of this or- ganization should be addressed to Ray V. Denslow, National Supervisor of De Molay, Kansas City, Mo.
Order of the Builders for Boys
This is a fraternal organization made •jp of boys between the ages of 14 and 21, sons of members of the Masonic fraternity and their companions. The members are grouped in "Chapters," with a ritualistic form of ceremony. Its object is to "aid the boys under the guidance of their Masonic elder broth- ers, in the development and betterment of all that pertains to their moral, mental, social, physical, and spiritual welfare." Master Masons are "always v/elcome at the ceremonials of the Builders." In August, 1921, the Order had 45 Chaperts, representing approx- imately 4,500 boys, with many others in process of formation. The president of the Central Council is Arthur M. Millard, Room 1901, 159 N. State Str., Chicago, 111.
Masonic College Fraternities
There are two Masonic college fra- ternities, the "Acacia," and the "Square and Compass." The former is one of the Greek Letter fraternities with rules and regulations similar to the Phi Gamma Delta, etc. The latter is of very different nature. It is essentially
a non-secret society. Any Master Ma- son in good standing is welcomed to its meetings, and it has no ritual. College Masons may petition for membership on their own initiative, and a member of any other college fraternity is ehgi- ble. Its aim is to "propagate in college Hfe and among college alumni the spirit and principles of Freemasonry." (See The Builder, a Journal for the Masonic Student, Anamosa, la., Vol. VII, No. 12, p. 366).
Royal Neighbors of America
This lodge is the female auxiliary of the Modern Woodmen of America. It asserts that it has "nothing to do with religion," yet an analysis of its ritual shows: (1) that it has an altar; (2) that is has a religious test; (3) that it has a chaplain called Worthy Chancel- lor; (4) that its lodges ask a divine blessing and read passages from S. Scripture; (5) that one of the basic principles of the organization is "l-'aith." Surely a society with all these religious features cannot truthfully say : "We are not a religious organiza- tion." The "religious principles" of the Royal Neighbors are Universalist or Unitarian. According to the Burial Ritual, every Royal Neighbor goes to Heaven, whether she believes in Jesus Christ or not. Reprints of the Ritual of the R. N. of A. can be had from the National Christian Association, 850 W. Madison Str., Chicago, 111. (Christian Cynosure, Vol. LIV, 1922, No. 11, pp. 323 sqq.).
A very creditable parish history is that published in commemoration of the golden jubilee of St. Agatha's parish, of this city. In justice to the older and the younger mem- bers of the congregation the historical text is given in both English and German. The illustrations are well executed and appropri- ate. Like most other German American Catholic parishes, St. Agatha's has been a prolific mother of priests, no less than nine priests having come from her pale, among them our esteemed occasional contributors, the Rev. A. B. Lager, D.D., and Father Francis Borgia Steck, O.F.M., the eminent Franciscan historian.
126
THE FORTNIGHTLY KEVIEW
April 1
Correspondence
The Reckoning of Time in Canon Law
and the Year of Novitiate To the Editor: —
In reviewing Dr. Lacou's monograph, "De Tempore" (F. R., March 1, pp. 31 f.), the Rev. Dr. P. Charles Augus- tine, O.S.B., makes some interesting comments on the interpretation of can. 34, §§ 2, 3 and their bearing upon the year of novitiate. In view of the dec- laration made in can. 32, § 1, that the day consists of 24 hours to be com- puted from midnight, there seems to be a good reason for maintaining that the "initium diei" really coincides with midnight. Father Augustine leaves the reader in doubt whether or not he ac- cepts Lacou's interpretation of "initium diei" to mean midnight and ends the discussion with reference to the year of novitiate, by saying: "Besides, from 8 o'clock on June 21, 1921, to 8 o'clock sharp on June 21, 1922, there are 365 days, and 365 days, acording to can 32, § 2, make a year — the period required for the validity of the novitiate." The question may be asked, Is this a safe rule to follow in practice? Manifestly the matter concerned is one of great practical importance and, to throw a little more light on this subject, it may be well to publish here a recent deci- sion handed down by the S. Congr. of Religious.
A candidate had been admitted to the novitiate. Aug. 15, 1920. during the 8 o'clock IMass and, precisely one year from that date, he made his triennial vows, likewise during the 8 o'clock Mass. The case came to my notice some time ago, and when I questioned the validity of the profession, I was asked to draft a petition to have the doubt solved authoritatively. Accord- ingly the following petition was framed :
"N. N ad pedes Sanctitatis Vestrae
provolutus, quae sequuntur humill'nie ex- ponit :
"Prater clericus X. X.. babitu religioso iiitra Missam bora octava celebratam recepto, novitiatum canonice ingressus est d'e 15 Aug. 1920 et. recurrente eodem die festo anni
sequentis, item intra Missarum solemnia hora octava celel)rata vota triennalia emisit. Facta auteni attentione ad canonem 34, § 3, nn. 2, 3, dubiuni nunc subortum est, nam novitiatus fuerit revera completus ad nor- mam can. 555. § 1, n. 2, ac proinde num subsecuta professio fuerit valida. Quare ad onine dubium amovendum et insimul anxi- etates praedicti Fr. X. X. divellendas, quaerit huinillime Orator :
"i) an fuerit novitiatus rite perfectus et professio valide eniissa? "Et quatenus negative, "2) petit enixe Orator unacum dicto Fr. X. X. dispensationem super defectu temporis ad complendum annum novi- tiatus requisiti et sanct'onem profes- sionis."
This supplication was sent to an agent of the Roman Curia with instruc- tions to consult two Roman canonists who might modify or even reject it altogether as groundless, if in their opinion there was no reason for doubt- ing the validity of the vows. Both of these canonists were collaborators in the work of codification. As a result the petition was submitted to the Congre- gation in the form here given :
"X. X' humillime exponit
"Frater clericus X'. X., babitu relig'oso intra Missam hora octava celebratam recepto, novitiatum canonice ingressus est die 15 aug. 1920 et recurrente eodem die festo anni sequent.'s, item intra missarum solemnia hora octava celebrata, vota triennalia emisit.
"Quare orator humillime petit Fr. X. X'. dispensationem super defectu temporis ad complendum annum novitiatus requisiti et sanationem professionis."
The rescript in answer to this reads :
"Vigore facultatum a SSmo Dno Xostro concessarum. S. Congr. Xegotiis Relijioso- rum Sodalium praeposita. ard to voto Rmi. P. X. X., eidem benigne commisit ut pro suo arbitrio et conscientia petitam sanationis gratiam juxta preces concedat ; emissa tamen ab Alumno declaratione in scriptis sese prae- senti Indulto uti velle. quae dechiratio eius- que decretum exequutoriale caute servetur in Archivo Congregationis.
"Contrariis non obstantibus quibuscunque.
"Datum Romae. die 5 Decembris 1921.
"Theodorus Card. Valfre di Bonzo,
Praefectus. "Maurus :\I. Serafini, Ab. O.S.B.. Secretarius."
Thereupon follows the decree of execution and a short formula, to be signed by the candidate, by which he declares that he accepts the sanation.
Of course this decision concerns an
THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
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individual case only. It does not there- fore constitute forensic usage, nor has it the force of a law or even of a gen- eral interpretative decree. Yet it may be stated unhesitatingly that : ( 1 ) the pre-code law rec^uiring the time of the novitiate to be one complete year com- puted not to the hour but to the day only (cf. ''Cum Propositae,'" S. C. de Relig., M.n- 3, 1914. — .4. A. S., VI. 229) is no longer tenable; (2) to ab- stract from fractions of a day, con- trary to can. 34, § 3, nn. 2, 3, and to compute the year of novitiate merely from moment to moment accord-ng to can. 34, § 2 is at present, to say the least, not safe in practice.
Ulric Beste, O.S.B. St. John's Abhcx, Collc^ciillc. Minn.
The Case of Father Denning
[The F. R. has received several commu- nications in regard to the brief note printed in No. 6 (p. 113) on the appointment of Fr. J. M. Denning, of Marion, O., to the post of consul-general at Algiers. ^lost of our correspondents believe that this appoint- ment of a priest to a political office is likely to prove a dangerous precedent. Two dis- rgree with the rest. Their letters are printed below.]
1 7o the Editor:—
About two years ago. Father Denn- ing had a severe heart trouble. Doctors advised a change of climate and he got six months leave of absence and went to Rome. He was there a few weeks, when he was called back by a telegram of his mother who was very sick. He came back in time to see her, she died and he buried her. Then came the Harding campaign. Harding and Den- ning had for years been good friends, and after the election, Harding offered Denning the consulship at Rome. jMethodists and Freemasons remon- strated. Harding told Denning, after the trouble calmed down, he would give him another place in a mild and healthy climate of northern Africa, with a bet- ter salary. With the consent of Msgr. Bonzano and Archbishop Moller he accepted, as a help to cure his heart trouble.
Rev. Denning needs a few years rest
and respite from heavy responsibility; he has worked very hard in Marion and accomplished very much.
Father Denning is a worthy, hard- working priest, charitable and generous. God bless him and restore his health and strength.
Rev. Chas. Braschler
Upper Sandusky, O.
To the Editor: —
Your note on the Denning case is most unkind and most unfair and ab- solutely imtrue. Father Denning was never spoken of as "Ambassador to the Vatican," except by some A. P. A. pa- pers, or some jealous jokers. He was offered the place of Consul-General to Rome. He was given the choice of three places. His health was in such a condition that to live in Rome would have been absolutely dangerous to him. Tangiers pays just three times the salarv^ and the climate is ideal.
President Harding knew the condi- tion of Father Denning's health, hav- ing known him intimately for over 14 years. He offered to send him some- where where he could have an easy time and take a good rest.
Father Denning never sought this appointment, or any appointment, and he is beloved and honored by everyone in Marion.
As to the last paragraph, he can do more good where he is going than you can do by unjustly representifig him as a "politician," which he is not.
J. P. O.
[We never said that Fr. Denning was a politician or that he sought political office. \\q expressly declared that the permission of his Ordinary "settled the matter so far as ecclesi- astical discipHne is concerned.'" As to "the larger question of priests entering politics and accepting political offices," we simply remarked that "not a few of Fr. Denning's own brethren of the cloth seem to feel that his case is set- ting a bad precedent." This is a fact for which we are not responsible and which we cannot change. Whether or
THE FOKTNIGHTLY KEVIEAV
April 1
not the apprehensions of Fr. Denning's brother-clergymen are well founded, remains to be seen.
Frankly, the idea of a jjriest, no matter how worthy and how deserving of charity he may be, giving up his pastoral charge to take a political office which involves at least as much work and responsibility as the administration of a small-town parish, in the hope of being able to take a rest and nurse his shattered health, does not api:>eal to our exalted conception of public office and the spirit in which it ought to be as- sumed and administered. — Ed. J
Trifles from the "Congressional Record"
To the Editor: —
1 send here an item from the Con- gressional Record not noticed in the papers, as far as I can see. It is a trifle, but it shows how the wind blows. {Congressional Record, p. 3012-15. Feb. 17)
A bill to amend sections 5549 and 5550 of the Revised Statutes of the U. S. These Statutes provide that juvenile offenders un- der 16 years convicted in a federal court should be sent to "'a house of refuge" in- stead to a penitentiary. By the present bill it is intended to make those statutes appli- cable to female offenders against chastitj', whether under or over 16 years (with some exceptions), if in the opinion of the court that course seems justified by the circum- stances of the case.
Sen. Watson of Georgia had on one or more occasions objected to taking up the bill. From his speech now it appears that he dis- approves even of the present practice. He is against "farming out these oft'enders to private corporations, some of them churcii corporations." He considers it "violative of the spirit of the Constitution." Elsewhere he says : "The principle of separation of church and state is, in my judgment, violated bj' the proposed law."
In the list of institutions having at pres- ent federal juvenile convicts he gives only one which is probably Catholic, St. Mary's Industrial School at Baltimore. Sen. Walsh of Montana stated that about 95 percent of those sent to the reformatory under the present law are sent to state reformatories.
Before the vote Sen. Watson said: "I sug- gest the absence of a quorum. Those who vote for this bill must go on record."
Xow I wonder whether during the roll call some discussion had taken place. For Wat- son's colleague from Georg'a. Sen. Harris, offered an amendment, "which I think will
be acceptable to everyone" (said he), vie, to strike out "house of refuge" and insert "State reformatory." Without a record vote the amendment, and then the bill, was agreed to.
Of course. Watson's speech was tame in comparison with his other ut- terances on this topic.
* =:< *
Another trifle. In the discussion of the Yap treaty. Sen. Lodge was asked why a special provision was inserted concerning American missionaries, and he answered : "Our missionaries thought it of importance." {Cong. Rec., Feb. 28, p. 3842). I wonder what mission- aries communicated with the State Department ( for the State Dept. — not the delegates at the Arms Conference — negotiated that treaty). — From Her- der's Konv.-Lexikon, s. v. "Jap" and "Karolinen'' (also Erg.-Bd. and 11. Erg.-Bd. ) I feel almost convinced that on the island of Yap there were only Catholic missionaries heretofore.
P. A.
Notes and Gleanings
We are pained to learn of the de- mise, on Feb. 21st, at Breslau, of our dear friend, the Rt. Rev. Msgr. Joseph Phole, Ph.D., D.D.. whose classic text- l)Ook of dogmatic theology it has been our privilege to make accessible to En- glish readers. He had retired from his professorship in the university about two years ago, and for the last twelve- month or so had been ill. To a letter of his cousin, who nursed him, under date of Jan. 11th, he added the \vords : "Lieber Freund ! Vor alien Dingen wiinsche ich Ihnen ein segensreiches Xeujahr. Solange ich keine hi. Messe lesen kann, ebenso lang halte ich mich fiir schwer krank. Die Besserung schreitet sehr langsam voran, ohne eine solche wurde ich an meiner Genesung verzweifeln. So aber hofife ich immer noch auf eine Wiederherstellung mei- ner (jesundheit." The hope proved vain. ^Isgr. Pohle was not only a great theologian, he was akso a profound philo.sopher and an astronomer of note. We shall publish a sketch of his life with a list of his writings later. R. i. />.
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
129
Alsgr. C. Walterbach, writing in the So::ialc Rcviic (Vol. XXII, No. 2) on the attitude CathoHcs should take to- v.ards the "movies," compares the moving picture theatre to the press and says that both are essentially good, l)ut may be and are sadly abused, and the only way in which Catholics can meet the situation created by the bad "movies," is to adopt the same tactics towards them which they have adopted towards the press, i. e., (1) to combat those that are evil, and above all (2) to create and support good ones. Passive resistance, he declares, has gone to the limit, nay, beyond the limit ; what is necessary now is to induce w^ealthy Catholics to invest their money in the production of good picture plays and then see to it, through the Catholic press and otherwise, that these plays are made profitable. Among other practical measures Msgr. Walterbach suggests the purchase of moving pic- ture theatres by Catholic parishes or organizations and the exercise of a reasonable control over their produc- tions. It would not be necessary, nay in many cases it would not even be advisable, to stamp these theatres as Catholic or to limit them to strictly Catholic films.
-••-•--•--♦•
The Westminster Gazette (London) prints the following quotation from a recent issue of the Revue Militaire, the official organ of the French Ministry of Marine: "It is high time we got rid of the misleading ideas which are prevalent regarding the use made by Germany of the submarine as a war weapon. The submarine war was completely justifiable. . . . It is time ?.]so to explode the belief that the use of the submarine by Germany was in- consistent with the usages of the inter- national laws of warfare. This view, which was circulated erroneously dur- ing the war, might dangerously prej- udice our national defense in the fu- ture. ... It is quite unjustifiable to contend that an enemy merchant ship -hould be warned before being tor- pedoed.'' The Living Age (Boston),
to which we are indebted for this quo- tation, comments thereon as follows (No. 4049, p. 311) : "What then of the Lusitania and the whole spurlos ver- senkt policy? Or were we merely mis- led into moral indignation at these acts ?"
"A Short Historv of the Papacv" by Mary I. M. Bell '(New York: Dodd, Mead & Co.) is an utterly unreliable compilation, replete with mere gossip and ugly allegations laid to the already encumbered doors of many popes.
Anyone who has carefully and with- out prejudice read the unanimous deci- sion of the Massachusetts Supreme Court in the Pelletier case, as printed in full by the Boston Herald of Feb. 22, will agree with the True Voice, the Southwestern Catholic, and a few other papers, that since Mr. Pelletier was removed from office after a just trial, the Knights of Columbus should not offer him sanctuary, especially in a national office. The S. W. Catholic (I, 23) refers to a statement by a former president of the Boston Chamber of Commerce, a Catholic, who emphatical- ly censures Supreme Knight Flaherty for his action in shielding Pelletier. We remember that Col. P. H. Callahan had a falling out with Pelletier in con- nection with his proposal, as chairman of the K. of C. war activities commis- sion, to make Bishop Muldoon custo- dian of the funds. The F. R. joins the S. W. Catholic in demanding a thor- ough investigation of Pelletier and his conduct by the Knights of Columbus, and a house-cleaning, too, if that turns out to be necessary. We see from the Echo (VIII, 7) that two members of the Massachusetts Supreme Court are Catholics.
Fr. M. A. Mathis, C. S. C, in his doctoral thesis, "The Pauline Pistis- Hypostasis according to Heb. XI, 1," lately recommended in the F. R., inter- prets "substantia" as "reaHzation." Fr. L. Murillo, S.J., took issue with him on this head in a recent number of
130
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
April 1
BibUca (II, 252-255). Fr. Mathis de- fends his view in the same magazine (HI, 78-89), and we are thankful for a copy of his article in pamphlet form. ("Does 'Substantia' Mean 'Realization' or 'Foundation' in Hebr. XI, 1?" 14 pp. 8vo. Rome: Pontifical Biblical In- stitute). There is a brief rejoinder by Fr. Murillo, but Fr. IMathis seems to have the better of the argument.
We are indebted to the Volksvereins- verlag of M.-Gladbach, Germany, for a catalogue of recent publications of the Catholic Volksverein of that coun- try. Most of these publications — books and brochures — deal with practical so- cial questions, but there are others of a more philosophical and theological character. Dr. F. ]\Ieftert's apologetic- al treatises alone constitute a small tlieological defence library. There is also a list of excellent magazines, such as Sozialc Kultitr, Jung Land ( for young farmers), Dcr Krans (for Cath- olic girls), Volkskunst (for the cultiva- tion of genuine art among the people), etc. All in all one marvels at the activ- ity of the Volksverein and its capable leaders even in the dour period of intellectual and financial depression through which Germany is now pass- ing. Would our Catholic Central Bu- reau were enabled to extend and in- tensify its activities after the manner of the German Volksverein !
The CatHolic Bulletin, of Cleveland, in view of Mr. Gonner's experience, has decided not to resume its campaign for a Catholic daily. Our contempo- rary, however, still advocates a chain of Catholic dailies, but wants them "fi- nanced, organized and supervised by the Catholics of America under the N. C. W. C. or some other national body." This plan, in the opinion of the Echo (VTII, 7), is hardly feasible, and even if it could be carried out would give us merely a chain of daily ''official organs," instead of the weekly official organs which we now have in abund- ance. "If we are ever to have influ- ential daily Catholic newspapers," says
our Buffalo contemporary, "they must be established through private enter- prise and remain free and untrammelled. In European countries where the Cath- olic press has attained its greatest de- velopment 'official organs' are unknown. The ecclesiastical authorities, indeed, support the Catholic press by means of pastoral letters, energetic subscription campaigns and frequent contributions, but the management and editorial con- trol are entrusted to competent journal- ists."
The Irish Theological Quarterly has entered upon the year 1922 with an unusually brilliant number. We can
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1922
THE FOETNIGHTLY REVIEW
131
mention but a few leading articles. Dr. David Barry writes on "Formal and Material Co-Operation" in sin; Fr. M. F. Egan, S.J., discusses "The Two Theories of Purgatory," taking the ground that Purgatory is a place of punishment as well as purification. Dr. Wm. Moran deals with "The Charismatic Ministry in the Primitive Church," tracing what he calls the ordinary constitutional charismata of teaching and government in order to reach a correct estimate of the influence of the extraordinary gifts on the life of the early Church. There are, in ad- dition, several historical papers, and the usual number of valuable "Notes" and "Book Reviews." We take this oppor- tunity to call attention to the fact that the B. Herder Book Co., of St. Louis, are the American agents for the Irish Theological Quarterly.
-•--•--•■-•-
The Builder (Vol. VIII, Xo. 3; re- produces a story from the Metropolitan Magazine by "Bro. Rudyard Kipling, England." We had not thought of Kip- ling as a Freemason before.
It will surprise not a few readers to learn that, according to Bro. Arthur C. Parker, of New York, writing in the ]\Iasonic Builder (Anamosa, la.. Vol. VIII, No. 3), there have been and still are numerous Freemasons among the American Indians. Masonry was brought to the aboriginal inhabitants of this country in the early days through government agents who were members of the Craft. Among the Five Civilized Tribes, especially the Cherokees, there were many Masons. In the old Indian Territory, in Kansas and the Dakotas, "many an Indian has served as Master of the Lodge." We suspect that Protestant preachers have also had something to do with propa- gating Masonry among the Red Men.
The Builder, "a Journal for the ]Ma- sonic Student," in its Vol. VIII, No. 3. asserts that "in one of the largest cities of this land a Romanist bishop keeps an office in the city hall adjoining the
mayor's own private office, and every appointment made by that mayor first receives the O. K. of the bishop." This is an astounding assertion, and if it were true, we should not be surprised that "a number of citizens in that city do not approve of such a procedure and are going to put a stop to it." But is it true? We refuse to believe the charge unless it is proved. Any number of loyal Catholics would unite with the Masons to stop undue interference by churchmen in purely secular affairs.
A note in The Builder (Vol. VIII, Xo. 3) makes it clear why the Chris- tian Science Monitor devotes so much space to Freemasonry. Bro. Wm. A. Theobald, of Illinois, after calling at- tention to Section 15, Article VIII, of the Christian Science "Church Manual," which reads : "Members of this Church shall not become members of organiza- tions which exclude either sex — except they are Freemasons." says : "It was the privilege of the writer to be on a ^[asonic committee appointed to in- vestigate whether or not there was anything in the r^Iasonic doctrines that would conflict with those of Christian Science, and vice versa. It was the unanimous decision of the committee tliat there was none." There is evi- dently a mutual attraction and sym- pathy between the two sects, and this fact aptly characterizes them both.
A movement is under way among the affiliated branches of the Cathohc Cen- tral Society to endow the Central Bu- reau, which has been doing such vahant work in the cause of social reform and Catholic apologetics during the past ten or twelve years. We hope sufficient money will be raised to insure the reg- ular functioning of this important bu- reau for many years to come. The President of the Central Society, ^Tr. Charles Korz. in a communication to the Buffalo Aurora (Vol. 7L No. 30), suggests that the New York Staatsver- band, which has 15,000 members, con- tribute $30,000 for the endowment of the Central Bureau and designate the
132
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
April 1
The Ideal Magazine for the Busy Parish Priest
Contents of March Issue 1922
PASTORALIA: By Charles Bruehl, D.D.: Pastoral
Work in the Large City — Social Organization
withm the Parish — IJringing the Parish Mem-
t>ers together — Societies and Clubs — Study Circles. THE LAROR SPY TN THE LABOR UNION: By
Joseph Husslein, S. T., Ph. D. BIBLICAL STUDIES: The Biblical Commission
and the Fourth GosveL By Walter Drum. &'. T. THE GAINING OF INDULGENCES: By Stanis- laus Woywod, O.F.M. PRACTICAL ASCETICAL NOTES FOR
PRIESTS: Preachir.g as a Means of Personal
Sanctification to the Priest. By S. Louismet,
O. S. p. CASUS MORALIS: A Strnnse View of the Pauline
Priviloee. By J. A. McHugh. O.P. LITURGICAL NOTES ^OR THE MONTH: Notes
on the Ordinary of the Mass. By the Bene- dictine Monks of Buckfast Abbey. ROMAN DOCUMENTS I OR THE MONTH. ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS:
Ta'rsing Pew Rent from non-Parishioners — ■
Fees for Dispensations — Double Impediment of
Consanguinity — Impedi'.ient of Public Decency.
HOMILETIC PART
SERMON MATTER FROM THE FATHERS'. By Hugh Pope, O.P., S.T.M.
SEPMONS ON THE GOSPELS AND EPISTLES: Passion Sunday. Suffering.
Bu Eustace O'Gorman, O.P. Palm Sunday. The Sacrifice on the Cross.
By P. C. Yorke, D.D. Easier Sunday. The First Easter Sermon.
By Thos. M. S'chwertner, O.P. First Sunday after Easter. The Passion, Death and Resurrection of Christ. By T. Slater, S. J. Second Sunday after Easter. Signs of Election. By M. S. Smith. PARABLE SERMONETTES FOR THE CHIL- DREN'S MASS. For Every Sunday. By Frederick Renter. THE S.KCkED MYSTERIES' OF THE PRECIOUS BLOOD: A Lenten Course. By Ferdinand Heckmann, O.F.M. BOOK REVIEWS.
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l!)22
THE FORTXIGHTLY REVIEW
donation a> "'Joseph Frey Memorial," in honor of the Society's late president, who sacrificed his Hfe for the good cause and looked upon the Central Bu- reau as a sign-post of a better future. 3t[ay we amend the motion by suggest- ing that the New York members of the Central Society make their donation vS50,000 and thereby give to their breth- ren in other States an example that ^vould undoubtedly exercise such a strong efifect that the existence of the Central Bureau would be assured. As the Central Bureau is situated in St. Louis, the Catholics of Missouri and the Middle West ought to take a spe- cial interest in securing its permanenc}'.
Forty Years of Missionary Life
in Arkansas
By the Rev. John Eugene Weibel, V.F.
i49th histallmcnt)
On the day of the anniversary I cele- brated high Mass with the same pastor and curate as deacons who had served me twenty-five years before. The music was very good, but the Cistercian Fathers who had played the instruments at my first ]\Iass bad all gone to their eternal rest. The Rev. Abbess Cecilia again acted as spiritual wother. A banquet was prepared for the jubilarian and his friends and relatives at the hotel "Rossli." I was greatly surprised to see a large painting about 4 .x 8 feet, banging on the rear wall of the banquet ball. It was decorated with wreaths and contained the pictures of the priests in North- eastern Arkansas, including my own, as well as the portrait of Mother Edward, at that time prioress of -Maria-Stein convent in Pocahontas, and pictures of the churches of Pocahontas, Jonesboro, Paragould, Peach Orchard, Wynne, Newport, of Maria-Stein and Holy Angels Convents at Jonesboro. and St. Bernard's Hospital. All these pictures were tastefully grouped and connected by beautiful decorations. Lithographic copies were taken from this tableau as souvenirs of the silver jubilee. The Leo House ^lessen- ger, of 1901, published a small copy of it in its winter issue. The hall was richly deco- rated with festoons and inscriptions. The Convent of the Benedictine Sisters of Jonesboro was represented by Sr. AL Mein- rada. O.S.B., sister of the prioress. Amongst the clergy at the banquet may be mentioned the rector of the parish. Rev. Father Suter: the curate. Rev. Father Estermann ; Rev. Isidore. O.M.Cap., and Rev. V. Halter, a pastor of Lucerne, and cousin of the jubi- larian: Rev. Jerome Studer, O.S.B., repre-
senting the old Abbey of Maria-Stcin, and my brother Roman Weibel, O.S.B., of the Abbey of Einsiedeln. :\Iy other clerical friends had a banquet at the abbey and were entertained by my spiritual mother, the Rev. Abbess Cecilia, who had also engaged a famous speaker to preach the sermon at the solemn high Mass.
Ch.\pter XXIII
PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS — ST. BERX-
ARD'S HOSPITAL — ALTAR
BOYS — CHURCH ,AIUSIC
On my visit to Switzerland, in l9oi, I spent a good deal of my time with Father Wolfgang Schlumpf, the founder of New Subiaco, who was at that time chaplain of the Benedictine Sisters at Glattburg, Switzer- land. He was always greatly interested in Arkansas, where be had done missionary work.
Whilst in Rome I obtained from Cardinal Ferrata permission to say ^Nlass on the ocean. Late in fall, 1901, I returned to America, \vith a number of candidates for different monasteries. I also brought a great many useful articles for the missions, which had been given to me, such as monstrances, cibo- riums, chalices, vestments, books, etc.
Amongst the candidates who came with me at that time, were the following Sisters of the Maria-Stein convent: Sr. M. Lucy, now- principal of the parochial school at Blythes- ville, Ark.; Sr. M. Ida; Sr. M. Mechtildis ; Sr. M. Anna, and Sr. M. Christina. The Rev. Father Adelrich Thum also came along to help in the missions. He was my assistant in Jonesboro, in 1902 and 1903.
After my return my chief efforts were again devoted to the parochial schools. They are the bulwark of the Church.
Early in 1902 work was begun on the new hospital, between the convent and the original hospital.
The week following September 21st, the priests of X'ortheast .\rkansas and Southeast Missouri made a week's retreat in Jonesboro. About a dozen priests took part in the exer- cises. We also, from time to time, held con- ferences.
A grand play, ■■.\lice in Wonderland," was given by the school that year at the Grand Opera House, on the 28th and 29th of Octo- ber. It was the biggest play ever under- taken, and over 125 persons took part in it. This play, by Hope Leonard, music by H. DeLissenbee, had been given with great suc- cess in many large cities.
In the Lent of 1903 the Forty Hours' De- votion was held with special solemnity. Many priests from X'ortheast Arkansas and South- east Missouri took part in it.
On Easter Monday, 1903, the habit was given to ten young ladies. These celebra- tions became more solemn from year to year. (.To be continued^
134
THE FOETNIGHTLY EEVIEW
April r
Literary Briefs
Sermons by Father Scully
Father David L. Scully, of the Diocese of Alton, has gathered a number of sermons which he had published in the Western Cath- olic, into a volume that will prove welcome to many brother priests, for these sermons are short and pithy. They average about six i2mo pages each and deal for the most part with the homely subjects of every-day life, c. g. : children, parents, youth, sin, sacrifice, temptation, indifferentism, forgiveness, hyp- ocrisy, slander, ill-gotten wealth, and so forth. We like particularly the simplicity of tone and the directness of appeal that character- ize these discourses. ( B. Herder Book Co.) Imitating the Divine Master
It is the duty and the sacred privilege of every Christian to walk in the footsteps of the Saviour. The imitation of Christ, in our respective vocation and state of life, is the one paramount duty of all men. But the question is asked: "How can I imitate him?"
The answer is, "Imitate His virtues, as far as you can, and as far as your duties, life- work, and conditions of life make it possi- ble." Helpful suggestions are offered in a beautiful booklet, "The Divine Master's Portrait," a series of short essays on the spirit of Christ, by Rev. Joseph Degen, which we recommend to our readers. (B. Herder Book Co.)
The Preacher's Vademecum
We are inclined to look askance upon a new "collection of sermons" for the "busy pastor," but it seems that "The Preacher's Vademecum" is just what the name implies, and that it will be of real use to the pastor v/ho must address his people upon any and every occasion. The English version of this French work. "Vademecum des Predicateurs, par deux Missionaires," is said to have been siiggested by the unusual success of the original and by the high favor it gained from the clergy in France. There is almost an eiiibarras de richesse. as every sermon
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1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
135
for "the Sundays of the Year" is followed b}' an alternative plan. There are special sermons for the feasts of Our Lord, feasts of the Blessed Virgin and of the saints, be- sides special sermons for various occasions .-^nd practical outlines for retreats. (New York: Joseph F. Wagner, Inc.).
"Abandonment to Divino Providence"
The Rev. J. P. De Caussade, S.J. (d. 1751) was one of the ablest spiritual writers of the 1 8th century. His "Abandon a la Providence Divine" went through many editions. A por- tion of it (the theoretical part) appeared in an English translation some years ago. Now we have a complete version, made from the loth French edition, by E. J. Strickland. It IS entitled, not very accurately, "Abandon- niCnt to Divine Providence." The second, practical, part consists of letters of spiritual direction for persons leading a spiritual life. These letters are mostly addressed to per- sons suffering from different kinds of dark- ness, desolation, and trials, and are full of unction. The translation pays more regard to the meaning than to literal exactness. The book has the imprimatur of the Bishop of Plymouth and an introduction by Dom Arnold, O.S.B., of Buckfast Abbey. (B. Her- der Book Co.)
New Light on the Protestant Reformation
Fr. Hartmann Grisar, S.J., the author of the Catholic standard work on "Luther," has begun the publication of a series of supple- mentary brochures under the title of "Luther- Studien." The first of these is devoted to Luther's appearance at Worms, regarded especially in the light of the fables propa- gated on this incident in Germany on the occasion of the recent Luther centenary. "Apostasy from the Christian religion, in- cluding the form championed by Luther," he says (p. 80 sq.), "is written large across the Luther festivals held at the close of the fourth centenary of the Reformation. The comparatively few educated Protestants who have remained faithful to revealed religion are not able to expunge this flaming legend." In No. II of the series Fathers Grisar and F. Heege, S.J., begin a treatise on caricature as employed in the service of the Protestant Reformation. The fight began in 1521 with the "Passional Christi und Antichristi," which went through many editions and forms an interesting chapter in the history of the psychology of hate. There are to be three more hefte on the development of this pop- ular method of polemics, in which Luther and his friends played an unenviable part. (B. Herder Book Co.)
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136
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
April 1
The Science of Education
Under the title "The Science of Education in its Sociological and Historical Aspects," the Rev. Felix M. Kirsch, O.M.Cap., presents ti^e first volume of an authorized English translation of Dr. Otto Willraann's standard work, "Didaktik." The work is written on the principle that whatever has stood the test of the ages, will prove of value also in the future, and undertakes to ascertain, from the history of education, what is the basis of our culture and what must, consequently, ever remain the essence of our courses of study. Fr. Kirsch rightly thinks that the work has a. mission for our day and country, since it offers guiding principles of which American education stands in sore need. He has labored long and diligently to give an accurate and a readable translation of Dr. Willmann's very difficult text. The editor of the F. R. reviewed the introduction (pp. i to 74) in manuscript and can vouch for its accuracy. As regards the remaining portion, the studious reader will judge for himself. The translator has added some valuable references and notes. A second and final volume is in preparation. (Beatty, Pa.: The Archabbey Press).
The Church in English History
In "The Norman and Earlier Medieval Period" Father Ernest R. Hull, S.J., editor of the Bombay Examiner, continues his "His- tory of England Series," designed to present English ecclesiastical history in its true aspect, as contrasted with the traditional Protestant version. The present volume covers the ground from the Norman con- quest to the death of Henry II, which fol- lowed soon after the murder of St. Thomas a Becket. The unifying feature of the period is the struggle of Church with State, chiefly over the question of free intercourse between the Church in England and the Holy See. That "the Church shall be free" was a promise repeated in various charters of the Norman kings. The struggles of Lanfranc, Anselm, Theodore, and a Becket were a series of efforts to force that clause into realization. When the same clause was repeated later on in the Magna Carta, it did not introduce anything new or promise some- thing to be performed, but rather mentioned something already acknowledged and taken for granted, and needing only to be recalled and confirmed. Father Hull treats his sub- ject with his usual lucidity and erudition, and it is becoming more evident with each installment that his "History of England Series" fills a real want. (B. Herder Book Co.)-
A Study in St. Chrysostom
"A Study in Greek Rhetoric, or the Styl- istic Influence of the Second Sophistic on the Panegyrical Sermons of St. John Chrys- ostom," is a dissertation submitted to the faculty of letters of the Catholic University of America in partial fulfillment of the re- quirements for the Ph.D. degree, by the Rev. Thomas E. Ameringer, O.F.M. It is a schol- arly piece of work. The author had some German savants to light his way, but his work is none the less independent and orig- inal. Even those whose reading of the Greek Fathers never went much beyond the stand- ard class-room exercises, will relish this piece of work, which would have been even njore valuable for general use had the author given a translation of the Greek passages quoted by him. It is plain that St. John Chrysostom, the golden-tongued, was a bap- tized Hellenist, steeped in the Greek litera-" ture of his day, using its figures of speech, its rhythmical periods, its exaggerated love of the rhetorical. And all this in spite of the fact that he condemns those preachers who strive to hold their audience by a show of eloquence. But Chrysostom was an instrument in the hands of God and he ac- cepted the conditions of the times in which he lived. These demanded that the truths of Christianity be presented to fastidious audiences in polished rhetorical language.
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TIte Man of Sorrozvs. Chapters on the Sa- cred Passion by Robert Eaton, Priest of the Birmingham Oratory, sjy pp. l2mo. Sands & Co. and B. Herder Book Co. $2.25 net.
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The Fortnightly Review
VOL. XXIX, NO. 8
ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
April 15, 1922
The Mystery of Limpias
The second edition of the late Prof. Dr. C. Isenkrahe's "Ex- perimental - Theologie ' ' (Bonn : Marcus & Weber), published after the author's death, contains a critical discussion of "the phe- nomena of Limpias," which the F. K. has repeatedly noticed. The writer, after carefully studying these phenomena, as reported in Prof. Dr. von Kleist's book, "Auf- fallende Ereigiiisse an dem Chris- tusbilde von Limpias" (3rd. ed., Verlag der Waisenanstalt Kir- nach-Villingen, Baden, 1921), gives it as his opinion that there is nothing in these "sensational occurrences" which would require the assumption of supernatural influences.
Dr. Isenkrahe, whose work and reputation lie mainly in the field of higher mathematics and phys- ics, says that the reports from Limpias give rise to three ques- tions: (1) AMiat phenomena are sufficiently authenticated? (2) Is the testimony of the witnesses reliable? (3) Is it necessary to postulate a miracle or a series of miracles to explain the events!
The phenomena, as reported, are briefly these : The body of the crucified Saviour is seen to sweat, tears flow from the eyes, blood from the mouth or the crown of thorns on the head; water from the right side; the eyes roll or twist, the statue seems to breathe, the lips move as in unutterable pain, and so forth.
Are these apparitions sufficient-
ly authenticated? 1500 witnesses have testified to them under oath, and there can be no reasonable doubt that they testified in good faith. Of special weight is the testimony of a number of infidels who were deeply affected by what they saw.
But the witnesses can testify only to their impressions. The cause underlying these impres- sions must be subjected to scien- tific investigation.
Are the phenomena objective or purely subjective? They can not be objective, for on many occasions they were seen only by some of the attendants and not by others. Hence they must be subjective. If subjective, were they mere illusions or impressed miraculously on the eyes of those who saw them? To assume that a hundred or more persons were the victims of the same illusion at the same time is inadmissible. Hence there remains the theory that the figure of the crucified Saviour remained and God caused the impressions miraculously for a supernatural purpose. This is assumed by Prof. Dr. von Kleist. Dr. Isenkrahe denies the assump- tion. The evidence shows, he says, that on March 30, 1919, the day the manifestations began, a mis- sionary ascended a ladder and found the figure of Christ covered with perspiration. He touched it and showed the attending popu- lace his moist hand.
Another objection raised by Dr.
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Iseiikralie is that such an "inter- nal" miracle would be opposed to the wisdom of God, since it would make it impossible for any one to form a reliable opinion concern- ing miracles.
But even if we were to admit that these impressions were caused by supernatural causes, we could not speak of a miracle in the apologetical sense of the term, because in that sense a miracle is not merely an effect caused by God, but an eff'ect that can be produced by no other agent than God. Sense impressions can be produced by nature and are often so produced in certain diseases.
A miracle in the apologetical sense further requires that the effect must be in some way per- ceptible by the senses, for it is only by this means that the human intellect, which is bound to ascend from the sensible to the supra- sensible, can be convinced of the genuineness of a miracle. The "miracle" of Limpias, conceived as a purely internal occurrence, could not be ascertained by means of the exterior senses, but, for witnesses, by interior perception alone, and, for non-witnesses, by the (conflicting) testimony of the witnesses. The hypothesis of an ''internal miracle" is, therefore, untenable.
Some think that God produced in the lifeless figure of Christ certain physical manifestations which closely resemble genuine signs of life and so impress the beholder. In that case we should have to assume a miracle, but the assumption is untenable because it fails to explain why only a por- tion of those present in the church of Limpias beheld these mani- festations, while the majority saw absolutely nothing extraordinary.
It is suggested that God binds the eyes of the latter, but it is silly to assume that He works a second miracle to prevent the first from exercising its natural effect.
Is it possible to explain the phe- nomena of Limpias by assuming that the figure on the cross was subjected to a physical change which made it appear different than it really was f Dr. Isenkrahe thinks this explanation not only possible, but probable. Moisture from the atmosphere or the breath of the assembled multitude may have settled on the statue and there formed minute drops, which produced the impressions of which we read in the reports. This purely physical and natural phenomenon may have occurred only in a certain direction from the cross and may have been dependent upon the illumination, Avhich explains why some saw it, Avhile others did not.
Dr. Isenkrahe does not insist on the correctness of this explana- tion, but merely proffers it as a workable hypothesis, which, he says, should be experimentally tested. The conditions of moisture in the church should be carefully investigated and moving pictures taken of the crucifix during the so- called manifestations.
It is objected against a natural explanation of the "miracle" that if natural causes alone were at work, thev must have wrought their effect before March 30, 1919, when the phenomena began. To this it may be replied that the phenomena may have existed long before that date, but may never have been noticed and, further, that the high degree of moisture which developed in the church during the mission of March, 1919, mav in some manner have
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been preserved and increased, so that the optical effects either be- gan to appear or grew stronger from that time on.
Xo doubt the ecclesiastical com- mission now at work on the prob- lem will consider the suggestions of Dr. Isenkrahe and apply all the means furnished by science to test the phenomena before pronounc- irig them miraculous. The Church moves cautiouslv in such matters.
The Failure of Psycho-Analysis
Evidence is rapidly accumulat- ing that the position so long main- tained by the F. R., that psycho- analysis is at present only a med- ley of science and nonsense, is gradually gaining the approval of the scientific world. Thus, in further support of Fr. Muntsch's testimony in Xo. 6 of the F. E. ("Dangers of Freudism") we quote the following paragraph from a paper on "Tics" (local and habitual convulsive motions of certain, especially facial, mus- cles). The article is by Meyer Solomon, M.D., College of Medi- cine, University of Illinois, and is republished by the Bureau of Edu- cation (Washington, D. C.) in Bulletin X^o. 50, page 136.
Dr. Meyer, discussing the "prog- nosis" or chances for recovery of a victim of such convulsive tAvitch- ings, says:
"The writer will agree with the Freudians that there must be a cause for the appearance of these tics. This cause existed in the past. It has in the course of time been forgotten, but still exists somewhere in the subconscious- ness of memory. This forgetting has been brought about by a pro- cess of dissociation from the orig- inal exciting cause. But the writer
will not agree that this dissocia- tion has been, of necessity, brought about by repression on the part of the individual, that by psychaualysis the condition can he traced hack to the sexual activities or tendencies of infantile or early childhood origin* or that the condition can be cured when the original cause is made known to the patient through psychanalysis, without the train- ing of the will so necessary in this condition."
The writer admits, indeed, that "the analytic tendency of the Freudian school is to be highly recommended." But he wisely adds (and this is the point empha- sized by men of authority), that "this analysis should not be limit- ed to sexual analysis, but should include a consideration of all of man's instincts."
The renowned church historian Knopfler and other recent authorities have expressed the opinion that it is not likely that the ancient controversy re- garding the authorship of the "Imita- tion of Christ," ascribed to Thomas a Kempis, will ever be completely solved. In the Zcitschrift fiir deiitsch'es Alter- tum und deutsche Liferatur (Vol. 59, Nos. 1 and 2, Berlin, 1921) Paul Ha- gen, who has edited two anonymous low-German tractates preserved in the city library of Liibeck, declares that Thomas Hemerken was the redactor rather than the author of the work that has made him famou^^. "Thus the Imi- tafjo Christi, one of Holland's chief contributions to world literature," he says, "originated in a manner resemb- ling the genesis of the poems ascribed to Homer and of the Nibelungenlied." A contributor to the Historisch-politische Blatter (Munich, 1922, \'ol. 169, No. 4) accepts this conclu^ii-n as very prob- able.
Italics ours. — Ed. F. R.
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The Knights of Columbus and the Pelletier Case
By Bernard J. Rothwell, Boston, Mass.
Ill response to various inquiries from many to whom the pamphlet "Authority or Anarchy?" was recently forwarded, the following additional information is fur- nished.
I am personally responsible for that pamphlet. Its wide distribu- tion was suggested by a number of CVitholic men — many of whom are members of the Knights of (.'olumbus — for reasons which the pamphlet itself and this further statement should make clear.
The Pelletier Case has become of national significance because of the official declaration of Supreme Knight Flaherty, and because of the circulation, under official aus- pices of the Knights of Columbus, of the closing arguments of Mr. Pelletier 's counsel, the}^ having failed to enter any defense, pro- duce any witnesses, or subject Mr. Pelletier himself to examina- tion and cross-examination.
It is notable that of the scores of reputable Catholic lawyers in this city, not a single one uttered a word in question of the decision of the Supreme Court or in de- fense of Mr. Pelletier.
I have no personal animus whatever toward Mr. Pelletier. Such few contacts as we have ever had have been entirely agreeable ; but the question at issue vitally affects the welfare of the Catholic Church in America, and hence far transcends any individual inter- est or personal predilection.
Only one who has been in the midst of affairs here can form any idea of the debauchery of Justice vrliich has gone on for the past several vears. The more con-
temptible and filth}' phase of this was made public in the recent trial before the Supreme Court, of the case of "The Attorney General v. Nathan A. Tufts, District Attor- ney of Middlesex County," where the deliberate use of disreputable women to lure men of means into compromising positions was ex- posed, (^iice in the toils, they were confronted by the same at- torneys, who were in league with the District Attorney; were ob- liged, under threat of indictment by the District Attorney, with the consequent publicity, to pay enormous sums to alleged injured relatives. Probably not one-tenth of the cases which were "put across" were even attempted to be brought to the attention of the court because of the insurmount- able difficulty of inducing the vic- tims to go into open court and testify in such cases.
Suffice it to say that the atmos- phere hereabouts in connection with the administration of the offices of the District Attorneys of Middlesex and Suffolk Counties "smelled to heaven," and aroused the indignation of all right-think- ing persons. It became evident that the situation was intolerable and that Justice was becoming a by-word. Something had to be done.
I pledge you my word that the attempt to clear up this situation had neither religious, racial, nor political bias. It was simply the revolt of honest men.
Every conceivable attempt was made to hinder this effort. All sorts of propaganda was indus- triously circulated, the principal
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jiiid most contemptible being the vicious appeal to racial and re- ligious prejudice, which many have been endeavoring, for more than one generation, to wipe out, and \\'ith marked success until these recent occurrences.
When, through- the conviction of Tufts, it became evident that Mr. Pelletier would be put on trial, every legal subterfuge was invoked to prevent a trial. Xot once did he face his accusers with a statement that he had nothing to conceal — that his official con- duct was an open book — that he welcomed the closest investiga- tion. But he commenced, in ad- vance, to assail the Supreme Court, largely by innuendo, in an apparent attempt to discredit it and to lay claim that, as a result, the court could not be impartial. He dug up some trifling matters connected with the private prac- tice of the Attorney General, and with the official action of one of the Justices of the Supreme Court (who did not sit on his case) and virtually instructed the Grand Jury to bring indictment against them. These matters were paltry, both the accused courting the full- est investigation of the alleged offence. The indictments, it is believed, were secured for the pur- pose of arousing distrust and of creating hostile public sentiment. The cases have not been tried as yet, but are being pushed for trial, and the new District Attor- ney— Thomas C. O'Brien, a high- type Catholic, appointed by the Governor to fill the vacancy — has assigned them to an Assistant District Attorney who was a spe- cial protege and adherent of Mr. Pelletier.
Mr. Pelletier, after the case had been entered, had himself nomi-
nated for mayor on nomination papers, and conducted a virulent campaign. In the midst of the campaign, notwithstanding his previous repeated violent denun- ciation of those who predicted that he would withdraw, he did pull out. He now announces that he is going to be vindicated at the polls the coming fall — his appar- ent intention being either to run again for District Attorney or for Governor. In either event this will involve the Catholic commu- nity in an attack upon the Su- preme Court and bitter racial and religious strife. So much for the local atmosphere.
What action the Knights of Columbus should take, both as to repudiation of Mr. Flaherty's offi- cial attack upon the Supreme Court and his endorsement of Mr. Pelletier, and v\ith reference to maintaining in high position in the Order a discredited public official, is for the Knights them- selves to determine.
It would seem to me, as it does to many of my Catholic fellow- citizens, that the Knights of Co- lumbus must purge themselves of this affair, or they will cease to be regarded as a representative body of Catholic laymen.
The result of mistaken passiv- ity in permitting men of deiiion- strated unworthiness to push themselves forward in public po- sition, as representative Catholics, to claim immunity or preferential consideration, and to capitalize the most sacred inheritance, has, naturally, aroused serious concern among many — who though not of our faith are entirely broad- minded — as to the sincerity of Catholic morals and Catholic ethics.
This doubt is unquestionably
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April 15
becoming a decided handicap to oncoming Catholic youth, and is closing to them many doors of opportunity. Xor can we wonder at this if we tacitly uphold con- victed wrongdoing.
We of the faith know that the conscientious Catholic cannot be other than the most trustworthy of men in every relation of life, socially, politically, industrially, •and commercially; but those "out- side the pale, ' ' noting conspicuous lapses, misinterpret the silence of the great majority of right-think- ing, right-acting Catholic men and women.
The Catholic faith has certain fundamental, immutable princi- ples, and we who profess that faith nuist square our actions with them, or else our profession is but a mockery. It is useless to proclaim principles if we do not l)ractice what they teach. If we fail in this, we cannot retain our own self-respect, much less that of our fellow-citizens outside the faith.
6i)S Chamber of Coiniiicrcr, Boston, Mass.
After-Glow
By Lawrence M. Loerke
One morning early, with the snn that rose, Just after April rains in showers fell And made sweet perfume on the lilac boughs, I sought the mead where springtime glories
dwell. And all the sprightly grass rejoiced at me. Bathing my feet with tears of ecstasy ; The flowers in gayest dress encircled me And would not leave me forward go for
glee. And one, the tend'rest in the row, An iris with a golden glow. Looked up at me exultingly. L wond'ring, asked the reason why. The answer came: "An angel on his way To Paradise this field passed yesterday. Stooped low and kissed me where I dreaming
lay!"
Roma Locuta est
The N. Y. Herald of March 31st published a sensational article concerning the affairs of the Na- tional Catholic Welfare Council. Some of the information con- tained therein is correct, some is false. The facts, so far as we know them, are as follows :
The Sacred Congregation of the Consistory, in a decree or letter addressed to all the bishops of the U. S. and received by them the latter part of last month, praises the American hierarchy for the manner in which, in and through the National Catholic War Coun- cil and the National Catholic Wel- fare Council, they met the emer- gencies of the war and its imme- diate aftermath; but at the same time it calls their attention to the fact that, now that these emer- gencies have ceased, there is no further justification for emergency measures and methods, such as the annual meetings of the bish- ops, in regard to which the S. Con- gregation recalls the provisions of the Canon Law regarding plenary and other councils.
The document also seems to con- tain some reference to the national headquarters of the N. C. W. C. in Washington, which will proba- bly be demobilized in view of this indirect disapprobation and of the fact that it is practically without funds. Those who have perused our criticisms of this organiza- tion, especially of its social action and press departments, will agree that the disparition of this whole expensive and poorly managed post-war apparatus will be a real blessing. Once again Rome with its superior wisdom has nipped in the bud a movement which, though well-intentioned, was ill-advised and even dangerous.
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t Msgr. Joseph Pohle t
The late Et. Eev. Msgr. Joseph Pohle, Ph.D., D.D., was born at Niederspav near Koblenz in the Ehineland, March 19, 1852. He made his higher studies partly in his native land and partly in Eome, where he not only studied philosophy and theology, attain- ing to the doctorate in both dis- ciplines, but the natural sciences as well, especially astronomy, under the famous Fr. Angelo Secchi, S. J., whose biographer he later became.
In 1878 he was ordained to the priesthood. From April 1 1883 to October 1 1886 he taught dogmatic theology in the seminary of Leeds, England. In the latter year he accepted a call to the seminary of Fulda, where he held the chair of philosophy till 1889. In 1889 he was appointed professor of apolo- getics or fundamental theology in the Catholic University of Amer- ica, which position he held with great credit and success till 1894, when he resigned, disgusted by the anti-German and American- istic spirit which was then devel- oping in that institution and which, a few years later, led to the sensational dismissal of Dr. Pohle 's equally gifted and more aggressive colleague, the Et. Eev. Msgr. Joseph Schroeder.
Dr. Pohle returned to Germany in 1894 and accepted the chair of dogmatic theologv at the Univer- sity of Miinster i. W. In 1897 he followed a call to the University of Breslau, where he taught dog- matic theology until his retire- ment as professor emeritus, two years ago. A fruit of his lectures on dogmatic theology was his ''Lehrbuch der Dogmatik," in three large volumes, which began
to appear in 1902 and of which he lived to prepare the seventh edi- tion. This work was made accessi- ble to the English-speaking public by the Editor of the Foetxightly Eeview, in twelve volumes (St. Louis, Herder, 1911 ff.), of which five are now appearing in the fourth edition. This was Msgr. Pohle 's chef d'oeuvre, which secured him a world-wide fame. Besides this he wrote a life of "P. Angelo Secchi, S.J." (2nd ed., 1904), two Latin treatises, "De Providentia Divina" (1874) and "De Conceptu Creationis Divinae" (1879), a popular intro- duction to the study of modern astronomy under the title ''Die Sternenwelten und ihre Bewoh- ner" (Cologne, 1884; 6th ed., ibid., 1919), "Natur und Uebernatur, eine Theorie the Oft'enbarung" (191.3), and a number of other books, pamphlets, and numerous contributions to the "Kirchen- lexikon," the "Catholic Encyclo- pedia," the "Kirchliches Hand- lexikon," and other reference works, and to a number of maga- zines, notably to the Philosophi- sches JaJirbiich of the Goerres Society, which he edited for a number of years. The Foet- NiGHTLY Eeview was frequently favored with articles and notes from his pen, especially during the great battle against American- ism waged in the nineties of the past century.
In 1913 Dr. Pohle was made a domestic prelate of His Holiness and from 1915 to 1916 he served as rector magnificus of the Uni- versity of Breslau.
Dr. Pohle was not only a pro- found scholar, but a kindly, a zealous, and an amiable priest, un-
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
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selfish to a degree and so tlior- ouglily imbued with the apostolic spirit that during his last illness his friends had to aid in providing for him the things which his l)hysicians prescribed.
He died Feb. 21 after a long- protracted illness, borne with model patience, well prepared with the .last Sacraments. The blessing of the corpse took place at his former residence in Bres- lau in the presence of Cardinal Bertram, the Rector of the Uni- versity, and almost the entire Catholic theological faculty, whose dean. Provost Prof. Dr. Nikel, delivered the funeral eu- logy. The requiem in the **Sand- kirche" on Feb. 24 M'as sung by the auxiliary bishop of the dio- cese, Msgr. Wojciech, with a ser- mon by the pastor, the Rev, Dr. Kaleve. B. i. p.
A Timely Booklet on the Question of Woman's Dress
Under the somewhat awkward title "Gracefulness or Folly — Which Shall It Be!" Mr. Joseph Schaef er, Xew York, has published a timely brochure on the subject of woman's dress. As Prof. Chas. Bruehl, D.D., of Overbrook Semi- nary, says in his brief preface, the constantly growing immodesty of dress is an evil apt to inspire with serious alarm and grave misgiv- ings all those who are concerned, as every Christian must be, about the public weal and, particularly, about the moral welfare of the ris- ing generation. Priests, educators, and parents will welcome this forceful little pamphlet, written to assist them in what is truly a holy crusade against the excesses of fashion, and to bring back men and women alike to a sense of
decency and Christian self- restraint.
Would that by means of this booklet our women and girls could be made to realize that, as man is by his very nature subject to sen- sual appeal, any action likely to arouse his evil passions is more or less sinful according to the meas- ure of deliberateness involved, and that if woman's dress is of a character to constitute a sensual appeal, the wearer incurs respon- sibility for the temptation to which she exposes others in proportion to the extent to which she is aware of the consequences of her action. "The wearer may not notice that she is being- watched, she may even wish that she might not lead others into temptation; but she is truly a seducer if she causes men to sin by her suggestive dress and encourages other girls to follow her bad example."
Whoever draws the attention of a woman, whose sense of shame is being impaired, to the need of being- more careful in regard to dress, renders an inestimable ser- vice to her soul, as well as to the souls of those whom she might otherwise have led to spiritual ruin.
The address of the publisher and the price of this useful broch- ure will be found elsewhere in this issue of the F. R, We hope at least a million copies will be sold.
A goodly collection of jokes could be compiled from the pages of the Con- gressional Record. Recently Congress- man Lanham, of Texas, rose in the House to observe that the Reeord was wrong in attributing to him the remark that "no helium had been lost out of the sea-serpent in any of its flights." "I said C — 17, which is some difference,'' ex- plained ;Mr. Lanham.
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Mr. J. G. Frazer and the Hunt for "Analogies'
By the Rev. Albert Muntsch, S. J., St. Louis University
The article on "The Fable of the Silver Mallet" (F. K, No. 6) shows conclusively how careful Catholics must be in accepting reports about matters that con- cern the Church, when these re- ports issue from the sensational press, whose slogan is novelty, not truth.
But incidentally that article is valuable from another point of view. Those who know to what extent the mass of "analogies," heaped up in the ponderous tomes of Frazer 's "Golden Bough," has muddled minds in quest of religious truth, will realize that value. Fr. Thurston, with that clarity and incisiveness that char- acterize his writings ^\ilenever he riddles "truths" based on folk- lore and legends, says :
"It really seems a pity that the attention of Sir James Frazer has never been directed to this inter- esting ceremonial (the striking of the deceased Pontilf's forehead
with a silver hammer) He
would, we feel sure, find in the alleged custom abundant material for another new volume of 'The Golden Bough.' Surely it is ob- vious that the mallet episode en- shrines a most illuminating reve- lation of the manner of providing a new pontiff or god among prim- itive peoples."
Judging from his tireless quest for "analogies" in the culture, folklore, and religious and social practices of primitive people. Sir J. G. Frazer would indeed find the "silver mallet" episode a very inviting "motif" to pursue in all its variations through the ages. Our knowledge of what he
has achieved in this line makes us bold to say that the English sa- \'ant would have dug out numer- ous "parallel" instances.
Could it have escaped Father Thurston's notice that Frazer, in one of the volumes of "The Gold- en Bough" (Balder the Beautiful — the Fire-festivals of Europe and the Doctrine of the Eternal Soul) has "run down" successful- ly a theme showing some similar- ity to the "silver mallet" story? At least from Frazer 's point of view the "running down" was very successful, for there resulted a heap of "parallelisms," but with no particular significance, and leading to no remarkable con- clusions.
Referring to Frazer 's probable handling of the story of the "sil- ver mallet" and the striking therewith of the deceased Pon- tiff's forehead, Fr. Thurston says : "When the old chief medicine- man grew weak, you knocked him on the head with the nearest available piece of timber, , . . and then you called him at intervals by his name, affectionately and solicitously, until he ceased to an- swer." The last detail would have been a most delightful "analogue" to "the custom of calling aloud three times the words 'Pater Sancte,'" after the Pontiff's death.
Now in the above-mentioned volume of "The Golden Bough" Frazer gives a minutely detailed account of the "Bear festivals" among the Ainos of Northern Japan and some Siberian tribes. The festival usually ends in bruin's destruction, either by ar-
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
April 15
rows or by being clubbed to death. But before the death wound is in- flicted upon the animal, the Ainos beg pardon of the deed they are about to commit. They remind the bear of the many favors he had received from the tribe in his life. They call him pet names, and the women sorely bewail the fate that befalls him.
"What have we here," we hear Frazer say, "but an analogue of the silver mallet wherewith the forehead of the Pope is struck after death? The calling of the dead Pontiff by name is exactly parallel to the wail for the sacri- ficed bear." Certainly Frazer has drawn much cruder analogies.
But after having pursued such "parallelisms" from Kamchatka to Patagonia, what remains? Nothing worth while, nothing that can be called a solid contribution to the history of culture.
We may just as well argue that because the Norman peasant wears sabots, the Dutch farmer
brogans, the Indian mocassins, and the Arabian and Turkish muleteer sandals, and that because in their respective folklores and mythologies they speak of rever- ence for the "earth-goddess," therefore, foot-gear is worn out of a dread to trample upon this "benign deity," rather than from the prosaic motive of protecting the feet.
Perhaps some day a zealous disciple of Frazer will try to show that the practice of doffing one's hat to a lady goes back to prim- itive fear of the gentle sex under "matriarchal rule." This, how- ever, will be quite impossible, as leading anthropologists to-day agree that a strictly matriarchal regime, that is, a government by women only, never existed. But yet we imagine that Frazer will almost persuade us of the con- trary by means of laborious "parallelisms" from the ends of the earth.
The Last Word on the Legend of Loreto
It would be hard to exaggerate the service which Canon Chevalier rendered to the cause of honest historical criticism within the Catholic Church when he coura- geously published, in 3906, his epoch-making volume, ' ' Notre- Dame de Lorette." The thesis defended by him won the assent of almost every periodical in France, Germany and Belgium which can claim to be regarded as scholarly and scientific. Still no careful reader regarded Cheva- lier's treatment of the subject as exhaustive. Moreover, as must almost inevitably happen when pioneer work is being done, there Avere slips here and there. Canon
Chevalier's great merit is that he did not quail before the disfavor which such criticism was bound to encounter in many influential quarters, and that he laid down clearly and convincingly the broad lines upon which such an inquiry must always be conducted. Rela- tively, the work of those who come after him is easier, but vrhere this work is able and con- scientiously performed, links in the chain of argument are better tested, more carefully welded to- gether and more skilfully dis- posed, with the consequence that the whole train of reasoning is more overwhelmingly conclusive. Professor Georg Hiiffer, in the
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
147
painstaking study which after many years of preparation he has now brought to completion ('*Lo- roto, Eine geschichts - kritische I'ntersuchung der Frage des heili- gen Hauses." 2 Vols., 288 + 206 pp. Miinster i. W. : Aschendorff, 1913 and 1921) presents us with a calm, dispassionate statement of the facts, and by the aid of judicious summaries and recapitulations makes the bearing of each section upon the whole argument admir- ably clear.
His first volume, published in 1913, was devoted to an examina- tion of the Western evidence. The second, v/hich could not be printed until after the war, and is dated 1921, is concerned mainly with the traditional site of the Holy House at Nazareth. The Moiith savs of it (No. 693) :
Dr. Hiilfer has turned the post- ponement of the issue of his book to advantage, by incorporating in it an appendix of 30 pages in reply to the critics of the first in- stalment. In this answer he seems to vindicate quite successfully against Father Rinieri and Pro- fessor Kresser the important in- ferences he had previously drawn from the Urkunden of 1194 and 1285. It seems to us to be estab- lished with all reasonable certain- ty that a shrine of Our Lady had already existed at Loreto for a century or more before the date of the supposed aerial translation. At the same time, it cannot for a moment be pretended that the at- tack upon the trustworthiness of the received legend must stand or fall by the verdict ultimately pro- nounced upon these corruptly transmitted early documents. In view of the extreme intrinsic im- probability of the miracle in itself, and the complete absence of any
direct testimony to such a marvel for nearly two hundred years after its supposed occurrence, it would seem to us that almost any one of the other contentions of the ad- verse party if the attack is suc- cessfully pressed home — and Dr. Hiiffer has in every case, we think, substantially proved his point — would be sufficient by itself to in- cline the balance irresistibly to the negative side. Nowhere has the author been more convincing than in his utter demolition of the pre- posterous document of Teramano. It is out of this that the whole legend has sprung and he has done wisely to put it in the fore- front of his exposition of the case. In the second volume of his work Professor Hiiffer is able to make use of a good deal of mate- rial which was not available when Chevalier wrote more than fifteen years ago. A thorough examina- tion of the remains of the basilica of the Annunciation at Nazareth has been undertaken by the Fran- ciscan Guardian, Father Prosper Viand, the complete results of which were published in 1910. By the aid of these researches as well as a more complete study of the narratives of pilgrims. Dr. Hiiffer has been able to demonstrate how impossible it is that such a build- ing as the little rectangular chapel now standing at Loreto should have been detached from the cave at Nazareth which was the tradi- tional residence of the Holy Fam- ily, and was there visited by pilgrims throughout the Middle Ages. The work is further equipped with some excellent plans and photographs and with some valuable information regarding the stone of which the Holy House is constructed. We can only hope that this admirable and exhaustive
146
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
April 15
rows or by being clubbed to death. But before the death wound is in- flicted upon the animal, the Ainos beg pardon of the deed they are about to commit. They remind the bear of the many favors he had received from the tribe in his life. They call him pet names, and the women sorely bewail the fate that l)efalls him.
"What have we here," we hear Frazer say, "but an analogue of the silver mallet w^herewith the forehead of the Pope is struck after death f The calling of the dead Pontiff by name is exactly parallel to the wail for the sacri- ficed bear." Certainly Frazer has drawn much cruder analogies.
But after having pursued such "parallelisms" from Kamchatka to Patagonia, what remains? Nothing worth while, nothing that can be called a solid contribution to the history of culture.
We may just as well argue that because the Norman peasant wears sabots, the Dutch farmer
brogans, the Indian mocassins, and the Arabian and Turkish nmleteer sandals, and that because in their respective folklores and mythologies they speak of rever- ence for the "earth-goddess," therefore, foot-gear is worn out of a dread to trample upon this "benign deity," rather than from the prosaic motive of protecting the feet.
Perhaps some day a zealous disciple of Frazer will try to show that the practice of doffing one's hat to a lady goes back to prim- itive fear of the gentle sex under "matriarchal rule." This, how- ever, will be quite impossible, as leading anthropologists to-day agree that a strictly matriarchal regime, that is, a government by women only, never existed. But yet we imagine that Frazer will almost persuade us of the con- trary by means of laborious "parallelisms" from the ends of the earth.
The Last Word on the Legend of Loreto
It would be hard to exaggerate the service which Canon Chevalier rendered to the cause of honest historical criticism within the Catholic C^hurch when he coura- geously published, in 3 906, his epoch-making volume, ' ' Notre- Dame de Lorette." The thesis defended by him won the assent of almost every periodical in France, Germany and Belgium which can claim to be regarded as scholarly and scientific. Still no careful reader regarded Cheva- lier's treatment of the subject as exhaustive. Moreover, as must almost inevitably happen when pioneer work is being done, there were slips here and there. Canon
Chevalier's great merit is that he did not quail before the disfavor which such criticism was bound to encounter in many influential quarters, and that he laid down clearly and convincingly the broad lines upon which such an inquiry must always be conducted. Rela- tively, the work of those who come after him is easier, but v/here this work is able and con- scientiously performed, links in the chain of argument are better tested, more carefully welded to- gether and more skilfully dis- posed, with the consequence that the whole train of reasoning is more overwhelmingly conclusive. Professor Georg Hiiffer, in the
paiiistiikiiiJ ■
#■»:
|-j(ersacliii^-
\liiii?ier i.
aiidll^ilM''
aispassioiw
.facts, awl' saniniarie> niak'S tiif ' iipoii thf ^ ablv clear. Hi* firs!
i! a', , reply till
lessor Kr.- fereiicHS I from ibf I
imit.
lished Ki tyika.
already e^ ceiitnry- or ^fthesDiii At tlie ^i- 'i''iiieiit I
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
147
painstaking- study which after many years of preparation he has now brought to completion ("Lo- roto, Eine geschichts - kritische I'ntersuchung der Frage des heili- gi^ii Hauses." 2 Vols., 288 + 206 pp. Miinster i. W. : Aschendorff, 1913 and 1921) presents us with a calm, dispassionate statement of the facts, and by the aid of judicious summaries and recapitulations makes the bearing of each section upon the whole argument admir- ably clear.
His first volume, published in 1913, was devoted to an examina- tion of the Western evidence. The second, vrhicli could not be printed until after the war, and is dated 1921, is concerned mainly with the traditional site of the Holy House at Xazareth. The Month savs of it (Xo. 693):
Dr. Hiiffer has turned the post- ponement of the issue of his book to advantage, by incorporating in it an appendix of 30 pages in reply to the critics of the first in- stalment. In this answer he seems to vindicate quite successfully against Father Kinieri and Pro- fessor Kresser the important in- ferences he had previously drawn from the Urkunden of 1194 and ]285. It seems to us to be estab- lished with all reasonable certain- ty that a shrine of Our Lady had already existed at Loreto for a century or more before the date of the supposed aerial translation. At the same time, it cannot for a moment be pretended that the at- tack upon the trustworthiness of the received legend must stand or fall by the verdict ultimately pro- nounced upon these corruptly transmitted early documents. In view of the extreme intrinsic im- probability of the miracle in itself, and the complete absence of any
direct testimony to such a marvel for nearly two hundred years after its supposed occurrence, it would seem to us that almost any one of the other contentions of the ad- verse party if the attack is suc- cessfully pressed home — and Dr. Hiiffer has in every case, we think, substantially proved his point — would be sufficient by itself to in- cline the balance irresistibly to the negative side. Xowhere has the author been more convincing than in his utter demolition of the pre- posterous document of Teramano. It is out of this that the whole legend has sprung and he has done wisely to put it in the fore- front of his exposition of the case. In the second volume of his work Professor Hiiffer is able to make use of a good deal of mate- rial which was not available when Chevalier wrote more than fifteen years ago. A thorough examina- tion of the remains of the basilica of the Annunciation at Xazareth has been undertaken by the Fran- ciscan Guardian, Father Prosper Viand, the complete results of which were published in 1910. By the aid of these researches as well as a more complete study of the narratives of pilgrims. Dr. Hiiffer has been able to demonstrate how impossible it is that such a build- ing as the little rectangular chapel now standing at Loreto should have been detached from the cave at Xazareth which was the tradi- tional residence of the Holy Fam- ily, and was there visited by pilgrims throughout the Middle Ages. The work is further equipped ^^^th some excellent plans and photographs and with some valuable information regarding the stone of which the Holy House is constructed. We can only hope that this admirable and exhaustive
148
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
April 15
work will become widely known, arguments which are here so ad-
Xo competent and unprejudiced mirably marshalled and on the
schohu- who makes acquaintance Avhole so temperately urged, with it can resist the force of the
International Catholic Organization
By the Rev. Herman Gruber, S. J.
In the Stinimeii der Zeit for Oct. 1921 I published an article on the need and the beginnings of international Catholic organiza- tion in various countries, and com- mented on the earnest desire of Pope Benedict XV for closer in- ternational co-operation of all Catholics, made necessary by the hostile attitude of the Freemasons, Socialists, Communists, and other elements.
In a communication issued by a committee preparing this collabo- ration, signed by Msgr. Schrembs, the Marquis de Comillas, AV. P. ]\Iara, Alph. Steger, and Jules Zirnheid, it is stated that the late Holy Father, in order to accelerate the movement of international Catholic federation and co-opera- tion, donated 25,000 lire for the establishment of a central bureau at Rome, and that a number of cardinals and bishops, following the example of the Poj3e, had de- clared themselves in favor of the project.
To prevent misunderstanding I v/ill state that several organiza- tions founded for the purpose of bringing about international Cath- olic co-operation Avere encouraged by the highest ecclesiastical au- thority, but that no particular project has been authoritatively approved. The Amsterdam Tijd (Jan. 7, '22) relates that Benedict XV himself, when asked to give his formal approbation to the pro- ject of the committee mentioned above, answered: '*De Bisschop
dient niet het Doopsel, maar het Vormsel toe," that is, the Bishop, and especially the Bishop of Bishops, as representative of the highest ecclesiastical authority, cannot administer Baptism to such enterprises, /. e., call them into being, but he can give them Confirmation, i. e., official ecclesi- astical approbation, after they have assumed a relatively definite shape and stood the test of ex- perience.
All the enterprises of this sort so far undertaken are still in fieri. A really successful solution of the problem is possible only on the basis of voluntary co-opera- tion by the Catholics of at least the principal countries of the world. This voluntary co-operation must be secured by a systematic campaign of enlightenment and instruction. First national organ- izations must be called into being. America is giving a good example iii this respect. France, too, has made a start, though in France and Belgium a great barrier of anti-German prejudice has still to be overcome. The Catholics of all other countries should co-operate to dissipate these prejudices by their moral influence, for without the German-speaking Catholics no organization can be truly interna- tional. Shall it be said that Free- masons, Socialists, and Freethink- ers are less subject to national hatred and the injustice springing therefrom than Catholics?
1922
THE FOKTNIGHTLY KEVIEW
Notes and Gleanings
A clergyman writing in the St. Paul iVanderer (No. 3031) raises the ques- tion whether and to what extent a Catholic newspaper is justified in putt- ing before its readers the unreliable news spread by non-Catholic agencies. Even though the editor merely reprints such items, without endorsing or approving them, says this clergyman, he makes himself in many cases an in- strument of deception, for the ordinary Catholic reader is not able to distin- guish the true from the false, but puts nnplicit trust in his Catholic paper, from which he expects the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. How often are the religious news items sent out from Rome or other points by the Associated Press, the United Press, or the International News Service, un- true, or at least substantially inaccu- rate! Is it not an injustice on the part of the Catholic editor to pass them on to those who trust his judgment? Has ho not rather the sacred duty of refut- ing the lies and correcting the inaccura- cies spread by the secular press? We submit these considerations to our esteemed colleagues of the Catholic press as apt niatter for meditation.
The same priest writing in the Wanderer deplores the lack of sane criticism manifested in those Catholic papers that never miss an opportunity to print sensational accounts of alleged supernatural or preternatural events before they have been duly verified. Only too often, he says, the alleged miracles turn out to be imaginary, or even fraudulent, and by treating them thus uncritically, the Catholic press not only often offends its intelligent read- ers, but gives scandal to the ignorant and exposes the Church to the contempt of outsiders. "The Catholic journalist in such matters must not be afraid, in the words of Father Grisar, S.J., to 'let the torch of criticism penetrate the semi-darkness of the sacristy.' Our holy Church, in her exalted dogmatic
and moral system, in her ceremonies and works of art, and in her history, incliiding the present-day history of the foreign missions, possesses so much that is sublime, beautiful, and edify- ing, that we can well afford to ignore the alleged miracles of the sensational press." We cordially endorse this time- ly criticism. Unfortunately the N. C. W. C. News Service has enrouraged rather than combated the credulity complained of by the Wanderer's reverend correspondent.
In the Innsbruck Zeitschrift filr ka~ tlwlische Theologie (1922, 1. Quartal- heft, p. 99 ff'.) Fr. Alois Kross, S.J., gives a splendid survey of recent publi- cations on the history of the Society of Jesus. He reviews a number of source books and general and special works printed in various languages, prominent among them the first critical edition of the "Exercitia Spiritualia" of St. Igna- tius in the "Monumenta Ignatiana'' (Madrid, 1919.) This work is divided into three parts. The first gives the text of the Spiritual Exercises with a de- tailed account of .its history. The text has come down to us in three recen- sions, one Spanish, the other two Latin. The literal Latin translation is ascribed to St. Ignatius himself. The Spanish original is preserved in a copy written by another hand, but corrected by St. Ignatius. To the three recensions just mentioned the editors have added the modern translation by Fr. Roothan. The text of the Exercises has been care- fully collated with the authors whom St. Ignatius knew and used, and the edi- tors are able to show that, while there are many borrowings, analogies and verbal concordances, in disposition and object the Exercises are entirely the work of St. Ignatius. He is truly their author. Fr. Kross adds : "That a knight with as little ascetic and scientific train- ing as Ignatius at Manresa, should com- pose a work of such great intellectual importance, cannot be explained by purely natural causes, and we must therefore assume an exceptional divine illumination and guidance."
V*j
THE F
u.
HTLT REVIEW
April IS
I
Pnjr. Nivoa-d ^chIogi*i new rranslarion of the Talmud, of w t^rst rnstallment lately appeared :: na. i> unfavorably criticized ': I'rbian Holzmeister. S.J.. in ti:. sckrift fur katH. Theotoffie ( 1^.
1. pp. 130 sq.) The -
free and the tratlitif t>ecn departed from. >. cult to find any particular p Strack's edition is still the be^t •♦•♦■••-♦•
P. OIo Case!. O.S.B.. has r published ♦ Gtessen : A. Topeln m
- a . v- -. iffi-
rn interesting and important stii Fhilosophomni Graecoruni ^lystico." which is not onl\ portant contribution to the hi- ancient Greek philosophy, but 1 minary to the critical invesfi:. the primitive Christian ii:scip!'r.: Proceeding from the mvstene- Eleusinian cult. Fr. Odo pur> development of the practice of r silence in the schools of Greciai sophy before the time of the en ('uring their ascendancv. an- among the Xeo-Platonists. There three kinds of mystical silenc. Called mystical in the strict sen-c tated by reverent fear of the tleilv pliilosophical. and the diplomatic conclusion is: '"Greek phil ceased, but it did not disapp)ear. T fore the question may be raised \^ the early Christians adopted tht teaching concerning the mvstical and applied it. not onlv 'in phi and theolog>-. but also* in litur^ ethics, (especially of the monastic 1 his question shall be discussed If the author can answer it \\ same erudition and thoroughne- which he cleared up the probler- mystical silence in Greek phi: he will perform a valuable ser sacred sdence.
♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ Dr. Edouard Xaville, the archaeologist, for over thirtv ve tessor of Eg>-ptolog>- in the LV. of Geneva, has on various occasi..: demned the modem critical tht the Pentateuch. One of his p- books on this subject has ju-
Th
ranslaied into English under the title _The Uw of Moses- (London;
lh>Tinet. unth a preface bv Dean Wace of Canterbur>. Contran to the assumption, n -w quite generallv adopt- ed by non-Ca:h> .lie scholars, thai the five books are a compilation made after the Capti\-ity from writings composed hnz after the time of Moses. Dr. ' in a compact series of ar^ d?- - that Moses wrote the la a
»■ '^e course of the joumev
^- • - '"^r i:-h the desen and
^ ' ' •> the discourses
-. ^lUc iXruieronomv.
nal G-isqiiet has contributed a rd to a "Life of Cornelia Con- .ittlly : Foundress of the Societv of the Ho!y Child Jesus." which ' Messrs Longmans have in press. The reaile:- will find a brief accoimt of this society. with a mention of the foundress' nanu-. in \*oI. XTI of the Catholic Encvclope dia. page 400. Mother Connelly's career was quite remarkable. She was bom in Philadelphia, in 1809. and liecame n convert to the Catholic faith in 1835
Position Wanted
by
Organist and Cboirmaster
.\n <-':^^:..< j:._ ^.~.,:r ai.i<c; muh A I rcfcre:ices and pt«M7 ol exprrtnice u loakiBc lor a positioa ni a citT pari^li A(tdre«!>;
A B C carrot Thr Fortnightly Review
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CINCINN.\TI, OHIO RELIABLS SBKVICB AT BSASOHAfiLB PUCBS lU (acflitie* for quick deUTery of liae- or mm»tr99A, priated in first -cUsa nunaer books, booklets, pampUeU. folderi etc are
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l>^
1M2
THE FOBTNIG
0.kn^
After her marriage her huNhan!. crav injj tor tile l.igher life of the prie-truMKi prevailed uj-on her to agree to a -• - tion. She entered a convent in i and. in 1846. founded tlic rir>: cf the Society of the Holy Child Jesu^ which now has many hou-es in En^laii! and America. After irre\<K:alt!f -• had been taken on botli >ide>. i'u Connelly prove*! faithless to the \. tion le had embracetl and endeavc to regain i>os>ession of his wife thn. : the English courts. Thi> memoir, u ten by a n.eniber of the Societ\. eludes an accoimt of the legal c<»n: and of the extraordinary series event-; by which Mrs. Conneljy - ceeded in establishing her order ^ <» -» *
According to the N. V. li'orl : 22). the Masonic Club, of K ;. Tark. X. I., comjiosed entirely ot r- r masons, atteiided a fair given by I'
Sher:<l.in I '.r.ncil of the Knights .>f ' hiniliu^ i;i .1 1h..1\. The Masonic enili' was placeii ... .1.. ,,| tJ^3t Qi ilf. ^^
of C. on i! The If orW adds
th.^t last>r'i....v ;.. n "•' ' "' f-'-'' " - field Park profestei! . tion of the new pu ... M- ..: A . ; ts. but the cor: wi- :a:ii i' , :.; a great Mas*»nic -tration. and since that time better leel- injr ha< followed between the two or- !( • \\ \ ? And how -oon are the 1.; i, ilk' to petition the Holy Se- take the ban off Freemasonry '
The Rev. Dr. \Vm. Koppers. S.\ U .
i \*ienna. associate editor of the
.^ , ' r ^. ,-. writes to us from Tierra
; : - . under date of F'eb. 27th:
We have already spent three weeks
among the most southerly inhabitants
«f the world. So far ever\^hing has iione favorably. We hope to achieve the objects of our expedition in every es- sential point. The confidence which we tnioy among the natives is a great help in our work. Already a mmiber of new- discoveries have been made." .\s our readers know. Dr. Koppers. who ^^sited St. Louis last winter, is one of the
aiK BEVIEW
Sed in inv 9tom>. and rtwting the i
1.51
I m inve-ii^'atmg t.'.e conditions,
om>. and Ix-Iiefs of the Indians in-
ting the famous archipelago of the
eireme South of South .\merica,
viich is separated from the mainland
It the Straits of Magellan. The post-
nrk on Fr. Koppers' card indicates
is sojourning in the .\rgentinian
m ix>rtion of the archipelago.
s .in area of 8,300 sq. miles ami
■ ition of about 1,000 whites and
thousand Indians. It is among
rr that valuable ethnological and
c discoveries are expected.
Archbishop of New Orleans this -ueil a powerful Lenten pastoral
• the ever growing crime of abor- he V. k. had a strong paper on liject as lately as Jan. 15, from n of Dr. Peter J. Latz, of Chi- .vhich was copied by several of
itholic contemporaries. Arch- Shaw writes with much feeling. iidiynatio i-crsiim. He calls at- n to the atrocity of the crime and
• fact that it entails excommuni- He warns his jjeople against
Hi-cienceless physicians and midwrves
lul a hand in the commission of
le crime and against "the abso-
lu:. immoral and even physically
anj;e:ou- attempt to thwart the de-
- of the Creator by the so-called
cnt of birth control. Those who
deseciate the divine institution
.r^riage by the use of such an im-
. :..; means. *' he says, "must under-
land that tliey commit the grievous sin
f inirder in desire." This pastoral
:tivr is niost timely, and we are pleased
3 know that the Central Bureau of the
"ailiolic Central Society has manifold-
d and is spreading it broadcast among
he Catholics of the whole country as a
ree leaflet.
11 I the
It loll
The following chronogram, put to- ^'ether by a correspondent of the Lon- ion Tablet, si.ms up the character of the lew Pope and includes the so-called
.^^.^ .«^. „..»^.. .-^ w. — - »rophecy of St. Malachy. If the letters
leaders "of a" sdentTfic expetlition en- x)rres])onding to the Roman numerals
150
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
April 15
Prof. Nivard Schlogl's new German translation of the Talmud, of which the hrst installment lately appeared in Vien- na, is unfavorably criticized by Fr. Urban Holzmeister. S.J., in the' Zcit- schrift fiir kaflk Thcologie (1922. No. 1, pp. 130 sq.) The translation is too free and the traditional divisions have been departed from, so that it is diffi- cult to find any particular passage. Strack's edition is still the best.
P. Odo Casel, O.S.B., has recently published (Giessen: A. Topelmann) an interesting and important study "De Philosophorum Graecorum Silentio ^lystico," which is not only an im- portant contribution to the history of ancient Greek philosophy, but a pre- liminary to the critical investigation of the primitive Christian disciplma arcani. Proceeding from the mysteries of the Eleusinian cult. Fr. Odo pursues the development of the practice of mystical silence in the schools of Grecian philo- sophy before the time of the emperors, during their ascendancy, and later among the Xeo-Platonists. There were three kinds of mystical silence, — that called mystical in the strict sense, dic- tated by reverent fear of the deity ; the pb.ilosophical. and the diplomatic. The conclusion is: '"Greek philosophy ceased, but it did not disappear. There- fore the question may be raised whether the early Christians adopted the Greek teaching concerning the mystical silence and applied it, not only in philosophy and theology, but also in liturgy and ethics, (especially of the monastic life). This question shall be discussed later."' If the author can answer it with the same erudition and thoroughness with which he cleared up the problem of the mystical silence in Greek philosophy, he will perform a valuable service to sacred science.
Dr. Edouard Naville, the eminent archaeologist, for over thirty years pro- fessor of Egyptology in the University of Geneva, has on various occasions con- demned the modern critical theory of the Pentateuch. One of his principal books on this subject has just been
translated into English under the title, "The Law of Moses" (London: Thynne), with a preface by Dean Wace of Canterbury. Contrary to the assumption, now quite generally adopt- ed by non-Catholic scholars, that the five books are a compilation made after the Captivit}- from writings composed long after the time of Aloses, Dr. Naville in a compact series of arguments demonstrates that Moses wrote the law on tablets in the course of the journey of the Israelites through the desert and completed the work by the discourses which constitute Deuteronomv.
Cardinal Gasquet has contributed a foreword to a "Life of Cornelia Con- nelly : Foundress of the Society of the Holy Child Jesus," which Messrs. Longmans have in press. The reader will find a brief account of this society, with a mention of the foundress' name, in Vol. VII of the Catholic Encyclope- dia, page 400. ^lother Connelly's career was quite remarkable. She was born in Philadelphia, in 1809, and became a convert to the Catholic faith in 1835
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1922
THE FOETNIGHTLY BEVIEW
151
After her marriage her husband, crav- ing for the higher Hfe of the priesthood, prevailed upon her to agree to a separa- tion. She entered a convent in England and, in 1846, founded the first house of the Society of the Holy Child Jesus, which now has many houses in England and America. After irrevocable steps had been taken on both sides. Pierce Connelly proved faithless to the voca- tion he had embraced and endeavored to regain possession of his wife through the English courts. This memoir, writ- ten by a member of the Society, in- cludes an account of the legal contest and of the extraordinary series of events by which Mrs. Connelly suc- ceeded in establishing her order.
According to the N. Y. World (Feb. 22), the Masonic Club, of Ridgefield Park, N. J., composed entirely of Free- masons, attended a fair given by Phil Sheridan Council of the Knights of Co- lumbus in a body. The ^Masonic emblem was placed alongside of that of the K. of C. on this occasion. The World adds that last simmier the K. of C. of Ridge- field Park protested against the dedica- tion of the new public school under ]\[asonic auspices, but the cornerstone was laid amid a great ^Masonic demon- stration, and since that time better feel- ing has followed between the two or- ders. Why? And how soon are the K. of C. going to petition the Holy See to take the ban off Freemasonry?
The Rev. Dr. Wm. Koppers, S.V.D., of Vienna, associate editor of the Aiitliropos, writes to us from Tierra del Fuego, under date of Feb. 27th : "We have already spent three weeks among the most southerly inhabitants of the world. So far everything has gone favorably. We hope to achieve the objects of our expedition in every es- sential point. The confidence which we enjoy among the natives is a great help in our work. Already a number of new discoveries have been made." As our readers know, Dr. Koppers, who visited St. Louis last winter, is one of the leaders of a scientific expedition en-
gaged in investigating the conditions, customs, and beliefs of the Indians in- habiting the famous archipelago of the extreme South of South America, which is separated from the mainland by the Straits of Magellan. The post- mark on Fr. Koppers' card indicates that he is sojourning in the Argentinian or eastern portion of the archipelago. This has an area of 8,300 sq. miles and a population of about 1,000 whites and several thousand Indians. It is among the latter that valuable ethnological and linguistic discoveries are expected.
The Archbishop of New Orleans this year issued a powerful Lenten pastoral against the ever growing crime of abor- tion. The F. R. had a strong paper on this subject as lately as Jan. 15, from the pen of Dr. Peter J. Latz, of Chi- cago, which was copied by several of our Catholic contemporaries. Arch- bishop Shaw writes with much feeling. fecit indignatio versa ui. He calls at- tention to the atrocity of the crime and to the fact that it entails excommuni- cation. He warns his people against conscienceless physicians and midwives who lend a hand in the commission of this vile crime and against "the abso- lutely immoral and even physically dangerous attempt to thwart the de- signs of the Creator by the so-called expedient of birth control. Those who would deseciate the divine institution of marriage by the use of such an im- moral means," he says, "must under- ^tand that they commit the grievous sin of murder in desire." This pastoral letter is most timely, and we are pleased to know that the Central Bureau of the Catholic Central Society has manifold- ed and is spreading it broadcast among the Catholics of the whole country as a free leaflet.
The following chronogram, put to- gether bv a correspondent of the Lon- don Tablet, sums up the character of the new Pope and includes the so-called prophecy of St. Malachy. If the letters corres]wnding to the Roman numerals
152
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
April 15
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^Xt;^->^>s^,
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By Two Missionaries Translated from the French
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,n i-tl'pif^^^iilw"^ the material may be judged from the fact that in its French original the work is already in us hiith Edition, and has been favored with many flattering commendations by the episcopate.
Story-Sermonettes for the Children's Mass
FOR ALL SUNDAYS OF THE YEAR
By the Rev. Frederick Renter
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Short Sermons for the Children's Mass
On the Gospels of all the Sundays of the Year Amply Illustrated by Example and Anecdote
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1922
THE FOKTNIGHTLY KEVIEW
153
are added together, thev will be found to give the total, 1922:'
SCIEXTIA PROI-VXDA, PIETAS SIXCERA. PERITIA
COPIOSA, FIDES IXTREPIDA — EX HABES
AVSPICIA EOXA !
In the ]March Month Father Leslie \\ alker, S. J., in a review of "The Ana- lysis of Mind" by Dr. Bertrand Russell, shows the Aristotelian trend of that famous author's mind. 'Mr. Russell does not analyse mind from the point of view of consciousness, but rather from that of function — a truly Scholastic prin- ciple. His main error, according to Father Walker, is that of '"treating the mind as if it were a potato patch, out § of which can be dug separate and ad- ditive units, instead of treating it as an organic living whole."
Forty Years of Missionary Life
in Arkansas
By the Rev. Johx Eugexe Weibel, V.F.
{SOih Installment)
One day in December, 1903, I had an acci- dent whereby I broke my nose. After Dr. Copeland had treated me for a while, he ad- vised me to go to a specialist in Memphis, as part of the nose bone had to be sawed out. I was obliged to remain in ^lemphis about two weeks for treatment after the operation. I improved the time by drawing plans and pictures for the much needed addition to St. Bernard's Hospital and sent these to Bishop Fitzgerald in Hot Springs. With his usual promptness he wrote that he fully recognized the need of the building and gladly gave me permission to start it, as I had the will and the courage to undertake it without any funds or resources. While he could not see whence I took the courage to tackle such a big job, he said I had his frilest consent and approbation, and to prove his good will, he enclosed a check for $1,500 as his personal contribution. This helped to encourage others and get them interested. The work on the hospital and chapel began in January, 1904, and went on slowly but without intermission until the building was completed. One of the most expensive items was the lumber and bricks. I succeeded in gettmg both at wholesale prices : fine hard bricks at $4.50 a thousand, delivered on the spot : all the sized lumber, planed on one side, at S4 per thousand: flooring at $11: and the balance, windows, doors, etc., just as reasonably.
The Baptist Watchman quotes from a man who has been in Alaska, with his eyes open.
the following remarks: "One thing which impressed me was the futility of a mere secular _ education to safeguard life from moral failure and ruin. I know many college- bred men, some of them educated in Oxford and Cambridge, or Yale, Harvard, and Princeton, who are saloon keepers, bar keepers, superintendents of faro tables, or mere hangers-on and stokers for saloons and gambling hells. The worst savages I have ever known, the most filthy, hopeless, irreclaimable savages, were educated, college- bred men." Upon which the IVafcliiiian log- ically comments; "The idea that education in itself is a morally uplifting power has taken deep root in the American mind. To read the panegyrics on the public schools, one would imagine that all that is necessary to make people good is to educate them. Xo more conclusive disproof of this has been iven than the above observation."
Indeed mere reading, writing and arith- metic, without religion, is apt only to make criminals, thiefs, and crooks more skilful. No wonder the penitentiaries are crowded with such, although the majority become sly and cunning enough to evade the law.
Fully persuaded that a .good Christian edu- cation is the most reliable foundation for an honorable life and the most solid bulwark for an honest, reliable citizenship, I exerted myself everywhere and continuously for the increase and improvement of our parochial schools. When the settlement in Engelberg was started, I asked for Sisters from Poca- hontas to teach in that wild and almost in- accessible forest. Sister M. Hildegarde was chosen out of quite a number who offered their services. For weeks she could not assist at Mass, Pocahontas being 8 miles distant and the "Fauche" a wild impassable stream. She had to live in a little farm-house and suffered numberless privations. Eight years she taught in that solitude, and if Engelberg to-day has a resident priest and school and about fifty well-to-do Catholic families, it is to a great extent owing to the heroism and perseverance of this noble Sister.
I also started Catholic schools at Hoxie, Wynne, Nettleton, and Forest City, and if the schools could have been continued in those places, there would now be good Cath- olic congregations in every one of them. I agitated and worked and wrote in the news- papers in favor of the parochial schools. I pointed out that the millions contributed an- nually to build grand churches, universities, and academies, if they were handed over to the bishops to help priests and teachers in new settlements with a yearly allowance of from $300 to $500 for a limited number of years, would accomplish wonders : that in most cases those places would become self- supporting in a few years, and we would in this wa\- preserve the faith in the diaspora. I am convinced that if that plan had been followed, we should have several millions more of Catholics in the West.
154
THE FOETNIGHTLY REVIEW
April \b
The great success of Bishop Lawler, of Lead, South Dakota, during the past few years, proves what could have been done in that way. For that reason the Catholic school was my "cctcnim ccnsco" in season and out of season. I am very glad of it and wculd do it again, for in our children lies tlie future of Catholicity. (To be continued^
Literary Briefs
"The Religion of the Scriptures"
This collection of papers from the Catho- lic Bible Congress held at Cambridge, July i6 — 19, 1921. was favorably reviewed by us in Vol. XXIX, No. 5 of the F. R. It has
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1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
155
since been issued in a second, revised and en- larged edition and can now be purchased in a cheaper, paper-covered form for 75 cts. net. (B. Herder Book Co.) A Commentary on Psalms I and II
Under the title, "The Psalms, Exegesis II," the Rev. P. Anselm Schaaf, O.S.B., presents a commentary on Ps. I and II, "according to the interpretations of the Fathers and later Catholic authorities," which, though in- tended to be of assistance chiefly to the mem- bers of the exegesis class of St. Meinrad Seminary, will appeal to many outside of that institution and be found useful by the clergy for exegetical and homiletic purposes. Every verse is quoted in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, and translated with scrupulous ex- actness. The author attempts no new and perilous interpretations, but carefully classi- fies the accepted ones and groups them to- gether under proper headings. Fr. Anselm promises to continue the work gradually, and if he is spared to complete it, we do not hesitate to predict that it will constitute the best available Catholic commentary on the Psalms in the English language. (St. ]\Iein- rad, Ind. : The Abbey Press).
"The Man of Sorrows"
In meditating on the Passion of Our Lord, some pious souls desire to follow the story of the Gospels step by step, with all the incidents set forth in detail and due sequence, accompanied by appropriate and suggestive comments. It is for such that Father Robert Eaton, of the Eirmingham Oratory, has writ- ten "The Man of Sorrows." There are about seventy pages of preparatory matter and 300 pages are devoted to the story of one day — the day of the sacred Passion. This fulness of exposition and suggestion gives scope for the sacred history to impress itself with power on the mind and to reach the heart with cumulative effect. The book is especial- ly fitted for Lenten reading. Its only fault is that, in quoting Holy Scripture, the writer seldom gives chapter and verse, and this is all the more to be regretted as he sometimes includes within quotation marks what are really paraphrases of the sacred text, or adds words of his own thereto. (B. Herder Book Company.) "The Ascent of Calvary"
This is an authorized translation, by Miss Marian Lindsay, from the French of Pere Louis Perroy, of a series of considerations on the Passion, of which Archbishop Glennon in his Introduction says : "There is beauty, feeling, and eloquence in the telling. Scene
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156
THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
April 15
after scene is etched by a master-hand, with its background from the Old Testament, and in the fore-ground surrounding the precious Victim are found all the incidents of the Gospel narraiive as they developed on the way— the kiss of betrayal— the cries of blasphemy— the reed and the scourge— the thorn croivn and the soldier's lance. Then the Mother, who loves and stands to see her Son die— the faithful few and faithless many; and then at last, the lonely, blood- stained ligurc hanging between heaven and earth, yielding His spirit up to God. You will have, gentle reader, an opportunity in the un- folding of each page to study, to meditate, and to pray. The blessed, bleeding Christ is looking out at you from every chapter." Typographically, too, the volume is pleasing. (P. J. Kenedy & Sons). "St. Gregory VII"
The latest volume in the "Notre Dame Series of Lives of the Saints" (Sands & Co.) is devoted to St. Gregory VII,— the valiant monk Hildebrand, who fought Henry of Germany and finally, after many vicissi- tudes, died in exile, exclaiming: "I have loved justice and hated iniquity, and so I die in exile." The anonymous author follows Mann and other approved authorities and tells his story in an interesting way. This series is, on the whole, so well done and so beautifully printed that we cannot help re- gretting that it eschews those bibliographical and other references which would give weight to its assertions and make the vol- umes something more than mere popular "stories." There is a way of combining scientific method and accuracy with popular presentation, but it unfortunately has not yet found many adepts in English-speaking countries. Fr. Otto Karrer's Life of St. Francis Borgia is a splendid example of the approved modern method of writing the lives of saints. (B. Herder Book Co.)
Books Received
The Life of Patrick Aiigiisiiiie I'eehan, Bishop of Nashzille, First Archbishop of Chicago, 1829 — 1902. By the Rev. Corne- lius J. Kirkfleet, Ord. Praem. With an Introduction by Bishop Muldoon and 16 Illustrations, xi & 381 pp. 8vo. Chicago : Matre & Co. $3.65 postpaid.
The Religion of the Scriptures. Papers from the Catholic Bible Congress Held at Corn- bridge, July 16 — 19, 1921. Edited by the Rev. C. Lattey, SJ. Second Edition, Re- vised and Enlarged, xi & 112 pp. i2mo. B. Herder Book Co. 75 cts. net. (Wrap- per).
Bunny's House. A Novel by E. M. Walker. 270 pp. 8vc. Benziger Bros. $2 net.
Does "Substantia" Mean "Realization' or "foundation" in Hebr. XI, 1?" By the Rev. -M. A. Mathis, C.S.C. (Extract from "Biblica," 3, 1922, 78-89). Rome: Pon- tifical Biblical Institute. 12 pp. 8vo. (Wrapper).
History of the Diocese of Galveston and St. Mary's Cathedral. Diamond Jubilee, 1847 — 1922. VI & 132 pp. 8vo. Illustrated. Com- piled by Priests of the Seminary. Galves- ton, Tex. : Knapp Bros., Printers.
Statutes of the Diocese of Crookston, Pro- mulgated at the Diocesan Synod held Sept.
20, 192 1 by the Rt. Rev. Timothy Cor-
bett. Bishop of Crookston. IV & 170 pp. -8vo. Crookston, Minn. : Chancery Office.
STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGE- MENT, ETC.
required by the Act of Congress of August 24, 1912, of the Fortnightly Review, published semi-monthly at St. Louis, Mo., for April 1st, 1922. City of St. Louis, j 55^ State of Missouri, \
Before me, a notary public in and for the S'tate and City aforesaid, personally appeared Arthur Preuss, who, having been duly sworn according to law, deposes and says that he is the publisher and editor of the Fortnightly Review and that the following is, to the best of his knowledge and belief, a true statement of the ownership, management, etc., of the aforesaid publication for the date shown in the above caption, required by the Act of August 24, 1912, embodied in section 443, Postal Laws and Regulations, to wit:
1. That the names and addresses of the publisher, editor, managing editor, and business managers are: Publisher, Arthur Preuss,
5851 Etzel Ave., St. Louis, Mo. Editor, same. Business Manager, Eleanor Preuss, 5851 Etzel Ave.
2. Names and addresses of owners or stockholders holding 1 per cent or more of the total amount of stock:
Arthur Preuss, sole owner, 5851 Etzel Ave., St. Louis, Mo.
3. That the known bondholders, mortgagees, and other security holders owing or holding 1 per cent or more of total amount of bonds, mortages, or other securities are:
None.
4. That the two paragraphs next above, giving the names of the owners, stockholders, and security holders, if any, contain not only the list of stock- holders and security holders as they appear upon the books of the company but also, in cases where the stockholders or security holders appear upon the books of the company as trustee or in any other fiduciary relation, the name of the person or corporation for whom such trustee is acting, is given; also that the said two paragraphs contain statements embracing affiant's full knowledge and belief as to the circumstances and conditions under which stockholders and security holders who do not appear upon the books of the company trustees, hold stock and securities in a capacity other than that of a bona fide owner; and this affiant has no reason to believe that any other person, association, or cor- poration has any interest direct or indirect in the said stock, bonds, or other securities than as so stated by him.
ARTHUR PREUSS, Pub. & Ed. S'worn to and subscribed before me this 27th day of March 1922.
(Seal)
P. KRAEMER, Notary Public. (My Con, mission e.xpires March 14, 1926.)
VOL.ffl^'
JateJApr
eouiilry. in '
^tfBctions,,..
The Fortnightly Review
VOL. XXIX, NO. 9
ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
May 1, 1922
The End of the N. C. W. C.
Ill amiouiicing officially the de- cree of the S. Consistorial Congre- gation, adverted to in our No, 8, p. 142, Msgr. Brossart, Bishop of Covington, Ky., says in a letter dated April 8th and published in the Cincinnati Catholic Telegraph of April 13th: ''Since the Sacred Consistorial Congregation at Rome has issued a decree, ap- proved by the Holy Father, dated February 25, 1922, yielding to the request of many bishops of this country, in which it declares that the annual meeting of the hier- archy in Washington is no longer necessary and that we return to the status which existed before the war, as prescribed by the Sacred Code, and that, in consequence, the 'National Catholic Welfare Council' be discontinued, there- fore, I deem it necessary to inform the reverend pastors and people of the Diocese, that the National Catholic Men's and Women's Councils are consequently dis- solved. Each diocese Avill take such steps as it deems necessary, according to its circumstances, for social service or other activities."
Regarding the last-mentioned point, the Bishop of St. Cloud says in a circular letter addressed
to his clergy, March 29th :
* * *
"The organization of our parish councils and parish com- mittees will continue, since now even more than before, such organizations are necssary to carry out the individual in- structions obtained by me from
the S. Consistorial Congregation under date of Dec. 3rd, 1921, which read: 'As regards social works. Your Lordship will urge by proper exhortations and pater- nal councils the priests to offer their aid to promote the same with willing minds, the more since doubtless these works greatly as- sist in withstanding the efforts of the Socialists and possibly render- ing them ineffective.'
Bishop Busch 's interpretation of the first and most important part of the decree of Feb. 25th, is "that Rome desires instead of the informal meetings of the hier- archy, the more formal form of councils and synods, whose de- crees, though more difficult to ar- rive at, are also more deliberate, and when approved by Rome, take on the force of law, whereas the informal meetings are only con- ferences, whose conclusions are but suggestions, requiring the vol- untary assent of each bishop to become effective. The bishops will be glad," he adds, "to conform to the wishes of Rome and seek more formal ways of guarding the inter- ests served by the National Cath- olic Welfare Council."
From several communications which we have received of late we deduce that quite a number of bishops were opposed to the high- handed proceedings of the N. C. W. C. No doubt the protests of these bishops were one of the chief reasons why the decree of Feb, 25th was issued. We hope it will put an end to gurther "American-
156
THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
April 15
after scene is etched by a master-hand, with its background from the Old Testament, and in the fore-ground surrounding the precious Victim are found all the incidents of the Gospel narrative as they developed on the way— the kiss of betrayal— the cries of blasphemy— the reed and the scourge— the thorn croivn and the soldier's lance. Then the Mother, who loves and stands to see her Son die— the faithful few and faithless many; and then at last, the lonely, blood- stained tigure hanging between heaven and earth, yielding His spirit up to God. You will have, gentle reader, an opportunity in the un- folding of each page to study, to meditate, and to pray. The blessed, bleeding Christ is looking out at you from every chapter." Typographically, too, the volume is pleasing. CP. J. Kenedy & Sons). "St. Gregory VII"
The latest volume in the '"Notre Dame Series of Lives of the Saints" (Sands & Co.) is devoted to St. Gregory VII,— the valiant monk Hildebrand, who fought Henry of Germany and finally, after many vicissi- tudes, died in exile, exclaiming: 'T have loved justice and hated iniquity, and so I die in exile." The anonymous author follows Mann and other approved authorities and tells his story in an interesting way. This series is, on the whole, so well done and so beautifully printed that we cannot help re- gretting that it eschews those bibliographical and other references which would give weight to its assertions and make the vol- umes something more than mere popular "stories." There is a way of combining scientific method and accuracy with popular presentation, but it unfortunately has not yet found many adepts in English-speaking countries. Fr. Otto Karrer's Life of St. Francis Borgia is a splendid example of the approved modern method of writing the lives of .saints. (B. Herder Book Co.)
Books Received
The Life of Patrick Augustine Feelian, Bishop of Nashzillc, First Archbishop of Chicago, 1829 — 1902. By the Rev. Corne- lius J. Kirkfleet, Ord. Praem. With an Introduction by Bishop Muldoon and 16 Illustrations, xi & 381 pp. 8vo. Chicago : ]\Iatre & Co. $3.65 postpaid.
The Religion of the Scriptures. Papers from the Catholic Bible Congress Held at Com- bridge, July 16 — 19, 1921. Edited by the Rev. C. Lattey, S.J. Second Edition, Re- vised and Enlarged, xi & 112 pp. i2mo. B. Herder Book Co. 75 cts. net. (Wrap- per).
Bunny's House. A Novel by E. M. Walker. 270 pp. 8vc. Benziger Bros. $2 net.
Does "Substantia" Mean "Realization' or "Foundation" in Hebr. XI, i?" By the Rev. M. A. Mathis, C.S.C. (Extract from "Biblica," 3, 1922, 78-89). Rome: Pon- tifical Biblical Institute. 12 pp. 8vo. (Wrapper).
History of the Diocese of Galveston and St. Mary's Cathedral. Diamond Jubilee, 1847 — 1922. VI & 132 pp. 8vo. Illustrated. Com- piled by Priests of the Seminary. Galves- ton, Tex.: Knapp Bros., Printers.
Statutes of the Diocese of Crookslon, Pro- mulgated at the Diocesan Synod held Sept.
20, 192 1 by the Rt. Rev. Timothy Cor-
bctt, Bishop of Crookston. IV & 170 pp. -Svo. Crockston, ]\Iinn. : Chancery Othce.
STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGE- MENT, ETC.
required by the Act of Congress of August 24, 1912, of the Fortnightly Review, published semi-monthly at St. Louis, :Mo., for April 1st, 1922. City of St. Louis, ( jg^ State of Missouri, S
Before me, a notary public in and for the S'tate and City aforesaid, personally appeared Arthur Preuss, \\ ho, having been duly sworn according to law, deposes and says that he is the publisher and editor of the Fortnightly Review and that the following is, to the best of his knowledge and belief, a true statement of the ownership, management, etc., of the aforesaid publication for the date shown in the above caption, required by the Act of August 24, 1912, embodied in section 443, Postal Laws and Regulations, to wit:
1. That the names and addresses of the publisher, editor, managing editor, and business managers are: Publisher, Arthur Preuss,
5851 Etzel Ave., St. Louis, Mo. Editor, same. Business Manager, Eleanor Preuss, 5851 Etzel Ave.
2. Names and addresses of owners or stockholders holding 1 per cent or more of the total amount of stock:
Arthur Preuss, sole owner, 5851 Etzel Ave., St. Louis, Mo.
3. That the known bondholders, mortgagees, and other security holders owing or holding 1 per cent or more of total amount of bonds, mortages, or other securities are:
None.
4. That the two paragraphs next above, giving the names of the owners, stockholders, and security holders, if any, contain not only the list of stock- holders and security holders as they appear upon the books of the company but also, in cases where the stockholders or security holders appear upon the books of the company as trustee or in any other fiduciary relation, the name of the person or corporation for whom such trustee is acting, is given; also that the said two paragraphs contain statements embracing affiant's full knowledge and belief as to the circumstances and conditions under which stockholders and security holders who do not appear upon the books of the company trustees, hold stock and securities in a capacity other than that of a bona fide owner; and this affiant has no reason to believe that any other person, association, or cor- poration has any interest direct or indirect in the said stock, bonds, or other securities than as so stated by him.
ARTHUR PREUSS, Pub. & Ed. Sworn to and subscribed before me this 27th day of March 1922. (Seal) P. KRAEMER,
Notary Public Qly Con.mission expires March 14, 1926.)
The Fortnightly Review
VOL. XXIX, NO. 9
ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
May 1, 1922
The End of the N. C. W. C.
Ill announcing officially the de- cree of the S. Consistorial Congre- gation, adverted to in our No. 8, p. 142, Msgr. Brossart, Bishop of Covington, Ky., says in a letter dated April 8th and published in the Cincinnati Catholic Telegraph of April 13th: "Since the Sacred Consistorial Congregation at Rome has issued a decree, ap- proved by the Holy Father, dated February 25, 1922, yielding to the request of many bishops of this country, in which it declares that the annual meeting of the hier- archy in Washington is no longer necessary and that we return to the status which existed before the war, as prescribed by the Sacred Code, and that, in consequence, the 'National Catholic Welfare Council' be discontinued, there- fore, I deem it necessary to inform the reverend pastors and people of the Diocese, that the National Catholic Men's and Women's Councils are consequently dis- solved. Each diocese will take such steps as it deems necessary, according to its circumstances, for social service or other activities."
Regarding the last-mentioned point, the Bishop of St. Cloud says in a circular letter addressed to his clergy, March 29th :
''The organization of our parish councils and parish com- mittees will continue, since now even more than before, such organizations are necssary to carry out the individual in- structions obtained bv me from
the S. Consistorial Congregation under date of Dec. 3rd, 1921, which read: 'As regards social works, Your Lordship will urge by proper exhortations and pater- nal councils the priests to offer their aid to promote the same with willing minds, the more since doubtless these works greatly as- sist in withstanding the efforts of the Socialists and possibly render- ing them ineffective.'
Bishop Busch 's interpretation of the first and most important part of the decree of Feb. 25th, is "that Rome desires instead of the informal meetings of the hier- archy, the more formal form of councils and synods, whose de- crees, though more difficult to ar- rive at, are also more deliberate, and when approved by Rome, take on the force of law, whereas the informal meetings are only con- ferences, whose conclusions are but suggestions, requiring the vol- untary assent of each bishop to become etfective. The bishops will be glad," he adds, "to conform to the wishes of Rome and seek more formal ways of guarding the inter- ests served by the National Cath- olic Welfare Council."
From several communications M hich we have received of late we deduce that quite a number of bishops were opposed to the high- handed proceedings of the N. C. W. C. No doubt the protests of these bishops were one of the chief reasons why the decree of Feb, 25th was issued. We hope it will put an end to gurther "American-
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istic" tendencies in the Catholic Church of the U. S.
* * *
The Rev. J. E. Rothensteiner, writing in the Amerika (Vol. 50, No. 27), discusses the decree of the S. Consistorial Congregation by which the N. C. W. C. is dis- solved. He says among other things :
A National Council centralizing all Catholic patriotic effort seemed likely to hinder, in a large meas- ure, the legitimate patriotic work of individual dioceses and to con- centrate all praise and glory due the many around the exalted heads of a few accidental leaders. This mode of administration savored of bureaucracy, not of democracy. . . . Its social action, so loudly herald- ed as the salvation of the country, seemed to us a hodge-podge of glittering generalities, and a few modern aberrations ; its occasional stand on some of the most import- ant religio-political questions of the day, as, for instance, the school question, was a thorn in the side of many sincere and self-sacrific- ing men ; and the obvious trend to absorb all other Catholic organi- zations in its self-sufficient and all- embracing Association of Ameri- can Catholics seemed destructive of the good so far accomplished in social organization, and even dangerous to the Church itself through possible complications with other political organiza- tions. . . .
Education of the Catholic peo- ple in the true principles of polit- ical and social sciences, as well as in the tenets of their religion, is the essential thing to-day. It may be answered that the Bulletin of the National Catholic Welfare Council had this very thing in view. Possibly, but it failed most
egregiously. Its style was gen- erally unfit to carry a meaning, and its outward appearance "as pompous as an undertaker," as Thackeray would say, — dry, dreary, dull, and only endurable because it was sent gratis. That was no way of reaching the peo- ple. The Central Society's Cen- tral-Blaft and Social Justice, though far less assuming, did far more good in the line of instruc- tion and social uplift: and yet it was hardly recognized by the well- paid literati of the Bulletin. The direction given by Rome, that the legitimate activities assumed by the National War and Welfare Council be henceforth pursued by Catholic organizations in the vari- ous dioceses, is very timely. A thorough organization of Catho- lics is a prime necessity: yet it must be differentiated according to the needs of each diocese. The Church in New^ York State, for instance, has not the same difficul- ties and prospects as the Church in Georgia or Texas. The German CatholiC'Central Society long since initiated the proper way of pro- ceeding. Let each parish have its society of Catholic men, and of women, too, let these be banded together in diocesan and State organizations, and let their dele- gates form a great National association of Catholics. Thus the power would come from the roots of Catholic life, and express the ideals and demands of the Church far better than it would under the immediate rule of a few, be they bishops, priests, or laymen. The supreme guidance would still be with the Church, as represented bv the bishops of the country, and, finally, by the Holy Father. The Church itself claims only infalli- hility, that is freedom from error,
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in its official decisions on matters of faitli and morals : it does not claim inspiration. But the implied claim of the National Catholic AVelfare Comicil, in a lower order, meant inspiration, not mere infal- libility. It gave a priori decisions and paid but little heed to "quod semper, quod ubique, quod ah omnibus accept urn est." Hence it
fell by overreaching itself. It was too intent upon being thoroughly "American," and forgot, if it ever knew, that Brownson said long since (Vol. 14, p. 569) : "What we call our Americanism does very well in the political order, but it cannot be transferred to the Church, without heresy and schism. ' '
The Anthroposophy of Rudolph Steiner
Recent press dispatches have contained more or less sympa- thetic references to a new system of thought and religion, called ' ' Anthroposophy, ' ' mainly prop- agated by a German savant. Dr. Kudolph Steiner, residing in Switzerland.
Dr. H. Straubinger, of the Uni- versity of Freiburg i. Br,, devotes an interesting paper to this heresy in the current issue (Heft 5) of the Munich Historisch-politische Blatter.
He traces Anthroposophy to Theosophy. A dissatisfied group, under the leadership of Steiner, seceded from the Annie Besant wing of Theosophy in 1913 and founded the "Anthroposophic So- ciety," with headquarters in the "Goetheanum" near Dornach, not far from the city of Basle, Switz- erland. Steiner calls his system "Anthroposophy" because it has man (anthropos) for its object, or "Spiritual Science," because it deals mainly with the spiritual side of man, or "Secret Science" because it strives to penetrate to that which lies behind appear- ances. It pretends to attain knowledge, not, like Theosophy, by visioning God, but by visioning the human soul.
This statement of doctrine must be interpreted in the fight of the
fact that Steiner was a member of the Theosophic Society for eleven years and that his teaching closely resembles that of Madame Besant.
Man, he teaches, consists of three bodies, three souls, and three spirits. He is surrounded by a mysterious aura, which is differently colored according to temperament, character, and edu- cation. Life does not begin at birth, nor does it end with death. Steiner believes in the transmi- gration of souls and in re-incarna- tion, which is repeated again and again until man has become per- fect. Behind the world lies the Absolute or Infinite, consisting of innumerable universes with un- countable solar systems. Each solar system is the emanation of a sun-god. The god of our solar system is Christ.
Steiner derives his knowledge of the past history of the human race, not from books or other his- torical documents, but from what he calls the "Acasha Chronicle," a subtle fluid spread throughout the world, upon which, as upon a photographic plate, every thought, movement of will, and external occurrence is indelibly impressed, thus enabling the Anthroposophic clairvoyant to behold, as in a pan- orama, everything that has ever
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happened and everything that is now happening- throughout the universe.
Spiritual knowledge requires special organs. Steiner calls these lotos flowers or wheels. They are supra-sensible and attached to the astral body.
But enough of this nonsense! Dr. Straubinger says that after one has read for a while in Steiner 's books one begins to feel queer and involuntarily asks him- self: ''Are you crazy, is Steiner crazy, or is he trving to make a fool of you?"
Yet at bottom there is really nothing new in Anthroposophy. It is merely a revamped Gnosti- cism, which combines the most dis- parate elements into a fantastic whole. Its sources are : Buddhistic speculation, the ancient Oriental mystery religions, Greek mythol-
ogy, and the Bible. The Biblical elements in it are so distorted that they can hardly be recog- nized. With Christianity the Anthroposophic system has abso- lutely nothing in common.
Dr. Straubinger concludes his criticism as follows: "Anthropos- ophy is utterly valueless both from the religious and from the scientific point of view and injuri- ous to the spiritual life. We agree with Steiner that there is a spir- itual world and that there is a way leading to the same. But this way is not the one pointed out by Steiner. Man cannot immediately perceive the spiritual, not even his own soul. The only path to the spiritual world is that of calm, sober, common-sense reasoning, which proceeds from experience and allows itself to be guided by the laws of log-ic."
A Study in New Mexican Folk Lore
By Benjamin M. Read, Santa Fe, N. M.
The management of the Santa Fe Fiesta having at divers times given, among other numbers of the programme, two Indian dances of ancient days, namely: the dance of "Los Matachines" and' the dance of "La Cachina," which were rendered in true Indian or semi-savage style, a great many persons, principally strangers, have been, since then, eager to learn the meaning, origin, and his- tory of those words. Several of them, and also some of my fellow- townsmen having accosted me for an explanation of their import and significance, I decided that it would be advisable to give the public the best and, as far as study and research can aid us, most reliable information obtainable
from traditional and historical sources.
The words "Cachina" and "Matachin" have little, if any, historical meaning; they imply nothing among our Indians but a traditional superstition (like all other Indian dances do), but the word "Malinche" has a highly important historical significance. The word itself is so intimately connected with the conquest of Mexico that its omission from the history of that country would be as fatal as the omission of the name of Hernan Cortes, or a fail- ure to mention the names of the last two Aztec emperors : Mocte- zuma and Cuauhtemoc. Therefore, the discussion of the words Ca- china and Matachin will be very
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brief, in order to give the word "Malinche" the place it rightly has in the historv of the New World.
Two of these words, "Cachina" and "Matachin, " are of Latin or- igin. Ancient Mexican, English and Spanish writers and lexico- graphers are agreed on the defini- tion of the word ''Matachin," which, they say, is ''a dance per- formed by grotesque figures," first brought to New Mexico by the Spaniards and their Aztec allies and servants at the time of the conquest. It is in this per- formance that the word "Mal- inche" figures in representations, I take it, of the Indian heroine who played one of the most im- portant parts in the overthrow of the empire of the Moctezumas (her own ancestors) by Cortes and his Indian allies, the Tlascaltecas, Tabascanos, etc., etc., as Avill be seen further on.
The '^Cachina" dance among our Indians is understood to be, traditionally, a diabolical per- formance; it has a dual meaning, being of a rather picturesque, but somewhat immoral nature. Its origin is, according to the tradi- tion of some of our New Mexico Indians, an ancient and original production of their primitive an- cestors, having no direct connec- tion with any of the dances of the Mexican Indians. In other words, this dance, like all other Indian dances, forms an essential part of the mythology and ancient prehis- toric religious rites of the Pueblo Indians. This tradition agrees, in its object and tendencies, with the traditions of the primitive races. The imagination of the Indian is now, as it has always been, kept in constant motion by the recita- tion of incredible tales, kept alive
by mere fables which, like all fables, are partly historical but mostly without foundation. The elements of good and evil are rep- resented in the Cachina dance as being engaged in mortal combat, the good spirits conquering in the end. The Cachina dance was strictly forbidden in New Mexico by the Franciscan Friars. The in- hibition of its performance was, in my judgment, one of the pretexts used by the Indian chief, Pope, and his cohorts in the great revolt of 1680. The above description and definition of the Cachina dance is, as far as I have ascer- tained, the more prevalent tradi- tion among the Pueblo Indians. Webster, though, defining the Vv'-ord ' ' Cachination, " which, he says, is of Latin origin, states that ''Cachination is a loud or immod- erate laughter; often a symptom of hysterical or maniacal affec- tions. . . . Hideous grimaces," con- tinues Webster, ''attended this unusual cachination. ' '
"Matachin," according to the same author, in olden times meant "a buffoon and dance performed by grotesque figures." It is also, the same author tells us, "an old dance with swords and bucklers."
Our encyclopedias, as far as I have seen, say nothing on either of these ancient words. Of "Mal- inclie" I shall treat in another paper.
Opposition to the appointment of Fr. J. M. Denning of Marion, O., as U. S. consul general at Tangiers must have been carried all the way to Rome, for we note from the Catholic Telegraph (Vol. 91, No. 13) that in a cable dis- patch received by Archbishop Moeller the Holy Father "approved Fr. Denn- ing's taking up the work of U. S. consul general and business agent at Tangiers, Morocco."
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THE FOETNIGHTLY REVIEW
The Organ and Organ-Playing
May 1
Of the organ recital recently given by M. Joseph Bonnet in Westminster Abbey, London, Mr. Filson Young writes in the Satur- day Review (No. 3432) :
"M. Bonnet is a type of musi- cian very seldom associated with the organ. He is a virtuoso, a kind of Liszt of his instrument. He plays without notes, and thus es- capes one at least of the many distractions which commonly in- terfere betwen the organist and a perfectly personal and emotional expression of the music he is per- forming. It has always seemed to me well nigh impossible for a man, sitting as it were at a desk, study- ing a written score, manipulating keyboards and pedals, and at the same time mentally and physically arranging combinations of sixty or seventy stops, to be in the mental state favorable to true musical expression. The proof is to be found in the high perform- ances attained by masters of im- provisation on the organ, who in many cases are but uninspired performers of written music. M. Bonnet plays as though he were inventing; but with a crispness, a certainty, and a rhythm that are as rare as they are delightful."
M. Bonnet's recital received but scant attention from the English press. There is clearly a prejudice against the organ in the minds of many, even of sensitive and ad- vanced nmsicians. The reason for it is twofold. One was stated by Berlioz in his ' ' Treatise on Instru- mentation, ' ' when he said : ' * There seems to exist between these two musical powers, the organ and the orchestra, a secret antipathy. The organ and the orchestra are both kings; or rather one is Emperor
and the other Pope. Their mission , is not the same ; their interests are too vast, and too diverse, to be confounded together. Therefore on almost all occasions when this sing-ular connection is attempted, either the organ much predomi- nates over the orchestra, or the orchestra, having been raised to an immoderate degree of influence, almost eclipses its adversary. In general, the organ is formed for absolute domination; it is a jeal- ous and intolerant instrument."
If this is true of the organ at its best and when perfectly handled, what can be said of it in the hands of the ordinary fumblerf Organ- playing is too often like preach- ing; the circumstances make it difficult or impossible for the hear- er to go away; he is obliged to sit and listen to strains which may be grandiloquent without being grand, and pompous without being dig-nified. The true organ tone is essentially monotonous, and the purer it is, the more apt is this monotony to weary and depress the ear. The whole genius of the instrument is grave and philo- sophic; it is incapable of any but momentary excursions into a lighter vein; and the slightest error of taste verges on the in- decent, and is shocking to all sense of seemliness; it is as though an old lady should beckon you to some impropriety. It is not mere- ly the ear that is affronted by bad taste in organ playing; a sense of shame afflicts you, a kind of em- barrassment such as is associated with all outrages upon proportion.
For even a poor organ is the work of many master craftsmen and represents in a high degree the perfection attainable in things
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wrought by the hand of man. Serious thought and consideration have gone to tiie proportions of metal to be used in the pipes ; the finest woods, sunned and seasoned in many climes, have been fash- ioned and joined by the most skil- ful woodworkers; and from the jjipe thirty feet high, whose soft muttering shakes the building, to the minute little metal tube an inch long that is the topmost branch of the great tree of sound, all have been subject on the voicer's bench to the minute manipulations that determine their character and bring thousands of them together vdthin the scope of one tonal con- ception. To place all this at the mercy of some clumsy hobblede- hoy or ignorant spinster, and to have its noble possibilities ex- plored and exploited by untrained and insensible fingers, is to sin in a high degree against artistic pro- portion.
Unfortunately, with us the church is almost the only endow- ment for the organ, and churches, as a rule, cannot afford to pay the organist a salary which will com-* mand the services of a man or woman of superior taste and tal- ent. There is little or no personal glory in the business, and the fees and bouquets awarded to the plat- form performer are not for the organist, who is either invisible, or presents only a pair of labor- ing shoulders to his audience. These conditions, it is true, elimi- nate many of the unworthy, and leave to the real musician a field of true if lonely devotion. And the organist who is really a musi- cian is usually a very fine one.
There is now published The Organ, "a quarterly review for its makers, its players, and its lov- ers" ("Musical Opinion," 13,
Chichester Rents, Chancery Lane, London, W. C. 2), the current is- sue of which (No. 3) among other intersting things, contains an ap- preciation, by Dr. A. E. Hull, of Joseph Bonnet as an artist.
College Students and Co-Operation We can have nothing but praise for the spirit behind the move- ment to interest the students of our colleges in co-operation, its aims and purposes. A chapter of the International Co-operative Society has been formed at Mar- quette I^niversity, Milwaukee, whose purpose it is ''to promote among students of college grade a knowledge of the philosophy, his- tory, and achievements of the co- operative movement and to devise practical methods whereby they may 'actively promote co-opera- tion in its various forms." Under competent leadership such an in- formal economic study group should be productive of much good — indeed, must be productive of great good, provided only they get away from the line of conven- tional economics. We have before this expressed our opinion of co- operation and the hope that the movement would continue to grow, even though we had not the high expectations which some of its leaders have entertained. On the other hand, there is no reason why the ideas of co-operation cannot be applied in a modified form to the fundamental problems center- ing around landlordismi, natural- resource and credit monopoly.
If Ave have doubts concerning the present movement, it is be- cause thus far co-operation has not attacked this fundamental dif- ficulty. England furnishes a splen- did example of a highly developed
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co-operative society, which contin- ues to pay blood money to its land- lords. Her economic difficulties l)ecome intensified, in spite of the tremendous increase in co-opera- tive methods.
Though it would not be logical to conclude that co-operation is a failure, — for there are many other factors affecting the situation, — yet it is fair to ask: "Why all this effort to save money, which in the end must be paid to the landlord in the form of increased economic rent?"
Xevertheless we heartily en- dorse the movement called the In- tercollegiate Co-operative Society, because sooner or later this funda- mental problem of the private con- trol and monopolization of our natural resources and of our credit machinery will be forced upon the attention of such study groups. H. G. F.
The Youthful Factory Worker The Chicago Association of Commerce has printed, for private distribution to the members, a booklet entitled *'A Plea for More Play, More Pay and More Educa- tion for our Factory Boys and Girls." It is compiled from the writings of !Miss Jane Addams.
The writer refers to the new industrial conditions that have led to the development of the modem city. An army of boys and girls are engaged in factory work, and the question arises : "What are we doing to provide for them in the line of legitimate amusement and recreation, in their leisure hours ? ' ' "Never before in civilization have such numbers of young girls been suddenly released from the protection of the home and jyer- mitted to walk unattended upon citv streets and to work under
alien roofs. Xever before have such numbers of young boys earned money independently of the fam- ily life, and felt themselves free to spend it as they choose in the midst of vice deliberately dis- guised as pleasure." We know that this is, unfortuately, a sad fact.
The individual cannot do much to help these youths to gratify that legitimate quest for **fun" which leads thousands of them into paths that may ultimately spell ruin. But our Catholic so- cieties, at least those which are not professedly and exclusively devoted to spiritual aims, may perhaps lend a helping hand to those boys and girls who "revolt against factory monotony."
This duty is all the greater since "the diastrous effects of over- fatigue upon character" have been shown. A person of lowered vitaUt\- is less fit to win in the struggle against temptation. Hence to provide our youth with oppor- tunities for needed recreation be- comes an important "spiritual work of mercy."
Modern amusements have be- come "commercialized" and are often conducted by unscrupulous men, whose only purpose is to get the hard-earned money of those who flock to the places of pleas- ure.
What an immense field of useful social activity is opened to the Church and her various agencies to-day, to safeguard youth, the hope of the country!
(Rev.) Albert Mitxtsch, S. J.
The wiser a man grows, the less likely is he to be contemptuous of other men. Contempt is a measure of the mind. The more of it you find in a mind, the narrower is the mind.
-r^-iPliB.,
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Priests' Housekeepers A careful reader writes : Your notice of the Mariannm, conducted by the Eevereud C. ]\I. Thuente, O.P. (F. E., XXIX, Xo. 4, p. 7-i f.), aroused my interest. 1 think a society for priests' housekeepers is very timely. Fa- ther Thuente published ^A Pas- tor's Homily to his Housekeeper' ii. the April number of the Ecclesi- astical Review, pp. 413 ff. It is a liomiletic gem on Titus 11, 5. A secular priest may well be sur- prised to find a regular ^vrit« with such insight, both domestic and psychologic, on the life and duties of the priest's housekeeper. This homily well deserves to be printed in leaflet-form and presented to every subscriber of the Ecclesias- tical Review. One passage, how- ever, ought previously to be cor- rected. Alluding to Eomans X^T^, the zealous Dominican writes : ''St, Paul encouraged women to work for the spread of the gospel. He salutes Phebe and Prisca and Aquila and Mary as his helpers in Jesus Christ," etc. By a strange oversight {adjmtores meos) Aquila is here considered feminine. Aquila and Prisca, also called by the diminutive Priscilla, are the husband and ^vife mentioned in Acts X"\T:II, ± Well, perhaps, some Martha, as Father Thuente aptly styles priests' housekeepers, especially if she is priscilla rather than prisca, would not be averse to having her name joined to that of some saintly Aquila. It is a delight to the weary missionary to find an Aquila and a Priscilla, who are alwavs readv to harbor a priest (Acts X^T:II. 3; 1 Cor. XVI, 19), who supply instructions (Acts XVIII, 26), and who, data occasi- osie, have a church in their house (Bom. XM:, 5; 1 Cor. XVI, 19).
God bless them and most of the Marthas also ! L.
Notes and Gleanings
\Mien Cardinal Gasquet recently asked tlie Holy Father for a blessing for the London Universe, — not an "official organ," but a most excellent Catholic journal, — ^tlie Poniff wrote these en- couraging lines: "Quando un giornale si consecra all' apostolato della verita e del bene pel il vantaggio alle anime, aJla maggior gloria di Dio e della Sua Cliiesa, non e benedizione die esso non meriti." Anglice: "\Mien a journal consecrates itself to the apostolate of tnath and ^^irtiie for the good of souls and for the greater glor\- of God and of His Giurch, there is no blessing which it does not merit."
The death of Mr. John T. Comes, of Pittsburgh, robs the Catholic com- munity in the U. S. of perhaps the iBOSt gifted of its ecclesiastical arclii- tects. Our readers may recall the touching letter he wrote to us last August, after his return from the hospital, where he had been operated upon for cancer of the liver. "The aut- oome is entirety in the hands of God," he said, "and beyond those of the doc- tors" (F. R., Vol. XXVIII, No. 18, p. 558). He died, after months of patient suffering, on Holy Thursday, April 13th. Mr. Comes designed a number of splendid ecclesiastical edi- fices, among them the Kenrick Semi- nar)'-, near St. Louis, and did real pioneer work in the field of Catholic ardiitecturc. His lectures to seminar- ists on this subject were published in pamphlet form, under the title, "Cath- olic Art and Arcliitecture." and found a wide circulation. The text lays down sohd principles on ecclesiastical art and architecture, while the plates, most- ly reproductions of photographs of some of the autlior's work, exemplify these principles as applied to modem paro- chial buildings. The F. R. was in- debted to Mr. Conies for occasional contributions on his favorite subjects
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May 1
co-operative society, which contin- ues to pay blood money to its land- lords. Her economic difficulties become intensified, in spite of the tremendous increase in co-opera- tive methods.
Though it would not be logical to conclude that co-operation is a failure, — for there are many other factors ai^'ecting the situation, — yet it is fair to ask: "Why all this effort to save money, which in the end must be paid to the landlord in the form of increased economic rent?"
Nevertheless we heartily en- dorse the movement called the In- tercollegiate Co-operative Society, because sooner or later this funda- mental problem of the private con- trol and monopolization of our natural resources and of our credit machinery will be forced upon the attention of such study groups. H. G. F.
.-.^H.^1
The Youthful Factory Worker
The Chicago Association of Commerce has printed, for private distribution to the members, a booklet entitled "A Plea for More Play, More Pay and More Educa- tion for our Factory Boys and Girls." It is compiled from the ^\•riting■s of Miss Jane Addams.
The writer refers to the new industrial conditions that have led to the development of the modern city. An army of bo^^s and girls are engaged in factory work, and the question arises : "What are we doing to provide for them in the line of legitimate amusement and recreation, in their leisure hours ? ' '
"Never before in civilization have such numbers of young girls been suddenly released from the protection of the home and per- mitted to walk unattended upon citv streets and to work under
alien roofs. Never before have such numbers of young boys earned money independently of the fam- ily life, and felt themselves free to spend it as they choose in the midst of vice deliberately dis- guised as pleasure." We know that this is, unfortuately, a sad fact.
The individual cannot do much to help these youths to gratify that legitimate quest for "fun" which leads thousands of them into paths that may ultimately spell ruin. But our Catholic so- cieties, at least those which are not professedly and exclusively devoted to spiritual aims, may perhaps lend a helping hand to those boys and girls who "revolt against factory monotony."
This duty is all the greater since "the diastrous effects of over- fatigue upon character ' ' have been shown. A person of lowered vitality is less fit to wdn in the struggle against temptation. Hence to provide our youth with oppor- tunities for needed recreation be- comes an important "spiritual work of mercy."
Modern amusements have be- come "commercialized" and are often conducted by unscrupulous men, whose only purpose is to get the hard-earned money of those who flock to the places of pleas- ure.
What an immense field of useful social activity is opened to the Church and lier various agencies to-day, to safeguard youth, the hope of the country!
(Rev.) Albert Muntsch, S.J.
The wiser a man grows, the less Hkely is he to be contemptuous of other men. Contempt is a measure of tlie mind. The more of it you find in a mind, the narrower is the mind.
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY KEVIEW
165
Priests' Housekeepers A careful reader writes : Your notice of the Marianum, conducted by the Reverend C. M. Thuente, O.P. (F. R., XXIX, No. 4, p. 74 f.), aroused my interest. 1 think a society for priests' housekeepers is very timely. Fa- ther Thuente published 'A Pas- tor's Homily to his Housekeeper' in the April number of the Ecclesi- astical Review, pp. 413 ff. It is a homiletic gem on Titus II, 5. A secular priest may well be sur- prised to find a regular Avrite with such insight, both domestic and psychologic, on the life and duties of the priest's housekeeper. This homily well deserves to be printed in leaflet-form and presented to every subscriber of the Ecclesias- tical Review. One passage, how- ever, ought previously to be cor- rected. Alluding to Romans XVI, the zealous Dominican writes : ''St. Paul encouraged women to work for the spread of the gospel. He salutes Pliebe and Prisca and Aquila and Mary as his helpers in Jesus Christ," etc. By a strange oversight {ad jut ores meos) Aquila is here considered feminine. Aquila and Prisca, also called by the diminutive Priscilla, are the husband and wife mentioned in Acts XVIII, 2. Well, perhaps, some Martha, as Father Thuente aptly styles priests ' housekeepers, especially if she is priscilla rather than prisca, would not be averse to having her name joined to that of some saintly Aquila. It is a delight to the weary missionary to find an Aquila and a Priscilla, who are always ready to harbor a priest (Acts XVIII, 3 ; 1 Cor. XVI, 19), who supply instructions (Acts XVIII, 26), and who, data occasi- one, have a church in their house (Rom. XVI, 5; 1 Cor. XVI, 19).
God bless them and most of the Marthas also ! L,
Notes and Gleanings
\Mien Cardinal Gasquet recently asked the Holy Father for a blessing for the London Universe, — not an "ofiftcial organ," but a most excellent Catholic journal, — the Poniif wrote these en- couraging lines : "Quando un giornale si consecra all' apostolato della verita e del bene pel il vantaggio alle anime, alia maggior gloria di Dio e della Sua Chiesa, non e benedizione che esso non meriti." Anglice: "When a journal consecrates itself to the apostolate of truth and virtue for the good of souls and for the greater glory of God and of His Church, there is no blessing which it does not merit."
The death of Mr. John T. Comes, of Pittsburgh, robs the Catholic com- munity in the U. S. of perhaps the most gifted of its ecclesiastical archi- tects. Our readers may recall the touching letter he wrote to us last August, after his return from the hospital, where he had been operated upon for cancer of the liver. "The out- come is entirely in the hands of God," he said, "and beyond those of the doc- tors" (F. R., Vol. XXVIII, No. 18, p. 338). He died, after months of patient suffering, on Holy Thursday, April 13th. Mr. Comes designed a number of splendid ecclesiastical edi- fices, among them the Kenrick Semi- nary, near St. Louis, and did real pioneer work in the field of Catholic architecture. His lectures to seminar- ists on this subject were published in pamphlet form, under the title, "Cath- olic Art and Architecture," and found a wide circulation. The text lays down sohd principles on ecclesiastical art and architecture, while the plates, most- ly reproductions of photographs of some of the author's work, exemplify these principles as applied to modern paro- chial buildings. The F. R. was in- debted to Mr. Comes for occasional contributions on his favorite subjects
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
May 1
and also for the tasteful two-color cover it used in more prosperous days, with the lamp in the center and the motto "Christianus mihi nomen, Cath- olicus cognomen" writ across the page. May he rest in peace !
-♦--•--•--•-
The Cincinna.ti Telegraph' (April 20) reports that Judge E. R. Eastman, of Ottawa, O., in granting a divorce to Attorney B. E. from Cecilia Tarpy- Seihert, placed the two-year old daugh- ter of the couple in the custoty of the father, though the latter had signed an ante-nuptial pledge that all children born of the marriage should be edu- cated in the Catholic faith. The Judge said, infer alia: "The law of this State places the parties to a marriage on an equality in the matter of the custody of their children. They also provide the methods of and causes for divorce when the parties can no longer keep their marriage vows. These laws are superior to any church, so that no pledge made by man or woman can call for an enforcement of rules not in harmony with them." If this decision is sustained, the ante-nuptial pledge commonly required of the non-Catholic party in mixed marriages will be legal- ly void in the State of Ohio, so far at least as the rearing of children is con- cerned. The late Father Phelan of Western Watchman fame always con- tended that this pledge would be found to have no standing in American law courts.
The Italian Senator Benedetto Cir- nieni, in a paper on "The New Pope," contributed to the Neiie Freie Prcsse, of Vienna, and reproduced in the Liv- ing Age (No. 4056). divulges the inter- esting fact that Pius XI, as Msgr. Ratti, took an active part in drafting the famous peace proposals which Bene- dict XV published on the first of Aug., 1917. Contrary to other reports, Cirmeni says that, although Pius XI spent a large part of his life in libra- ries and belonged to many learned so- cieties, he has not written any import- ant books. His only printed works are "a few historical monographs printed
in the Lombard Historical Archives. He devoted much labor to the publica- tion of the 'Liber Diurnus,' an author- itative code of proceedings for papal ceremonies." Thus Signor Cirmeni. We hope soon to have some more authoritative information regarding the Holy Father's literary productions. Meanwhile we gather from the Cath- olic Encvclopedia (Vol. IX, p. 216) that Dr.'Achille Ratti, in 1891, edited the text of the Bobbio MS. of the "Liber Diurnus Romano rum Pontifi- cum," found in the Ambrosian Library at Milan, — a text somewhat more com- plete than that contained in the Vatican MS. of this interesting collection of ancient ecclesiastical formularies used in the papal chancery before the 11th century.
-•--•--♦■-•-
The name of Achille Ratti is men- tioned in only one other place in the Catholic Encyclopedia, namely in Vol. XV, p. 292, where it is stated, within parentheses, that Father Ehrle, S.J., "resigned his place [as prefect of the Vatican Library] voluntarilv to Father Ratti of ^lilan'in 1912."
An authoritative record of the con- flict of the British government with the conscientious objectors during the World W^ar is promised by Alessrs. Allen & Unwin in a forthcoming work entitled, "Conscription and Conscience: A History, 1916—1919," by Principal J.' W. Graham, who was at the heart of the movement in the North of Eng- land and has written in close consulta- tion with its leaders in London. An appendix sketches the history of the corresponding movement in other coun- tries. Who is going to write the his- tory of Conscription and Conscience in the U. S., where the conscientious ob- jectors, for the most part, fared worse than in any other country?
An American archbishop was recent- ly quoted as saying that the present Pope \s the "most American of the Popes." We have been wondering just what this means. Does Pius XI under- stand America better than his predeces-
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
167
sors ? Wise guidance demands un,prej- uciiced and clear-sighted advisors. Is Pius XI to have this necessary assist- ance in regard to America? We sin- cerely hope so.
A report has it that St. Louis Uni- versity has recently purchased 75 acres situated along the Mississippi River, six miles below Jefferson Barracks, for use as a social study center, in connection Avith the Laymen's Retreat League. This is not the first attempt to start a social study center in this country. We have always contended that one of the first requisite^ of an efficient Catholic social movement was intelligent study of the social question. A study group must not only have a place to study but, obviously, something to study and some one to direct the students. So long as the conventional economics is adhered to in the conventional way, there is little hope that these attempts will prove successful. We wish the project unqualified success. -♦■-•--•--•• The [Missionary Association of Cath- olic \\'omen, whose head is the Most Rev. Sebastian G. Messmer, Archbish- op of Milwaukee, distributed more than $100,000 last year for the cause of the Catholic missions. We trust that the femininist movement among the Cath- olic women of America will imitate this most praiseworthy activity of the Cath- olic women of Wisconsin.
A workingman, Mr. R. M. Ranells, recently addressed the JMarquette Uni- versity Chapter of the Intercollegiate Co-operative Society at Milwaukee. Mr. Ranells is a member of the Co- operative Cigar Company. This is gratifying news. Closer contact with this class of economists and less with the conventional and accepted kind will have a great influence for good. -•--♦•-♦--••
A thought-provoking pamphlet has recently been issued by the Central- Verein, entitled, "How I Have Studied the Social Question," by the late Rev. Dr. Walter IVIcDonald, Prefect of the Dunboyne Establishment, St. Patrick's,
Maynooth. The author discusses some of the more troublesome social topics of the day, such as "Occupation," "Prop- erty," "Unearned Increment," the "Boycott," etc. However, he does not attempt a definite solution of them. He merely endeavors to stimulate discus- .sion, but that is nearly as important as to provide a solution of the difficulties proposed. The paragraph on "Study- ing in the University of Life" should be read by every one who is interested in the social question. The author prudently believes in keeping one eye on books and one on the world of events. Moreover, he makes it perfect- ly clear that the present way of apply- ing Catholic philosophy and theology to economics and sociology is entirely in- adequate.
In 'its issue for March 4, the Cimlta Caftolica, published in Rome by Jesuit Fathers, says : "Libels on the Jesuits continue to rain on us ; they come free, being sent in thousands of copies to members of the Order, whether they are willing to receive them or no. It is our lot — and we accept it joyfully — to be 'a sign of contradiction,' of vilifi- cation and calumny without cessation. We are so accustomed to attacks that we no longer count them. We do not take the trouble to repel them. It seems to us better to take no notice of them and to continue our work, of which our adversaries themselves— who are enemies of the Church or their victims — prove to us the utility." -•- -^ -•- -^
Many readers of Vilhjamur Stefans- son's new book, "The Friendly Arctic" (Macmillan) will be surprised to learn that it is possible to get fresh water from sea ice, "which becomes fresh during the period intervening between its formation and the end of the first summer thereafter." According to the Literary Supplement of the London rhnes (No. 1052), this "is not a new fact at all. but was well known to a few modern arctic explorers, who, however, preferred to keep it a secret of the craft." But Stefansgon's account of his astonishment at finding that the fact
168
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
The work of one who has given his entire life to the stuily of man, auimal, plit and food. In his defense of truth, of purity, he has been plaintiff or defemlant in :6 libel suits — most of them brought by the riihest profiteers — and won everj- one of tlm. Some of his opponents he sent to jail. He has never lost a case — oral, written or leil.
H; is the best equipped man in the world to handle Darwinism, Wellsism, b:ii- yard materialism — Evolution.
Colleges, Aeadamies and Schools the country over — many of them religious — e touching Evolution, teaching your children that they and you are come from a goru.
Even ministers and "teacher-theologians" of our new Croesus owne«l Christiai y are chattering with the monkeys an<l hurling milkless iiuts at a personal God an.nt normal God-made men and women.
When your diildren insistently and trustingly ask you "Who made us?" — yir answer must not he evasive, it must be truthful and you must choose for their mar cither God — or a gorilla.
God- or Gorilla
By
Alfred Watterson McCann
The author of "GOD— OR OORILL.\" doM not argue with the popular ide;of • volution, unless ripping the heart out of .1 thing can bo called argument. He pret^^ls to no gentleness as he shows the " intdicttual " victims of scientific su|>erstition at the very thing they profess to hate has possession of their siiuIh.
Mr. McCann gathers facts, proofs, contradictions, and flings them into sorry lups with a breathlessness characteristic of the public prosecutor, lie dws not criticizt^ he ))revailing concei)tion of evolution as exi>rcs8ed in the monkey man theor>'; he tea it to pieces. Not content with scourging the s«'lf «»ste<'iiic.| rducators who ke«'p the siian fancy boiling in a caldron of anemic erudition, he denionstrut<*8 how no part of tie <logma preached by these eminent anti dogmatists tits into any other part
His methods are not suave, but terrifically penetrating. He is no snnng academician; no dancing master attcin|>ting to turn controversijilist. He seizes yo by the heels and drags you into places you thought you had explor«il, only to show uu that the stuff you were taught to recognize ns orthodox evolutionary science is flisy pliantasia, unsupported as-sertions, clumsy inconsistencieii, iihysics without law, m;iie- niatics without numbers, deductions iKirn in fraud and forger>-.
"But I never hear<l of that U-forel " you ejaculate, as you read his bristling is- ilosures. "Of course you didn't." he retorts. "That's why you have lieen contei t« cliaracterize the critics of evolution as ignorant fotds who still l»elieve the worhi t t>e flat, and the sky a soliil dome hung with chandeliers. ' '
As that great bo<ly of mankind which profe«»e8 to l>elieve in evolution in not institute for itself a comparison of the hundred follies upon which its beli. is based, he has done the work for it. so that hencef«irth it may have no reason to »er lor its stubborn adherence t«» a system of error about which the learned ignorami ilk as glibly as if they knew what they were talking about.
29 Tllustrations of Your Ancestors Prire $3.00 Net; $3.15 Postpaid At Bookstores or jrom Puhlisns
THE DEVIN-ADAIR CO., Publishers
437 Fifth Avenue
New \rk
'j^:::^
^Wk9'^
■m. gtwm--
191
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
I6y
orOor.
S^
s.; not only unknown to Sir John
Alrray, "the greatest living oceanog-
.auer," but was received by him with
.inle incredulity, and his later accouiu
• I he difficulty he had in convincing
.i;<sailors who accompanied him on his
ia- expedition, are well worth the
>tuy not only of psychologists, but of
>.r! r scientitic men who may rtnd thtm-
■ able to be influenced too readilv
< >(incei.\-ed i<leas.
♦ ♦♦■■•.
he real difficulty in the Arctic
.Id seem to be, not to obtain fresh
ar, but to get salt to eat. Mr.
t msson himself docs without sah,
:. from his exj>erience declares
^^ roudly that we should all have better
*t, paltes (and. he might have added.
Iktit digestions) without salt, could
wonly go through the discomfort <.t
LHVig up its use.
■♦•♦■♦■••
.'r. Robert Leighton oiK-ns lii^ \ tnplete H(M)k of the Uog" ( I^mdon ; > a ell) with a kindly word or two on inogrels. Mongrels of smaller |)ar- enL he says, may Ix.* very useful do^"^- but he mongrels from large heavy dogs (r../., Newfoundland) are useless e.\- ce| jH-rhaps as ilraught animals. .\ niogrel can easily be obtained as a gift. itutwill cost as much as a well-bred <'o^to keep. A dog-lover in a largr low should l>e content with either a to\ dog (»r a terrier. In the country on« can keep any sized dog. 1 he larpr and long-haired breeds are rather outof place in towns, as arc also the -iH'ing dogs, which need much exer- ' ist Most dogs are .safer with cliil- dre than with adults. The gentle bull- doj>is perhaj)s the most docile, and the • VUtian wolf-dog the least safe with strngers. The rest of the book may l>c iid to deal entirely with the pure- bre dog and its needs. ■•■-•■-•■■•- Icho Brahe. as is well known, in 157 received as a present from tiic Daish king Frederick II. the island of Iveen and there built a faniou- houe, called Uraniborg. after the Muse r>f vstronomy. To this he added an '•srvatory called Stjemeborg. A finely
illustrated book has lately been pub- hshed in Denmark, in which an attempt is made, with the help of many excellent reproductions and diagrams, to recon- struct these mysterious edifices, of which only scanty remains are left. ("Tycho Brahe's Uraniborg and Ster- neborg on the Island of Hveen" by Francis Beckett, with drawings by Charles Christensen (Coi)enhagen : Aage Marcus ).
-♦■-•--•■-•-
Prof, .\lbert Ehrhard, D.D., former- ly of the University of Strasbourg, now of the University of Bonn, lately celebrated his sixtieth birthday. In a eulogistic paper published on this occa- sion the .\ugsburg Postccititng (No. 61) says that the reason this eminent church historian has jniblished no con- siderable book since 1902 is that he lias been engaged in the preparation of a comj)rehensive monograph on "Die griechischen Martyrien und lleiligen- leben, ihre ClK-rlieferung und ihr Be- stand." This work is to be published in the near future in several large vol- umes. It will be based largely on in- edited materials, collected by tnc author in Rome. Paris, Athens, on Mount .\thos. and elsewhere. Following an approved German custom some of Dr. I^hrhard's pupils and colleagues on his sixtieth birthday presented to him a collection of contributions to his_ special subject, ancient Church history, which have been printed in a massive volume under the title 'ik-itrage zur Geschichte des christlichen .Mtertums,"' edited by
Dr. Koniger.
-»■-»■••■■•■
We are pleased to see our good friend. Dr. Henry Schumacher, succeed the late Fr. Drum, S.J., as Scripture editor of the Homilctic and Pastoral Rcz'ic7i'. His first contribution, pub- lished in the April number of that ex- cellent magazine, deals with the numer- ical symbolism in the genealogy of Christ as given in the Gospel of St. Matthew, and shows how much light can be shed on New Testament ques- tions by an intelligent study of con- temporary Jewish thought. We are sure the Homilctic and Pastoral Rcric-a'
THE FOKTNIGHTLY KEVIEW May 1
The work of one who has given his entire life to the study of man, animal, plant and food. In his defense of truth, of purity, he has been plaintiff or defendant in 206 libel suits — most of them brought by the richest profiteers — and won every one of them. Some of his opponents he sent to jail. He has never lost a case — oral, written or legal.
He is the best equipped man in the world to handle Darwinism, Wellsism, barn- yard materialism — Evolution.
Colleges, Acadamies and Schools the country over — many of them religious — are teaching Evolution, teacliing your children that they and you are come from a gorilla.
Even ministers and ' ' teacher-theologians ' ' of our new Croesus-owned Christianity are chattering with the monkeys and hurling milkless nuts at a personal God and at normal God-made men and women.
When your children insistently and trustingly ask you "Who made us?" — your answer must not be evasive, it must be truthful and you must choose for their maker either God — or a gorilla.
God- or Gorilla
By
Alfred Watterson McCann
The author of "GOD— OE GOKILLA" does not argue with the popular idea of evolution, unless ripping the heart out of a thing can be called argument. He pretends to no gentleness as he shows the "intellectual" victims of scientific superstition that the very thing they profess to hate has possession of their souls.
Mr. McCann gathers facts, proofs, contradictions, and flings them into sorry heaps witli a breathlessness characteristic of the public prosecutor. He does not criticize the prevailing conception of evolution as expressed in the monkey-man theory; he tears it to pieces. Not content with scourging the self -esteemed educators who keep the simian fancy boiling in a caldron of anemic erudition, he demonstrates how no part of the dogma preached by these eminent anti-dogmatists fits into any other part.
His methods are not suave, but terrifically penetrating. He is no smiling iicademician ; no ilancing master attempting to turn controversialist. He seizes you by the heels and drags you into places you thought you had explored, only to show you that the stuff you were taught to recognize as orthodox evolutionary science is flimsy phautasia, unsupported assertions, clumsy inconsistencies, physics without law, mathe- matics without numbers, deductions born in fraud and forgery.
"But I never heard of that before! " you ejaculate, as you read his bristling dis- closures. "Of course you didn't," he retorts. "That's why you have been content to characterize the critics of evolution as ignorant fools who still believe the world to be flat, and the sky a solid dome hung with chandeliers. ' '
As that great body of mankind which professes to believe in evolution can- not institute for itself a comparison of the hundred follies upon which its belief is based, he has done the work for it, so that henceforth it may have no reason to offer for its stubborn adherence to a system of error about which the learned ignorami talk as glibly as if they knew what tliey were talking about.
29 Illustrations of Your Ancestors Price $3.00 Net; $3.15 Fostpald At BooJistores or from Fiiblishers
THE DEVIN-ADAIR CO., Publishers
437 Fifth Avenue New York
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
169
was not only unknown to Sir John ]^Iurray, "the greatest living oceanog- rapher," but was received by him with simple increduhty, and his later account of the difficulty he had in convincing the sailors who accompanied him on his last expedition, are well worth the study not only of psychologists, but of other scientific men who may find them- selves liable to be influenced too readily by preconceived ideas.
The real difficulty in the Arctic would seem to be, not to obtain fresh water, but to get salt to eat. J\Ir. Stefansson himself does without salt, and from his experience declares roundly that w^e should all have better palates (and, he might have added, better digestions) without salt, could we only go through the discomfort of giving up its use.
Mr. Robert Leighton opens his ■'Complete Book of the Dog" (London: Cassell) with a kindly word or two on mongrels. Mongrels of smaller par- ents, he says, may be very useful dogs. l)ut the mongrels from large heavy dogs ( c. g., Newfoundland) are useless ex- cept perhaps as draught animals. A mongrel can easily be obtained as a gift, but will cost as much as a well-bred (log to keep. A dog-lover in a large town should be content with either a toy dog or a terrier. In the country one can keep any sized dog. The larger and long-haired breeds are rather out of place in towns, as are also the sporting dogs, which need much exer- cise. Most dogs are safer with chil- dren than with adults. The gentle bull- dog is perhaps the most docile, and the Alsatian wolf-dog the least safe with strangers. The rest of the book may be said to deal entirely with the pure- bred dog and its needs.
Tycho Brahe, as is well known, in 1576 received as a present from the Danish king Frederick II, the island of Hveen and there built a famous house, called Uraniborg, after the Muse of Astronomy. To this he added an observatory called Stjerneborg. A finely
illustrated book has lately been pub- lished in Denmark, in which an atteinpt is made, with the help of many excellent reproductions and diagrams, to recon- struct these mysterious edifices, of which only scanty remains are left. ("Tycho Brahe's Uraniborg and Ster- neborg on the Island of Hveen" by Francis Beckett, with drawings by Charles Christensen (Copenhagen: Aage Marcus).
Prof. Albert Ehrhard, D.D., former- ly of the University of Strasbourg, iiow of the University of Bonn, lately celebrated his sixtieth birthday. In a eulogistic paper pubhshed on this occa- sion the Augsburg Postzeitung (No. 61) says that the reason this eminent cliurch historian has published no con- siderable book since 1902 is that he has been engaged in the preparation of a comprehensive monograph on "Die griechischen Martyrien und Heiligen- leben, ihre tjberlieferung und ihr Be- stand." This work is to be published in the near future in several large vol- umes. It will be based largely on in- edited materials, collected by tne author in Rome, Paris, Athens, on Mount Athos, and elsewhere. Following an approved German custom some of Dr. Ehrhard's pupils and colleagues on his sixtieth birthday presented to him a collection of contributions to his, special subject, ancient Church history, which have been printed in a massive volume under the title "Beitrage zur Geschichte des christlichen Altertums," edited by Dr. Koniger.
-^ -•--•- -^
We are pleased to see our good friend. Dr. Henry Schumacher, succeed the late Fr. Drum, S.J., as Scripture editor of the Homiletic and Pastoral Revieiv. His first contribution, pub- lished in the April number of that ex- cellent magazine, deals with the numer- ical symbolism in the genealogy of Christ as given in the Gospel of St. ]\Iatthew, and shows how much light can be shed on New Testament ques- tions by an intelligent study of con- temporary Jewish thought. We are sure the Homiletic and Pastoral Reviczv
168
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
May 1
1
The work of one who has given his entire life to the study of man, animal, plant and food. In his defense of truth, of purity, he has been plaintiff or defendant in 206 libel suits — most of them brought by the richest profiteers — and won every one of them. Some of his opponents he sent to jail. He has never lost a case — oral, written or legal.
H; is the best equipped man in the world to handle Darwinism, Wellsism, barn- yard materialism — Evolution.
Colleges, Acadamies and Schools the country over — many of them religious — are tcacliing Evolution, teaching your children that they and you are come from a gorilla.
Even ministers and "teacher-theologians" of our new Croesus-owned Christianity are chattering with the monkej's and hurling milkless nuts at a personal God and at normal God-made men and women.
When your children insistently and trustingly ask you "Who made us?" — your answer must not be evasive, it must be truthful and you must choose for their maker either God — or a gorilla.
God- or Gorilla
By
Alfred Watterson McCann
The author of "GOD— OR GORILLA" does not argue with the popular idea of evolution, unless ripping the heart out of a thing can be called argument. He pretends to no gentleness as he shows the ' ' intellectual ' ' victims of scientific superstition that the very thing they profess to hate has possession of their souls.
Mr. McCann gathers facts, proofs, contradictions, and flings them into sorry heaps with a breathlessness characteristic of the public prosecutor. He does not criticize the prevailing conception of evolution as expressed in the monkey-man theory; he tears it to pieces. Not content with scourging the self -esteemed educators who keep the simian fancy boiling in a caldron of anemic erudition, he demonstrates how no part of the dogma preached by these eminent anti-dogmatists fits into any other part.
His methods are not suave, but terrifically penetrating. He is no smiling academician ; no dancing master attempting to turn controversialist. He seizes you by the heels and drags you into places you thought you had explored, only to show you tiiat the stuff you were taught to recognize as orthodox evolutionary science is flimsy phantasia, unsupported assertions, clumsy inconsistencies, physics without law, mathe- matics without numbers, deductions born in fraud and forgery.
"But I never heard of that before! ' " you ejaculate, as you read his bristling dis- closures. ' ' Of course you didn 't, ' ' he retorts. ' ' That 's why you have been content to characterize the critics of evolution as ignorant fools who still believe the world to be flat, and the sky a solid dome hung with chandeliers. ' '
As that great body of mankind which professes to believe in evolution can- not institute for itself a comparison of the hundred follies upon which its belief is based, he has done the work for it, so that henceforth it may have no reason to offer for its stubborn adherence to a system of error about which the learned ignorami talk as glibly as if they knew what they were talking about.
29 Illustrations of Your Ancestors Frke $3.00 Net; $3.15 Fostpakl At Bookstores or Jrom Fublishers
THE DEVIN-ADAIR CO., Publishers
437 Fifth Avenue
New York
1922
THE FOETNIGHTLY REVIEW
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was not only unknown to Sir John ^Murray, "the greatest living oceanog- rapher," but was received by him wath simple incredulity, and his later account of the difficulty he had in convincing the sailors w^ho accompanied him on his last expedition, are well w^orth the study not only of psychologists, but of other scientific men who may find them- selves liable to be influenced too readily by preconcei.ved ideas.
-•--♦•-•--•• The real difficulty in the Arctic would seem to be, not to obtain fresh water, but to get salt to eat. Air. Stefansson himself does without salt, and from his experience declares roundly that we should all have better palates (and, he might have added, better digestions) wdthout salt, could we only go through the discomfort of giving up its use.
Mr. Robert Leighton opens his ■'Complete Book of the Dog" (London: Cassell) with a kindly word or two on mongrels. Mongrels of smaller par- ents, he says, may be very useful dogs, but the mongrels from large heavy dogs {e. g., Newfoundland) are useless ex- cept perhaps as draught animals. A , mongrel can easily be obtained as a gift, but will cost as much as a well-bred dog to keep. A dog-lover in a large town should be content with either a toy dog or a terrier. In the country one can keep any sized dog. The larger and long-haired breeds are rather out of place in towns, as are also the sporting dogs, which need much exer- cise. Most dogs are safer with chil- dren than with adults. The gentle bull- dog is perhaps the most docile, and the Alsatian wolf-dog the least safe with strangers. The rest of the book may be said to deal entirely with the pure- bred dog and its needs.
Tycho Brahe, as is well known, in 1576 received as a present from the Danish king Frederick II, the island of Hveen and there built a famous house, called Uraniborg, after the ]\Iuse of Astronomy. To this he added an observatory called St jerneborg. A finely
illustrated book has lately been pub- lished in Denmark, in which an attempt is made, with the help of many excellent reproductions and diagrams, to recon- struct these mysterious edifices, of which only scanty remains are left. ("Tycho Brahe's Uraniborg and Ster- neborg on the Island of Hveen" by Francis Beckett, with drawings by Charles Christensen (Copenhagen: Aage Marcus).
Prof. Albert Ehrhard, D.D., former- ly of the University of Strasbourg, xiow of the University of Bonn, lately celebrated his sixtieth birthday. In a eulogistic paper published on this occa- sion the Augsburg Postzeitung (No. 61) says that the reason this eminent ciiurch historian has published no con- siderable book since 1902 is that he has been engaged in the preparation of a comprehensive monograph on ''Die griechischen Martyrien und Heiligen- leben, ihre tJberlieferung und ihr Be- stand." This work is to be published in the near future in several large vol- umes. It will be based largely on in- edited materials, collected by tne author in Rome, Paris, Athens, on Alount Athos, and elsewhere. Following an approved German custom some of Dr. Ehrhard's pupils and colleagues on his sixtieth birthday presented to him a collection of contributions to his, special subject, ancient Church history, which have been printed in a massive volume under the title '"Beitrage zur Geschichte des christlichen Altertums," edited by Dr. Koniger.
We are pleased to see our good friend, Dr. Henry Schumacher, succeed the late Fr. Drum, S.J., as Scripture editor of the Homilctic and Pastoral Revien: His first contribution, pub- lished in the April number of that ex- cellent magazine, deals with the numer- ical symbolism in the genealogy of Christ as given in the Gospel of St. [Matthew, and shows how much light can be shed on New Testament ques- tions by an intelligent study of con- temporary Jewish thought. We are sure the Homilctic and Pastoral Rcviczu
170
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
May 1
will gain by Dr. Schumacher's collab- oration ; may that collaboration proive long and fruitful !
The Rev. Jerome Ricard, S.J., of Santa Clara University, known on the Pacific Coast as "Padre of the Rains," lectured on his views and methods be- fore the Sacramento Chamber of Com- merce the other day. His theory is that our weather depends on the sun-spots and that all that is necessary to make correct weather predictions is to ascer- tain the time of appearance and the position of these spots. On this prob- lem astronomers are working through- out the world. Like the late Professor Hicks of "Hicks' Almanac" fame. Fr. Ricard resents the attempt of the U. S. Weather Bureau to monopolize weather predictions and to discredit the efforts of "long-range forecasters" who seek to predict weather conditions for long periods in advance.
We would request our subscribers to make a special effort to pay their sub- scriptions at the present time. If you do not receive a bill, a glance at the address label on your paper will show when your subscription expires. The address label should show 1923 or later.
Signor P. Marieitti, of Turin, requests us to inform our readers that he is now able to furnish his "Missale Romanum," which is noticed on page 174 of this issue, with the "Missae Propriae" of the dioceses of the U. S.
The Annuls of the Prop'ogation of the Faith issued a centenary number for Alarch and April, 1922. to com- niemorate the 100th anniversary of the foundation of the Society for the Prop- agation of the Faith. There are : an inter- esting historical sketch of the Society, a complete description of its organiza- tion and administration, an official report on what it has done for the mis- sions since its establishment, in 1822, with a survey of the missionary world and the personnel of the missions. A particularly interesting table is that on
pages 66 — 68, showing what the U. S. has received from, and what it has con- tributed to the Society from 1822 to 1922. "There is not a single portion of the Church in the U. S.," says the compiler. Msgr. Freri, 'Svhich at one time or another has not been helped by
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1922
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the Society."' We may add that some dioceses have not yet repaid this debt, though they are well able to do so.
Fr. Laurence Cardwell, S.J., in No. 651 of the Irish Ecclesiastical Record, examines some of the main objections raised against St. Luke's account of the nativity of Our Lord and shows that with the growth of knowledge they are fast losing their apparent value. He concludes as follows : "As we study the evidence, whether in Asia, as affecting Ouirinius himself, or in Egypt and else- where, as determining the Augustan census-system, or the statements of various writers, the evidence all points to the same period for the census by vv'hich St. Luke fixes for us the date of Our Lord's birth. This period is limited by the years 8—7 B. C."
The Official Catholic Directorv for 1922 (New York : P. J. Kenedy & Sons) reached us on April 10th. But better late than never. The delay has enabled the editor to note a number of late changes and to insert a portrait of the new Pope. The Directory makes the impression of being set in new type throughout and is printed on better pa- per than last year. It is in ever\' way — at least so far as the publishers' part goes — a creditable production, and since the pecuniary profit in getting out such a year book cannot be large, the Cath- olic clergy and the public generally owe a particular debt of gratitude to Messrs. Kenedy & Sons, not only for keeping the Director}' alive, but for improving it to the best of their abihty from year
to year.
-♦--•--•--•-
A pastor writes : In an article, 'Leisure in Clerical Life,' the Reverend Dr. W. J. Kerby (Ecclesiasfcal Re- view, April, 1922, p. 331 ff.) writes: "Free time, poise of mind, and calm- ness of spirit are of value to the priest in a lesser way in themselves. But their primary value is in this that they fur- nish opportunity for him to find his own soul and to know it ; to find his God and love Him ; to gain new insight into the mysteries of the spiritual
vrorld and to find ineffable joy there and there alone." I fear that the horri- ble supposition which these words im- ply is not in every priest's case an ab- normal exaggeration, even though his . 'Ordo' ought daily to remind him of the sixth lection of the feast of St. Silvester: "Sabbati et Dominici diet nomine retento, reliquos hebdomadae dies feriarum nomine distinctos, lit jam- ante in Ecclesia vocari coeperant, appellari voluit, quo significaretur, cpiotidic clericos, abjecta ceteranim rcrum euro, iini Deo prorsus vacare dcbere.'' It is distressing to see some clerics with a sublime vocation and with superior intellect and education spend their time and energy in pursuits in which they are easily surpassed by the village banker and the county-fair concessionaire.
Father W. H. Kent in the Tablet (No. 4271) calls attention to one of the pieces printed in the "Oxyrhynchus Papyri. Part XV." which has recently been published by the Egyptian Ex- ploration Society. The piece in ques- tion is nothing less than a Christian hymn of the third century, with musical notation. The text of this relic of ancient hymnody is accompanied by a transcription in modern notation by Professor Stuart Jones.
Resignation is the footprint of faith in the pathway of sorrow.
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1922
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Forty Years of Missionary Life in Arkansas
By the Rev. John Eugene Weibel, V.F.
{3isf lustallmcnt)
My next great care was the glory of the house of God, and therefore I always tried to have attractive services in church. For altar, vestments, chalices, decorations, noth- ing was too good for me. The greatest help in beautifying the service of God, next to the music and ceremonies, are well-trained acolytes. I tried my best to give every boy a chance to become an acolyte. I was very careful in teaching them the altar prayers; if anything ever vexed me, it was to hear the Mass and altar prayers mumbled carelessly. I never could tolerate, "Confiteor Deo, umm, ummm, . . . Culpa, culpa, maxima culpa, ideo precor beatum num, num, num, nostrum." Good boys are glad and proud when they know how to answer correctly and distinctly. I allowed every boy who wished to do so, to come and serve, and sometimes it looked like a battalion of aco- lytes in the sanctuary, and the sacristan didn't like to see such a crowd, as it made so much more work washing surplices, etc.
When I was a boy, the altar boys were my ideals. It was the height of my ambition and happiness to be an acolyte. I learned tlie altar prayers by heart and would have learned a whole book by heart to be allowed to serve. If the priests had selected the acolytes, 1 would have stood a better chance, but the sexton had the appointment, and somehow he always skipped me. The sexton himself was not careful at all about pro- nouncing the words, and I felt sure I could do at least as well as he. He was very quick, made the smallest genuflection possi- ble, and got through all the ceremonies with the speed of an express train. I was one of the first in the sacristy every day, ready to help ring the bells. There were seven bells to be rung before high Mass and usual- ly there were twice as many boys ready to help, and two and three pulled on one rope. I often wondered why the sexton would not take me. As a rule the most handsome boys were chosen, and as I had never been a beauty, I thought that probably was the rea- son. There was a daily polyphonic high Mass, sometimes accompanied by instru- ments. This Mass was generally followed by a Requiem in Gregorian chant, sung by the priests and choristers. I had a strong soprano voice and I think now the sexton did not want to miss my singing, and that that was the real reason for his never calling on me to serve at the altar. I liked to sing, too, but whenever I saw the altar boys in their cassocks and surplices, like little priests, and especially when I beheld them in their mag- nificent gold-trimmed cassocks on feast days,
my heart used to ache and I wondered why I could not find grace before the mighty sexton and also become an acolyte. This opportunity came later and suddenly with a kind of revenge. One day at col- lege. Father Wilhelm Sidler asked me whether I knew the Mass prayers, and when I replied, "Yes, Father," he told me to come along W;th him and serve his Mass. I was all excitement. I had no time to prepare for the ceremonies. My answers were correct, but my ser\-ing must have been awful. I think I went the wrong way as often as pos- sible, and after Mass the good Father said, "A sillier boy I never had for serving ; you delayed me half an hour." Of course I felt very sorry, but I thought I would do better the next time, and in fact, after that I got over my stage fright and was soon made a regular server at the daily high Mass. Then I was in my glory ! Later I was even ad- mitted to serve at the solemn and pontifical high ]Mass. The first week of rny serving was with an Italian companion, Giacomo Bianchi. At the end of the week good Fa- ther Peter gave each of us a holy picture. Giacomo said. "He might have kept that for himself." The next priest we sen-ed together was Father Robert, and at the end of the week, he gave each one of us a box of bon- bons. Giacomo then remarked: "That is a good Father." Boys are the same every- where ; you can find the way to their hearts through the stomach.
For all these reasons I was always anxious to allow every boy to serve and wanted them treated well for it. I did not want them to be overlooked as I had been in my home parish. They appreciated it, too. I had a splendid society of altar boys in Pocahontas and Jonesboro, in fact in every mission I ever was. When I first came to Hot Springs, I was told I could never get any Mass servers there. I had not been there long when I had as many as ten boys every morn- ing waiting for a chance to serve.
In spite of all this, I have now to say Mass without a server, since I am chaplain of Sisters. Whilst I would not have gone to the altar without servers in my missions, it seems the Sisters cannot get any servers, and the chaplain has nothing to say in the matter. I said Mass very often in different convents in Europe and always had servers. In Grimmenstein, where I was for over a month, Mass was always at five o'clock in the morning. Sometimes there would be visiting priests present, and INIasses would be said continually, two or three in succes- sion. But there were always servers, though the convent is in a Protestant country, with but seven Catholic families in the neighbor- hood. In the city of Delle. France, I was for a whole year chaplain of the Dominican nuns and said the early IMass daily at the convent, and they always had altar boys. (To be continued)
174
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
Literary Briefs
May I
The Turin Missal
To the editions of the new Missale Ro- manum already in the market is now added a new one by P. Marietti, of Turin. We have before us the octavo edition, which is printed in large black type on excellent India paper and is complete in every detail. It can be had with the Missac Propria c for the U. S. An Excellent Story Book for Children
We recommend to Catholic parents "Red Cloud, A Tale of the Great Prairie" (B. Herder Book Co.) as an excellent gift-book for children. Its stories of heroism and constancy, based as they are on facts, are sure to captive the young mind. The author is Sir William Butler, and General Robert Baden-Powell has written a foreword. "Memoriale Rituum"
Marietti's new "Memoriale Rituum pro Aliquibus Praestantioribus Sacris Functioni- bus Persolvendis in Alinoribus Ecclesiis"' comprises the rubrics and prayers for the blessing of candles, ashes, palms and for
the ceremonies of Holy Week as they are performed in smaller, especially country, churches where a sufficient number of clerics is not available to carry out these ceremonies fully. (Turin: P. Marietti). Miss Gamble's "Road to Rome"
"My Road to Rome'' is a very readable account of "the struggle of a strong, self- reliant and cultured mind facing boldly the great problems of life and courageously ac- cepting the logical consequences flowing from certain undeniable truths." Miss Anna Dill Gamble writes of her experiences with no little literary finish and in a manner which will edify and instruct both Catholics and non-Catholics. (B. Herder Book Co.)
"Testimony to the Truth"
The Extension Press. Chicago, 111., has recently placed before the public the Rev. Hugh P. Smyth's latest apologetical book, "Testimony to the Truth," which comple- ments his "Reformation." In twenty-two chapters the author discusses some of the more important questions mooted in our own times concerning our holy religon. The treat-
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
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merit is clear and interesting, tliough at times rather too conventional. The book would be considerably more acceptable if provided with a complete index.
A New Book by Father Garesche
Father Edw. F. Garesche, S.J., has added to his already long list of works a l6mo of 192 pages, entitled "Life's Lessons." Father Garesche writes primarily for Cath- olics in the world. This new book is a col- lection of quasi-theological and ascetical writings which must be read piecemeal and meditatively. May we venture to add that Father Garesche's prolific writings would be considerably bettered by greater care in the arrangement of materials, as well as by an analytical index? (Benziger Bros.)
Three Novels
Blase Benziger & Co. reprint Fr. John Talbot Smith's novel, "The Art of Disap- pearing," under the more appropriate title, "The Man Who Disappeared." The book was first published in 1902. It tells the story of a man whose personality so changed under a series of misfortunes that he disappeared not only from the ken of his acquaintances, but from himself. The leading characters were all suggested by prominent public men of the period from 1870 to 1900. Dr. Smith is an accomplished story-teller.
"Cobra Island," by Neil Boyton, S. J. (Benziger Bros.), is a new and exciting book for young boys and girls. Its hero is a scout who makes a trip with his father to India. His adventures pass before the reader like a colorful circus parade.
Miss Isabel C. Clarke's new novel, "The Light on the Lagoon" (Benziger Bros.) de- scribes the efforts made by an English girl to develop her gift for painting through the exacting paths of sacrifice and self-discipline. It is the story of a shy and groping soul, keenly alive to the call of the spirit. Dis- criminating readers will find it a story of unusual charm, though the characters are rather elusively drawn. The haunting power of Dante's "in la sua voluntade e nostra pace" is described with great skill. A Parochial Course of Doctrinal Instructions The "Parochial Course of Doctrinal In- structions for all Sundays and Holydays of the Year," based on the Catechism of the Council of Trent, of which the first two volumes (Dogmatic Series) were duly noticed in this Review, is now complete. The second or moral portion, like the first, consists, of two volumes. Volume III (vi & 536 pp. 8vo) contains sermons on the sixth commandment,
the virtues of faith, hope, charity, fortitude, etc., the vices of sloth, gluttony, avarice, etc.; the duties of parents, and children; fasting and abstinence ; prayer, its nature, fruits, con- ditions and circumstances ; etc., etc., by such able preachers ais Fr. J. A. McHugh, O.P., Fr. J. H. Healy, O.P., Fr. Arthur Devlne, C.P., Dr. C. Bruehl, Fr. G. Lee, C.S.Sp., Dr. K. Krogh-Tonning, Fr. Reynold Kuehnel, Fr. F. C. Doyle, O.S.B., Canon Sheehan, Dom Bede Camm, O.S.B., Fr. Thomas J. Gerrard, Dom Savinien Louismet, O.S.B., and many others. Vol. II deals with Baptism, Confir- mation, Penance, Prayer, etc. By means of this course not only is the neglected Roman Catechism restored to honor, but the clergy are offered a lucid and interesting exposition of the practical truths of'the faith. In the words of the Archbishop of New York, "no more timely and valuable contri- bution to the Catholic pulpit could possibly be made." (Jos. F. Wagner, Inc.)
A New Life of St. Francis Borgia
The life of the "Santo Duque," Francis Borja (Italian form: Borgia) has been described hy many pens, but Fr. Otto Karrer, S.J., gives us the -first really critical bio- graphy of the third general of the Society of Jesus ("Der hi. Franz von Borja, Gene- ral der Gesellschaft Jesu, 1510 — 1572"; xvi & 442 pp. 8vo.) The author deals with Fran- cis Borja, who was a great-grandson of Alexander VJ, in three parts: (i) as the Spanish grande, (2) as a Jesuit, and (3) as General of the Society of Jesus. Francis was viceroy of Catalonia when his wife died, leaving him with seven children. At the age of thirty-six he was received into the Society of Jesus, first secretly, then, after he had disposed of his worldy goods and provided for his offspring, publicly. He be- came an important factor In the Catholic counter-reformation. In Part II the author gives an interesting account of the develop- ment of the Saint's inner life. He had ab- sorbed monastic views in his intercourse with a Franciscan Brother and was Inclined to be more ascetical than St. Ignatius thought prudent for members of a society devoted to "the apostolic life." That such a pious and thoroughly orthodox man as St. Francis Borgia was persecuted by the Spanish Inqui- sition throws a queer light upon the character and methods of that much-discussed institu- tion. We highly recommend this book by Fr. Karrer; it Is one of the best that have come to our table this year. (B. Herder Book Co.)
THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
May 1
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Alban Stols. Von Dr. Julius Mayer. Mit zehn Bildern und einer Schriftprobe. x & 619 pp. 8vo. B. Herder Book Co. $3.75 net.
Kompass fiir die Frau iiii Handzverk. Ein praktischer Wegweiser fiir Lehrmadchen, Gehilfin und Meisterin. 118 pp. i6mo. M.- Gladbach : Volksvereinsverlag. M. 18.
Gracefulness or Folly— Which Shall It Be? With a Preface by the Rev. Dr. C. Bruehl. 27 pp. i6mo. New York: Joseph Schaefer. Postpaid, 10 cts. ; $1 per dozen. (.Wrap- per).
Credo. The Creed in Pictures for Children. Pictures by Joseph Quinn. Illustrated in colors. Dublin and London : Mellifont Press ; American agent : B. Herder Book Co. 75 "Cts. net.
The Catechist in Mission Countries. By the Rt. Rev. F. Demange, P. F. M. With a Foreword by Msgr. Freri. 16 pp. 8vo. New York : Press of the Society for the Propa- gation of the Faith. (Wrapper).
The .-inti-Catholic Motifc. An Analysis of the Causes of Organized Hatred of the Catholic Church. By Dominic Francis. 46 pp. l6nu>. Huntington, Ind. : Our Sun- day Visitor Press. 5 cts. postpaid; $5 per loa (Pamphlet).
Little (Office of the Passion. By the Seraphic Doctor St. Bonaventure. .\rranged for the "Tre Ore" and for Private Use. 48 pp. ^.aiio. Chicago, 111. : Franciscan Herald Press. 13 cts.; in quantities, 10 cts. each. (Wrapper).
L'ncle i'at's Flaytime Book. A Collection of Tales. Puzzles, and Jokes. Pictures by (•eo. .Monks. Written by .\odh de Blacam. Illustrated in colors. Dublin and London : Mellifont Press; .\mericaa agent: B. Her- der B».H>k Co. 75 cts. net.
A-B-C of the History of Architecture. By Francis S. Betten. S.J. With Ji Illustra- tions. 24 pp. ^'O. i\iblished under the .\uspices of the Catholic Federation of Arts. Cleveland, O. : R. A. Kwh & Co. 15 cts. a copy; to copies for $i.Jo, p«.>>t- paid. (Wrapper).
Commentarium in Codicem Juris Canonici ut/ Hsum schoUrum. Auctore Sac. Guido Cocchi. CM. Liber H; De Persunis. Pars I: De Clericis. Sect, i: De Clericis in (ienere; i*J5 pp. i^mo; Sect, j: De Clericis in Specie; 451 pp. t.:ino. Turin: Pietro Marietti. Frcs. b and u rejip. (Wrapi>cr).
Caercmonialc Missae Friixitae. .\ Felice ZuaWi, P. C. M.. ian» editunt, iuxla No- vissimas Rubricas ac S. R. C. l>ecreta emendatum et auctum cura Salvatons Cap<.>terri, Pont. Acad. Litur^. Rom. Cen- soris. Novissima Kditiu. viu & 3$9 pi>. lamo. Turin: P. Marietti. Frcs. 450. (Wrapper),
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The Fortnightly Review
I
VOL. XXIX. NO. 10
ST. LOnS, MISSOUILI
Wav 15, 1922
Was Germany Responsible for the "World 'Varr
111 "The M\-th of A Gniln- Na- tion," (B. W. Hnobsch, New York ) Mr. AllrKrt Jay Nock addnct^, from official docnnjeiits of the Al- lied ^overunjeiits iiiw»iitrovertiM(' proof for these proyKisitioiifj :
( 1 ) The British aud Freucii «rei)eral staffs had tn^en in actixc e^>llaboratioii for war with Ger- many ever since ,lannar> ]M(l6. ( '2 i The British and French Admiral t>- had boen in similar collabora- tion. (?>) Tlie late L.<^)rd Fislit r (First Sea lx)rd of the British Ad- miralty), twice in the course ol these pref»a rat ions, y»roposed hu attack nyKni the German fleet and n landinir n]»on the wiast of Pomera nia, withont a dwlaration of war. (4) Rossia had Iwen preparinc tfi ^'■:iT ever siiice lJH>t, and the Ku- - MS and »ench ireneral stafl- : i come to u formal nnd -
.. that Knssian mo!
•e held eqnivalent lo a iifc
of war. (5 1 Rnssian nio
■I was heirnTi in the sy>rinii
nnder t he irnise of * t esl n, '
-^e leasts wer<» carried oti
•usly to the outbreak »•!
:. Will. (6) In April, 1914, four
• • Th< before the war, the Kn>
: French naval anthoritio 1 joint plans for maritime
• •{•(•rations acrainsl Germany. (7) V: tt. ihe outbreak of the war,
V was sellinc: jCraJTi i^i con
r iMiatitities to both
FnuK't ;■:■,: };,,vvla. (8) It can not
he shi.\\ ji ;:.;»; \lio (rcrman iroveni
JtKmt ever in a fnnjcrle instance.
throiiirhout all its doaiinirs witii forei^i lro^'emmellts, demanded or intimated for Gemiany any- thinir more than a 7)Osition of ec<o- nomic equality witJi other nations.
One by one tiie jjoymlar notions of j>re-war history are shovni to be mere superstitions. The idea, whicli is still srt^nerally h(»ld in tiiis coufitry, that the Allied nation* woj'e not j»reyiared for and not e.x- pcctinir ^'ar, is effectiv(^ly dis- posed of >)y fii*nr<»s showinfr th<' extent to which Furoxie was pre yiared for trc»uble:
*'ln Ifn.x Russia c^n-ied a mili \\»T}- establishment (on a pc»c<' footing ) of 1 ,284,( KK) men ; France, h\ an addition oi' 18.x(Hi0men, pro- ywised to raise her p(?ace-establish- ment to a total of 741,572. Ger- many, by an addition of 174,/>7?> men p7v»]iosed to raise her total to S21,f»f>4; and Austria, by addi- tions of 58,5(15 already made, brouiiht her total up to* 47a,fW./i. Thr'se aT'e the ^nares of the Brit- ish AA'ar Office, as furnished to the House of Oommons in IfHr*."
Thus it may be seen that., assnm- inir that the pro]'»osed additions were made, the combined Austro- (rerman armies numbered 1,295,- fi07 men as a^cainst 2,ri25,572 mc^n in the Allied armies, exiclusive of the Fnii'lish army. In answer to tlie popular suy>position that Fnirland had no army it is sho-wn that her arm> expenditure for 1914 (pre- war fifTures ) was £28 million, or 4 nj ill ion more than Austria ""s. F\'en
176
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
May 1
Books Received
A I ban Stols. Von Dr. Julius Mayer, Mit zehn Bildern und einer Schriftprobe. x & 619 pp. 8vo. B. Herder Book Co. $3.75 net.
Koinpass fiir die Frau hn Handwerk. Ein praktischer Wegweiser fiir Lehrmadchen, Gehilfin und Meisterin. 118 pp. i6mo. M.- Gladbach : Volksvereinsverlag. M. 18.
Gracefnhiess or Folly— Which Shall It Be? With a Preface by the Rev. Dr. C. Bruehl. 27 pp. i6mo. New York: Joseph Schaefer. Postpaid, 10 cts. ; $1 per dozen. (Wrap- per).
Credo. The Creed in Pictures for Children. Pictures by Joseph Quinn. Illustrated in colors. Dublin and London: Mellifont Press; American agent: B. Herder Book Co. 75 'Cts. net.
The Catechist in Mission Countries. By the Rt. Rev. F. Demange, P. F. M. With a Foreword by Msgr. Freri. 16 pp. Svo. New York : Press of the Society for the Propa- gation of the Faith. (Wrapper).
The Anti-Catholic Motive. An Analysis of the Causes of Organized Hatred of the Catholic Church. By Dominic Francis. 46 pp. i6mo. Huntington, Ind. : Our Sun- day Visitor Press. 5 cts. postpaid; $5 per 100. (Pamphlet).
Little Office of the Passion. By the Seraphic Doctor St. Bonaventure. Arranged for the "Tre Ore" and for Private Use. 48 pp. 32mo. Chicago, 111.: Franciscan Herald Press. 12 els.; in quantities, 10 cts. each. (Wrapper).
Uncle Pat's Playtime Book. A Collection of Tales, Puzzles, and Jokes. Pictures by Geo. Monks. Written by Aodh de Blacam. Illustrated in colors. Dublin and London : Mellifont Press; American agent: B. Her- der Book Co. 75 cts. net.
A-B-C of the History of Architecture. By Francis S. Betten, S. J. With 21 Illustra- tions. 24 pp. Svo. Published under the Auspices of the Catholic Federation of Arts. Cleveland, O. : R. A. Koch & Co. 15 cts. a copy; 10 copies for $1.20, post- paid. (Wrapper).
Conuiientariuni in Codicem luris Canonici ad usum scholaruin. Auctore Sac. Guido Cocchi, CM. Liber II : De Personis. Pars I : De Clericis. Sect, i : De Clericis in Genere; 243 pp. i2mo; Sect. 2: De Clericis in Specie; 451 pp. i2mo. Turin: Pietro Marietti. Frcs. 6 and 11 resp. (Wrapper).
Caerenioniale Missae Privatac. A Felice Zualdi, P. C. M., iam editum, iuxta No- vissimas Rubricas ac S. R. C. Decreta emendatum et auctum cura Salvatoris Capoferri, Pont. Acad. Liturg. Rom. Cen- soris. Novissima Editio. viii & 259 pp. i2mo. Turin: P. Marietti. Frcs. 4.50. (Wrapper).
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The Fortnightly Review
VOL. XXIX, NO. 10
ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
May 15, 1922
Was Germany Responsible for the World War?
In "The Myth of A Guilty Na- tion," (B. W. Huebsch, New York) Mr. Albert Jay Nock adduces, from official documents of the Al- lied governments incontrovertible proof for these propositions :
(1) The British and French general staffs had been in active collaboration for war with Ger- man}^ ever since January 1906. (2) The British and French Admiral- tv had been in similar collabora- tion. (3) The late Lord Fisher (First Sea Lord of the British Ad- miralty), twice in the course of these preparations, proposed an attack upon the German fleet and a landing upon the coast of Pomera- iiia, without a declaration of war. (4) Russia had been preparing for war ever since 1909, and the Rus- sians and French general staffs had come to a formal understand- ing that Russian mobilization should be held equivalent to a dec- laration of war. (5) Russian mo- bilization was begun in the spring of 1914, under the guise of 'tests,' and these tests were carried on continuously to the outbreak of the war. (6) In April, 1914, four months before the war, the Rus- sian and French naval authorities iuitiated joint plans for maritime operations against German}^ (7) Up to the outbreak of the war, Germany was selling grain in con- siderable quantities to both France and Russia. (8) It can not be shown that the German govern- ment ever in a sing-le instance,
throughout all its dealings with foreign governments, demanded or intimated for Germany any- thing more than a position of eco- nomic equality with other nations.
One by one the popular notions of pre-war history are shown to be mere superstitions. The idea, which is still generally held in this country, that the Allied nations wei^e not prepared for and not ex- pecting war, is effectively dis- posed of by figures showing the extent to which Europe was pre- pared for trouble :
'*In 1913, Russia carried a mili- tary establishment (pn a peace footing) of 1,284,000 men; France, by an addition of 183,000 men, pro- posed to raise her peace-establish- ment to a total of 741,572. Ger- many, by an addition of 174,373 men proposed to raise her total to 821,964; and Austria, by addi- tions of 58,505 already made, brought her total up to 473,643. These are the figures of the Brit- ish War Office, as furnished to the House of Commons in 1913."
Thus it may be seen that, assum- ing that the proposed additions were made, the combined Austro- German armies numbered 1,295,- 607 men as against 2,025,572 men in the Allied armies, exclusive of the English army. In answer to the popular supposition that England had no army it is shown that her army expenditure for 1914 (pre- war figures) was :£28 million, or 4 million more than Austria's. Even
178
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
Mav 15
more interesting than these fig- ures is a table of the naval expen- ditures on new construction only of the major European powers during the years 1905-1914. This table shows that in no year was the German outlay for its navy equal to that of England, while in 191-4 the combined British-Franco-Eus- sian expenditure was £43,547,555 as against a German outlav of il0,316,264.
The widely accepted belief that the British government was espe- cially surprised by the German on- slaught on Belgium is effectively disposed of. The Austrian Arch- duke was assassinated 28 June, 1914, by three Serbs, members of a Pan-Slav organization. Sir Ed- ward Grey, in the House of Com- mons, 27 July, made a statement conveying the impression that he had known about the course of the quarrel between Austria and Ser- bia no earlier than 24 July, three days before.
Yet "the British Ambassador at Vienna, Sir 'M. de Bunsen, had notwithstanding, telegraphed him that the Austrian Premier had given him no hint of the 'impend- ing storm' and that it was from private sources 'that I received, 15 July, the forecast of what was about to happen, concerning which 7 telegraphed to you the foUoiving day.' Sir Maurice de Bunsen 's telegram on this important subject thus evidently was suppressed, and the only obvious reason for the suppression is that it carried evidence that Sir E. Grey was thoroughly well posted by 16 July on what was taking place in Vien- na. Sir M. de Bunsen 's allusion to this telegram confirms this as- sumption; in fact, it can be inter- preted in no other way."
Austria declared war on Serbia
on 28 July ; on 30 July Sir Edward Grey informed the House that Russia had ordered a partial mo- bilization ; but he did not tell them, what he knew very well, that by the terms of the Eussian-French military arrangement Eussian mo- bilization was held to be equiva- lent to a declaration of war; nor did he tell them that if France w^ent to war England was bound by the secret agreement which he himself had authorized, to go to war in support of her ally. "He had promised Sazonov in 1912 that in the event of Germany's coming to Austria's aid Eussia could rely on Great Biitain to 'stake every- thing in order to inflict the most serious blow to German power." Thus it is clear that the British government was neither innocent nor unsuspecting in the matter of a European war.
{To he concluded)
The Month (No. 694) recommends "Birth Control : a Statement of Chris- tian Doctrine against the Neo-]\lalthus- ians" by Dr. H. G. Sutherland (London : Harding & ]\Iore) as a handy volume on a timely subject by a sincere and well-informed Catholic. Dr. Sutherland demonstrates that, like every other im- moral practice, artificial birth restric- tion has no sound basis in reason or experience. He refutes the main con- tentions of its champions and proves that the figures adduced in support of it are contradictory. The most valuable part of the book is that devoted to showing that birth control, even were it blameless, is unnecessary. The bogey of over-population is a mere chimera, for there is a natural check upon re- productivity with every advance in civilization. The best safeguard against over-population is the humanizing of the conditions of life. This highly com- mendable book is sold in the U. S. by Messrs. P. J. Kenedy & Sons, 44 Bar- clav St., New York.
iy2^
THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
179
The Revival of Scotism in America
The Keport of the third annual meeting of the Franciscan Educa- tional Conference, which took place last August at AVest Park, 0., interests us mainly for the evidences it affords of a revival of Scotism among the Friars of the U. S. ; for Duns Scotus, despite his many brilliant contributions to Catholic philosophy and theol- ogy, has been wofully neglected, especially in the last century, even by the members of his own Order.
Perhaps the most important contribution to this symposium is the Latin paper on "loannes Duns Scotus," by that champion of Scotism in Europe, Fr. Parthenius Minges, O.F.M. But the other pa- pers are of almost equal interest : on ''The Origin and Development of the Franciscan School," hj Fr. Berard Vogt, O.F.M. ; on ''The Philosophv of Duns Scotus," bv the Eev. Gerald Schmaltz, O.F.M."; on "Scotistic Theologv," bv Fr. David Baier, O.F.]\r., and on '"The Bearing of Scotistic Doctrines on Practical Theologv," bv Fr. Edwin Auweiler, O.F.M.
One of the principal subjects of debate at this conference was the need of a trustworthy critical edi- tion of the writings of the Subtle Doctor. As Fr. Edwin said in one of the meetings: "No real pro- gress in Scotistic research can be expected, little of enduring value can be accomplished — even in such a fundamental undertaking as the clearing of Scotus 's good name and the leading of Truth to victory over century-old slanders and mis- representations— until we are able to say confidently and without fear of contradiction: This is and this is not the word and work of the
'Doctor Subtilis et Marianus.' " With this need in mind the con- ference submitted to the provin- cials a twofold proposal, namely, (1) that the American provinces of the Franciscan Order assist the European Franciscan scholars financially in realizing the pro- ject of a new critical edition of the works of Duns Scotus and (2) that they encourage Franciscan scholarship in this country by hav- ing talented friars trained for active participation in the scien- tific labors entailed by this under- taking, vis. : in the disciplines of paleography and textual criticism.
It gives us pleasure to note that there is no anti-Thomistic bias in this American revival of Scotism. It merely aims to supply a lack in the neo-Scholastic move- ment, which has given scant con- sideration to Scotus and Scotism in its manuals and monographs. The Franciscans would simly ' ' re- store the true historical portrait" of their great master, "wherever ignorance or perversion, prin- cipally in the decadent days of Scholasticism with its unenlight- ened friends and foes, have dis- torted the real features. For the rest, their temper is not a polem- ical one against the Thomists. Their endeavor is rather by posi- tive critical work to bring out the permanent values which lie im- bedded in the tomes of Scotus, to restate them and apply them to the needs of our time, and thus, while effectively clearing their leader, to contribute at the same time to the still nobler cause of truth and Catholic philosophy" (p. 84).
A particularly valuable feature of this Report (which can be had
180
THE FORTNIGHTLY KEVIEW
from the Secretary of the Confer- ence, 1615 Vine Street, Cincinnati 0.,) is the ''Scotus Bibliogra- phy" pp. 187— 199)— a list of trustworthy pilots through the mare magnum of Scotistic liter- ature, compiled bv the scholarlv Dr. Edwin Auweiler, O.F.I\I. It
comprises Latin, English, French, Gorman, and Spanish books and is well worth preserving for refer- ence.
The F. R. entertains fond hopes for the revival of Scotism in Am- erica and bids its pioneers god- speed in their important work.
International Society on a Christian Basis
By the Rev. Albert Muntsch, S. J., St. Louis University
The logical sequel of the family and of all individual vStates re- constituted upon a Christian basis, Avould be an international order erected upon the same stable foun- dation. We are, of course, very far from the realization of what at present is only a dream of social reformers. Tennyson was not the first seer to look forward to the day
'"When the war-drum throbs no longer, and
the battle-flag is furled : In the Parliament of nations, the federation
of the world."
Far back in the gray morn of antiquity the inspired prophet of the Old I^aw dreamed of the day ''when men would beat their swords into plowshares and red war would no longer bring death to the nations.
Through the centuries we be- hold the establishment of Utopian and ideal commonwealths, as well as of communistic societies, none of which have survived to this day. It seems that the golden period when the warring people shall turn "their spears into sickles," and when ''nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they be exercised any more to war," will not be witnessed by the present generation, nor by many generations to follow.
The learned Father Cathrein, it
is true, believes that the nations of the world will never form a vast "social union" and that they will never coalesce into "a civil so- ciety in the strict sense." He holds that "the division of the human race into various social bodies is a necessity in the present condi- tion of affairs." {Pkilosophia Moralis, "De Sociali Unione Gen- tium"). He asks, how can men so diverse, and separated by such vast distances, be persuaded to work together to the same end?
And yet sound thinkers, guided by the principles of Christian so- cial reform, will not give up specu- lating on the happy time foretold by Isaias.
Among them are a number of Catholic writers, whose Avorks are summarized in the final chapter of M. Duval's splendid book, "Les Livres qui s'Imposent." This chapter is headed "I/Ordre Inter- national."
M. Duval begins by saying that "on the other side of our frontiers there are men who eat the same bread, live by the same faith, are held to the same tasks, suffer the same pains, men who weep over the same dead and are soothed by the same hopes. If Providence has decreed that in this vast world they should form societies different
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
181
from ours in order to succeed bet- tor in the fatherland which springs from the soil, from the race, from faith, from work and from history, should we forget that they are our brothers in Christ and that the whole world ought to be united in universal charity? No, for 'life is more than environment, and man more than his surroundings.' "
These sentiments are based on the true Christian idea of the "brotherhood" of man. M. Duval even shows that "we Catholics have more reasons than all others to be interested in the 'internation- al order,' " because it was Christ Himself who first said: "Blessed are the peace-makers." "Is it not He who substituted for the narrow and cruel religion of the city one more humane and compassionate? Is it not He who asked His dis- ciples to practice pity, forgive- ness, f orgetfulness of wrongs ? Is it not under the influence of Christianity that international law was able to take root and give more room to justice and kind- ness ? Is it not St. Augustine who dared to write that it was 'more glorious to kill war by speech than to slay men by the sword'? Have not the Popes on several occasions acted as arbiters between nations ? Is it necessary to recall the efforts of the Church through the ages to restrict wars and to give universal peace to the world ? ' '
The successful efforts of the Church during the warlike elev- enth and twelfth centuries in Eng- land, France, Italy, and elsewhere, to repress hostilities by means of the "Truce of God" show how minds and hearts filled with hatred and animosity will yield to her spiritual power and influence.
M. Faguet says, apropos of this beneficent medieval practice : "The Church established a sort of 'spiritual imperialism,' which in reality became the greatest thought and the vastest desigii ever known in the world. If an earthly imperialism may be justi- fied by its exalted purpose, a spir- itual preeminence is justified by the sanctity of its aim. If it is proper that a powerful material force should offer peace to the whole world, it is still more befit- ting that such a blessing be achiev- ed by a great moral agency, which is the object of universal respect."
President Butler of Columbia has given us the happy phrase, "the international mind." Until the characteristics of such a "mind" become the possession of thousands of leaders in the vari- ous nations of the world, there is little hope of an "international society." But may we not trust that the Church, which proposes the same exalted destiny to all her children, and teaches all men to pray: "Our Father who art in Heaven, ' ' will be the safest guide to that blessed day foretold by Isaias: "And in the last days the house of the Lord shall be prepared on the top of the mountains and it shall be exalted above the hills, and all na- tions shall flow unto it. And many people shall go and say : Come and let us go up to the mountains of the Lord, and to the house of the God of Jacob, and he will teach us his ways, and we will walk in his paths :" for the law shall come forth from Sion, and the word of the Lord from Jerusalem. And he shall judge the Gentiles, and rebuke many people: and they shall turn their swords into plow-
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
May 16
shares and their spears into sickles: nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they be exercised any more to war. ' '
Discredited Heresy-Hunters
The Augshurger Postzeitung, the leading Catholic daily of Southern Germany, in its No. 52 refers to some recent revelations made by La Nation Beige and De Tijd, of Amsterdam, which we have not hitherto seen mentioned elsewhere.
It seems that during the war a batch of confidential documents w^ere found in the house of a lawyer named Jonck, in Ghent. These documents were returned to Bel- gium after the war and are now in the hands of Prof. Geurts. They are of no political value, but throw a lurid light upon the methods of the so-called integral Catholics who before the war distinguished themselves by their anti-Modern- ist heresy-hunting.
Jonck himself was the editor of Le Catlioliquc, a journal which did not hesitate to accuse and de- nounce as Modernists such emi- nent Catholics as Card. Mercier, Dr. Woeste, M. Carton de Wiart, and a number of leading Catholic editors. It appears from the pa- pers referred to that there existed a secret society, with headquarters in Ghent, which made it its busi- ness to inquire into the orthodoxy of leading Catholics in all coun- tries of Europe and to persecute and denounce those that did not see eye to eye with these heresy- hunters in all things. This society had been founded by the Abbate G. Vercesi, who became a Methodist minister in 1911. Another leader of the movement was Kaplan Schopen, author of ''Koln, eine
innere Gefahr," who also aposta- tized and is now attacking the Catholic Church in a series of offensive pamphlets.
Among those viciously perse- cuted by this society were Cardi- nal Piffl, of Vienna, Cardinal Van Rossum, a number of bishops and laymen, the Catholic universities of Louvain and Fribourg (Switz- erland), the Bollandists, the Paris Etudes, the Roman Civiltd Catto- lica, and many others.
The movement died a sudden death when Benedict XV, at the beginning of his pontificate, con- demned heresy-hunting and de- clared that every member of the Church should be satisfied with calling himself a Catholic, pure and simple, and that mutual char- ity and trust should be the slogan under the new pontificate.
The "Journal of the Travels and Labors of Father Samuel Fritz in the River of the Amazons, between 1686 and 1723," has just been pubHshed by the British Hakluyt Society. Fritz was a Bohemian Jesuit, who was sent from Spain to Quito, in 1684, as a missionary to the Indians of the Upper Maraiion. There, thanks to his linguistic ability and his apostolic zeal, he met with great success, converting the whole tribe of the Omaguas and collecting as many as forty or fifty other tribes into civilized settlements. For nearly forty years Father Fritz labored on the Amazon and finally died among his converts, in 1724, shortly before his 70th birthday. The interest of the Hak- luyt Society in this "Journal" lies in the cartographical delineations it gives of the mission territory. Fr. Fritz was the first explorer to follow the course of the Tunguragua and to prove that it is the real source of the Amazon. His "Journal" was long believed to be lost, until Dr. Edmunson, who has now edited it, found it in the Public Library of Evora, Portugal, in 1902.
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY KEVIEW
183
Fortifying the Layman
Father Ernest K. Hull, S. J., in
tlie Bombay Examiner, returns to
the subject of Marie Corelli's
novels. He says that, despite Fa- ther Boswin's scarifying criticism
of Marie Corelli, he would not en- dorse any general embargo on her
writings for all and sundry; for
while they are morbid, unsatisfy- ing, and not calculated to lift up
the mind or the taste, they are
morally pure ; ' ' there is no malice
in them and the author's ethical
and theological vagaries are
merelv flights of fancv obviouslv
such.'"'
In connection with this subject
Fr. Hull lays down some sound
and healthy principles in advising
the Catholic layman on the sub- ject of reading, as follows :
Don't w^eaken him by unneces-
sar^' restrictions or frighten him
by meticulous alarms. Don't give
him the impression that his faith
and morals are such weak things
that the least breath of adverse
wind will blow them away like so
much thistle-down. Instill into him a conviction rather that his faith and morals are strong things. It is not the constant impinging of outside attacks that endangers them. What causes the danger and weakness is an interior debility of mind and will, which creates the best disposition for catching an infectious disease. Let there be no rashness, of course, no head- strong and headlong running amok, no throwing away of re- straints, no taking one's fliing. Let every Catholic recognize the limi- tations of human nature in gen- eral and especially his own. They are probably greater than he im- agines them to be. Let there be an honest purpose to do the right thing, to hold oneself in mastery.
to watch cause and effect, to rec- ognize danger signals. But on the whole, let the attitude of the Cath- olic be not that of a man walking across a bog, but that of a man walking along a metalled high road; confident of the ground on which he treads ; confident of his map, and of the signposts along the way; confident that he can pursue his journey steadily, and will reach the end of it, provided he does not deliberately turn off the track after a butterfly or a bird, and lose himself in the mo- rass or the fog.
As soon as a reasonable doubt arises, let him pause, and consult his guide-book, and simply get his bearings clear. With a few obvious precautions, when the need of them occurs, the background of an honest purpose, a loyal adhesion to the right, and a consciousness of one's limitations, ought to be enough to carry any CathoKc through, provided he has a sound grip on his faith and religion from the start, and provided he keeps up and strengthens that grip as he grows older, and sees the need of a deeper and more extended knowledge when his environment becomes more complex and more adversative.
That is just the point about modern times. WTiat we want is not boxing up our Catholics, hedg- ing them round with walls and fences and barred windows; but fortifying the layman — equipping him with the muniments of attack and defence, so that he is ever prepared to mount the walls to repel an attack, or to issue out of the gate to meet his enemy in the field as soon as he scents his ap- proach from afar.
184
THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
May 15
Correspondence
The Mystery of Limpias
Tu the Editor: —
Jn the notice of Prof. Isenkrahe's "Experimental-Theologie," which ap- pears in The Fortnightly Review of April 15, I read :
"Are the phenomena objective or purely subjective? They cannot be ob- jective, for on many occasions they were seen only by some of the attend- ants and not by others. Hence they must be subjective.''
"What proves too much proves noth- ing." I say this reasoning proves too much. It proves that the apparition of Our Lord to Saul, better known as St. Paul, on the way to Damascus, was subjective (cf. Acts IV, 7) ; also, that the repeated apparitions of Our Lady at the Grotto of Lourdes were subjec- tive. Only Bernadette saw the Blessed Virgin. I might cite other instances, but enough. The law laid down by the learned professor holds in the natural order. In the supernatural order, it gives way to a higher law. St. Augustine thus states it: "In rebus mirabiliter factis, tota ratio facti est potentia facientis.'"
Let me suggest, in passing, that it is this latter law which governed the translation of the Holy House from Nazareth to Tersatto and thence to Loreto. Let me also suggest a slight emendation in the headline of an article at page 146 of the same number of the Review, entitled "The Last Word on the Legend of Loreto." For "last" put "latest." I give you my word of honor that Prof. Hiiffer has not written the "last word" on that subject.
"i" Alex. IMacDonald, BisU'op of Victoria. B. C.
Concerning "Cachina"
To the Editor: —
While reading Mr. Read's interesting "Study in New Mexican Folk Lore" (F. R.. ]\Iay 1), it occurred to me that "Cachina" may have another explana- tion, one that may be culled "nearer home." He savs the word is "of Latin
origin" and apparently tries to relate it witli "Cachination," a "loud or im- moderate laughter.'" It seems better, however, to hold that "Cachina" is a variant of "Kachina" (sometimes also spelled Katchina) a word of Hopi origin. For according to the "Hand- book of American Indians North of ^dexico" (Bureau of American Ethnol- ogy, Washington, 1907, Volume I}, Kachina is "a term applied by the Hopi to 'supernatural beings imperson- ated by men wearing masks or by statuettes in imitation of the same" ; also to the dances in which these masks figure." This definition applies quite well to the ceremony as explained by :\Ir. Read.
Aloreover, under the article "Masks" in the publication referred to, we read: "Alasks were sometimes spoken of as kachinas, as many of them represented these ancestral and mystical beings, and the youth who put on such a mask was temporarily transformed into the kachina represented." This, too, squares with Mr. Read's account of "Cachina"' dances. To connect the word with a Latin origin is hardly possible. The "la" prefixed to "Cachina" may be accounted for by "false analogy." The Spanish-speaking people may have been unconsciously influenced by the very common feminine termination of Spanish nouns, and may then have erroneously prefixed a Spanish article to a foreign word. Students of lin- guistics know that this process has often occurred.
It may be worth adding that the Field Columbian Museum of Chicago contains one of the finest collections of Hopi Kachinas or statuettes in the country. The Ethnologic Collection in the Art Museum of St. Louis also con- tains a few. To the "Twenty-First Annual Report of the Bureau of Amer- ican Ethnology.'" Mr. J. W. Fewkes, one of our leading authorities on the aboriginal culture and folklore of the Southwest, has contributed an exhaus- tive monog;raph on "Hopi kachinas drawn by native artists."'
In his interesting booklet, "Indians
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THE FOETNIGHTLY KEVIEW
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of the South-West" Dr. G. A. Dorsey explains the ceremonial dances of the Indians. He says: "The word Katcina is applied by the Hopi to supernatural being-s, to masked men who imperson- ate these deities, to any ceremonial dance in which these masked figures appear, to the masks themselves, or to small wooden statuettes carved in imi- tation of masked dancers and known as tihus or dolls.''
In his "New-AIexican Spanish Folk- Lore," Professor M. Espinosa nowhere mentions "Cachinas," which would, no doubt, have been explained if it owed its origin to a Latin source.
Albert Muntsch, S.J.
The 'Staats-Lexikon" of the Goerres Society
To the Editor: —
The Archbishop of ^lilwaukee has issued a circular letter on behalf of the "Staats-Lexikon" of the Goerres So- ciety, "one of the comparatively few international standard vv^orks which has made Catholic thought and principles in the wide and important domains of politics and economics respected throughout the civilized world."
The work, he says ( we condense his letter), which is a comprehensive en- cyclopedia of government and political economy, has gone through four edi- tions, each of which has carried the fundamental Catholic principles on law and justice, liberty and authority, the family. State and Church, private prop- erty, individualism and Socialism, into all countries in which the German lan- guage is read and genuine scholarship appreciated. 3klany of the foremost leaders of thought and action through- out the civilized world have drawn knowledge and inspiration from this erudite work. Unfortunately the fourth edition, which appeared in five statelv volumes at Freiburg i. Br.. 1908-1912, has long since been exhausted. Need- less to say, the new edition will not be a mere reprint of the old one, but the work will be fully brought up to date. What a mighty effort this implies, he alone can understand who has taken
note of the stupendous changes of ideas, theories, activities, laws and policies affecting the public and inter- national life of nations, as well as the social relations and conduct of the in- dividual citizens and their organiza- tions, changes brought about in the short span of ten years, years which with their social evolutions and revolu- tions will stand out prominently in the history of mankind for all times. Com- bined Catholic scholarship alone, en- lightened by the eternal truth of Cath- olic principles, will be able to point out, not only the true character of those tremendous changes, but also the true meaning of their no less tremendous lessons for the social welfare and stability of the human race. All these will be included in the new "Staats- Lexikon."
In spite of the most urgent demands from all parts of German-speaking Europe the Goerres Society is not able, under present conditions, to raise the money required for such a new edition. And yet the inspiration and guidance of a work of this kind is more than ever needed at the present time, when so much depends on the ways and methods in which such pernicious post- war tendencies as Bolshevism and Com- munism are to be effectively combated, and when the work of a thorough social reconstruction upon Christian lines is to be seriously taken in hand.
At the present depreciated stage of the German mark the printing of a new edition of the "Staats-Lexikon" would require several million marks, and as the work would have to be sold at a comparatively low price, no adequate financial returns can be expected. On the other hand, the Catholic intelligent- sia of Germany and Austria — among them priests, teachers, students, etc., who stand most in need of the work — have been entirely impoverished by the world war. Yet the Goerres Society is willing to undertake the task if at least five hundred thousand marks will be contributed towards covering the ex- penses of the production. It has there- fore sent out an urgent appeal for fi-
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THE FOBTNIGHTLY REVIEW
May 15
nancial assistance to the Catholics of foreign countries, especially the U. S., who have already nobly and generously supplied so many needs of war-stricken Europe. As the appeal says, this will truly be a work of mercy, as Catholic Germany and Austria are begging for spiritual bread. Nor will it be only mercy to German and Austrian schol- ars. It will be a great charity to Amer- ican scholars also, for the enlighten- ment and guidance of an authoritative work like the "Staats-Lexikon" is as necessary for all Americans who are truly solicitous for the welfare and stability of their nation.
For these and other reasons, too numerous to mention, Dr. Messmer earnestly endorses the appeal sent out by the Goerres Society, and trusts that American Catholics will contribute generously to this worthy cause. In view of the fact that an American dol- lar is worth from 250 to 300 marks, the sum of $2000 would enable the Goerres Society to undertake the new publication. Contributions will be thankfullv received by the Very Rev. A. C. Breig, D.D.. Rector of St. Fran- cis Seminary, St. Francis, Wis. G.
-.^^
We have received a number of com- munications from members of the K. of C. and others in regard to the Pel- letier case (see F. R., Vol. XXIX, No. 7, p. 129; No. 8, pp. 140 sqq.). Several of the writers ask what we would ad- vise the K. of C. to do to neutralize the bad effects of the scandal. W^e answer in the words of one of the leading members of the Order, who says : "The coming supreme convention should (1) elect four directors not in sympathy with the established order; (2) make it impossible again for a man holding any office in the Order to likewise hold a political ofiRce; (3) remove Pelletier until such time as the courts acquit him, if he does not in the meantime Tesign. Supreme Knight Flaherty should be publicly censured for his attack on the courts. This would be enough for a starter."
Notes and Gleanings
We have receiv^ed from St. Benedict's Abbey, Atchison, Kans., a copy of a circular letter which was recently sent out to Catholic colleges, asking for their support in the publication of a school edition of Juvencus' "Historia Evangelica." Gains Juvencus was a Spanish priest of the fourth century, who wrote in fluent hexameters a kind of Gospel harmony, which was highly esteemed during the Middle Ages, but has fallen into almost complete desue- tude. The idea of the editor. Fr. Her- man Mengwasser, O.S.B., is to get this Christian classic introduced into Cath- olic colleges alongside of the pagan authors now exclusively used there. A specimen page clearly shows the method followed. First is given the text of the Gospel, then the correspond- ing hexameters of Juvencus, followed by a paraphrase of the same in classical Latin, together with appropriate gram- matical, scriptural, and historical anno- tations. The initial installment of the new edition, nearly ready, will comprise the first 500 verses of the "Historia Evangelica." We trust this effort to acquaint our Catholic youth with one of the great Catholic writers of antiqui- ty, instead of feeding them exclusively on pagan fables, will meet with the support it deserves.
During the recent ''conclave" of the Knights Templar at New Orleans, the home of Knights of Columbus Council 714. though not along the line of march, was profusely decorated, much to the disgust of a number of Catholics who know that the Knights Templar are high-degree Freemasons with whom no Catholic organization should frater- nize. The Post Ofifice was not decorat- ed, which led to some recriminations, as Postmaster Janvier is a K. of C. He declared in a public statement that the law prohibited the decoration of fed- eral buildings, and pointed with pride to the K. of C. building as a proof of Catholic friendship for the Knights Templar.
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
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We are informed that the bishops in charge of the National Catholic Wel- fare Council have petitioned the Holy See to consider a modification of the decree of the S. Consistorial Congrega- tion referred to in our last issue (No. 9, pp. 157 sqq.) and that the matter has been taken under advisement. Pending a final decision, the text of the decree, which was sent to all the bish- ops of the U. S. and received by them late in March, is not to be promulgated through the Acta Apostolicae Sedis for the present. That the decree of Feb. 25th will be revoked, or even essential- ly altered, we do not believe, especially in view of the fact, which we learn through the Nonvcllcs Rcligicuses, that a movement resembling that of which the N. C. W. C. was a part, has been arrested by a similar decree in Spain.
The Boston Herald of April 25th contains an account of the proceedings in the Supreme Court of Massachusetts when Mr. Jos. C. Pelletier, Supreme Advocate of the Knights of Columbus, appeared in the disbarment proceedings instituted against him by the Boston Bar Association. The hearing was be- fore Judge J. B. Carroll, a Catholic. As in the case of the Attorney General vs. Pelletier, before the full bench of the Supreme Court, the defendant re- fused to put in a defense, although, in the words of his senior counsel, Sena- tor Reed of Missouri, "no defendant ever refrains from testifying in his own behalf unless his counsel realizes that he would break down under cross- examination." On its editorial page the Herald quotes the N. Y. Nation as saying: "If the result of the Pelletier prosecution has been a hlozv to Catho- lics in America, it has been so, or rather it will prove so, only because of the refusal of those High in K, of C. cir- cles, those who in the public eye and mind are identified zvith American Catholicism, to purge their ranks and dissociate themselves from those found guilty. Instead of this clearly indicated — though even now belated — dissocia- tion, we find a militant championship of Pelletier which makes his protagon-
ists and the many for whom they pre- sume to speak, moral accessories after the fact to his crime." The F. R., as our readers know, is not willing to champion Pelletier's cause, but emphat- ically condemns the action of those who are trying to shield him, thereby bring- ing discredit on the Catholic Church. As we go to press, a dispatch from Boston announces that the disbarment of Pelletier was ordered by the Supreme Court, May 8tli.
According to Prof. Dr. Schroers, of the University of Bonn, who has known Pius XI for nearly a quarter of a cen- tury, he is the first historian raised to the papal throne since, possibly, Bene- dict XIV. His principal opus is the "Acta Ecclesiae Mediolanensis," in two quarto volumes, dealing with the life and work of St. Charles Borromeo. Next in importance is the historic com- mentary composed by Msgr. Ratti, in collaboration with Canon Magistretti, on the "Missale Duplex Ambrosianum." Professor Schroers also notes a fact which so far we have seen mentioned only in an interview with Cardinal Lualdi, reproduced in the Montreal Devoir, namely, that the new Pontiflf is a member of the Society of Oblates of St. Charles, which, so far as we know, is not as yet represented in this country. Its best known member in English speaking countries is the learn- ed Father W. H. Kent, who for a number of years has contributed valu- able "Literary Notes" to the London Tablet.
"Most of the hate prevalent in Eu- rope has been made to order by politi- cians."— (Philadelphia Public Ledger, quoted in the Literary Digest, No. 1669).
Totit comwe ches nous!
Objectionable echoes in a church or an auditorium may be softened or done away with by the application of the right kind of paint to the walls. So we are assured by Henry Gardner and William Downie in a paper on "Paint as an Aid to Proper Acoustic Condi-
THE FOKTNIGHTLY REVIEW May 15
No woman has ever wielded greater influence over those In her care — influence for a superb womanhood — than the author of SPIRITUAL PASTELS. A New York father was so impressed with the worth of SPIRITUAL PASTELS, and with the graces and endowments of Its author, that he sent his daughter to the College where J. S. E. guides. With such a guide, such an exemplar, he is happy in the assurance that the one he loves will surely be some- thing more than an educated snob in this socially shallow age.
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Foreword Appreciation by Joseph M. Woods, S. J.
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1922
THE FOKTNIGHTLY KEVIEW
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tions," from which extracts are prhited in the Literary Digest of April 15th. The amount of sound absorbed depends on the thickness of the paint, the roughness of the surface, porosity, and other similar conditions. -•--♦•-♦••♦• Experiments recently made at Stan- ford University by J. P. Bomberg and E. G. Martin show, according to Health (Battle Creek, ^lich.), that tobacco has an unfavorable influence upon the efficiency of persons engaged in strenu- ous mental work. The relative ef- ficiency of heavy smokers was 38, of light smokers, 40,1, of non-smokers (women), 46,6. In this connection the Literary Digest (No. 1669) calls atten- tion to a new process for rendering tobacco innocuous without destroying its flavor and pleasant effect. The process, as described in La Bibliotkequc Uniz'erselle (Paris), is simplicity itself, consisting merely in adding to the tobacco the stamens of the little plant known as colt's-foot. The inventor, Dr. Amial, declares that he can smoke thirty cigarettes a day of this mixture without inconvenience. The only change noticeable in the tobacco, which retains its aroma perfectly, is that it seems to acquire some resemblance to Oriental tobacco.
"The Fortnightly Review is the Nezi' Republic of the Catholic periodical press." — Col. P. H. Callahan.
Pax Romania is the title of a new; quarterly just established at Fribourg, Switzerland, as central organ of the International Secretariate of Catholic Students' Associations. The first num- ber is printed partly in Latin and part- ly in French. Bishop Besson empha- sizes the need of international co- operation on the part of all Catholic students. The principal article, in classical Latin, is by Fr. Hilarin Fel- der, O.M.Cap., and deals with the sympathetic attitude taken by the late Pope Benedict XV towards the move- ment which Pax Roniana represents. Other languages besides Latin and French are to be admitted to later
issues of this promising quarterly. Why not print it entirely in Latin? There is a constant demand for a Catholic review written in Latin, and no other language is so universally understood. The style need not always be of classic purity. Scholastic Latin is good enough for current reports and ordinary articles.
"An Amused Reader," who is afraid to give his name, has discovered an apparent contradiction between two statements in No. 8 of the F. R., the one in an editorial note, the other in a paper contributed by a Jesuit Father. Our critic would like to know "which statement is true and which is false." They are both true, and perfectly com- patible, as a Httle reflection will show. For the rest, we frequently allow our contributors to express opinions which we do not share. The F. R. is not a Procrustean bed, but a free forum. We may add that we have little respect for anonymoLis critics.
"Knife and Fork ^Masons" love to repeat that Freemasonry has no con- nection with religion. "Those who make such a statement are all wrong," says the Trestle Board, an illustrated Masonic magazine, printed, "for private circulation only," at San Francisco, Cal. (see Vol. XXXV, No. 6, p. 36), and adds: "It [Masonry] is the very foundation of religion, yet it is one body of good men that have no creed while in the lodge room, or while dis- cussing Masonry." The key to this latter, somewhat enigmatic sentence v/ill be found in "A Study in American Freemasonry." bv Arthur Preuss, 4th ed., St. Louis, Mo., 1920, B. Herder Book Co., to which we refer the curious reader.
A note in No. 7 (p. 124) of the F. R. discussed the question whether or not the "Order of the Eastern Star" is connected with the Masonic fraternity. We quoted the Masonic Builder as say- ing that the Eastern Star "is not a Masonic organization in any sense of tliat word, except the loosest." We see
190
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
May 15
from Vol. XXXV, No. 6 of the Trestle Board that the question regarding the status of the Eastern Star was precipi- tated by an edict of the Grand Master of Pennsylvania, commanding Master Masons of that jurisdiction to sever their connection with the Eastern Star or be dropped from Masonry. The Grand Chapter of the Eastern Star protested against this action on the ground that no grand lodge has the right to prescribe what societies shall be open to Masons. It seems that Masonic secrets have leaked out through members of the Eastern Star who had joined organizations, such as the White Shrine of Jerusalem, which make affiliation with the Eastern Star a condition for membership. We see from the same magazine {ib., p. 32 f.) that the controversy has been carried beyond the sea and that the Grand Lodge of England, which is "the Mother Masonic Grand Lodge of the world," has declined to endorse the Eastern Star.
Chief Justice Angellotti, of the Supreme Court of California, lately resigned his position to become head counsel of the Western Pacific Rail- way. Mr. Angellotti is a prominent Freemason, and the Masonic Trestle Board, of San Francisco (Vol. XXXV, No. 6, p. 22), justifies his step by say- ing that the W. P. Ry. pays him $18,- 000 a year more than he received as chief justice. The editor consoles him- self with the thought that Angellotti 's successor on the supreme bench. Chief Justice Shaw, is also a loyal Mason and that another Mason has been appointed to the Supreme Court in the person of Justice W. H. Waste. It is interesting to note, in this connection {Trestle Board, XXXV, 6, pp. 11 ff.) that both U. S. senators from California, Hiram Johnson and S. M. Shortridge, are Ma- sons and that California's most promi- nent Congressman, Julius Kahn, is a Mason of the 32nd degree, a member of St. Cecile Lodge No. 568 of New York City, of the San Francisco Bodies No. 1, Scottish Rite, and of Islam
Temple, Mystic Shrine, of the same city.
The '"Ancient Egyptian Order of Sciots," according to an article contrib- uted to the Trestle Board (Vol. XXXV, No. 6. pp. 21 and 55 IT.) by 'Tast Grand Pharao" Waldo F. Postel, is
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1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
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a rapidly growing organization of Master Masons, with branches, called pyramids, in the States of California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, and Texas. Before the San Francisco earthquake the society was known as "the Boosters," but it has since been reorganized under the name of "Ancient Egyptian Order of Sciots," whatever that may mean. The "boosting" tend- ency, according to Bro. Postel, remains. "To boost one another," he says, "means, if one cannot say anything good about a brother ]\Iason, one should say nothing at all. . . . Sciots do not limit their boosting to their own members. They boost everything that is good, clean. Masonic, and American." The Sciots are a sort of Masonic vigi- lance guard, to judge from Bro. Pos- tel's reference to them as "a strong body of intelligent and conserv^ative Masons, keenly interested in Masonic development and fully alive to all pos- sible hidden dangers in any new move- ment" {ibid., p. 60).
Our readers know the low opinion we have ahvays had of >Mark Twain and his writings. A critic in No. 109 of the Freeman attributes the vogue of this greatly overestimated author to extravagant puffery. "]\Iark Twain is al- most as much of a national institution as Lincoln," he says ; "yet measured by any sober judgment, he is not, save for two or three flights of genius, a writer of the first or even of the second rank. In all this matter the public is un- doubtedly the .victim of a prodigious fantastication. What is at the bottom of it? Advertising, largely. Every year a fortune is spent in maintaining what might be described as a perma- nent Mark Twain boom ; and this has been going on for so long that Mark Twain's fame has at last become one of the very elements of the American atmosphere. ... It would be interest- ing to see the result if this extravagant supply of advertising oxygen were suddenly cut off and Mark Twain's writings were left to fend for them- selves : in ten years they would have returned to something like the position
which they occupied in the people's eyes, let us say in 1890, when the best of them had long since appeared. We have here one of the most singular of these freaks of literary fame, explica- ble indeed, but none the less astonish- ing." The influence of Mark Twain's w-riting on the whole has been bad, as this Review has repeatedly shown.
We see from the Westfalischer Merkiir, by way of the Paradieses- friichte (St. Meinrad, Ind., May '22) that one of the principal difficulties in the beatification process of the Ven. Anne Catherine Emmerich, now under way in Rome, are the writings ascribed to her. Fr. Esteban, O.S.A., one of the Augustinian Fathers especially in- terested in the case, is quoted as saying that the champions of the saintly nun o-f Diilmen expect to be able to prove that these writings were -not really hers. Another Father interested in the case declared that the elimination of Bren- tano's writings wall put the cause entire- ly on its own merits, i. e., the heroicity of the virtues of Anne Catharine, which can be easily demonstrated to the satis- faction of the S. Congregation of Rites. We shall shortly publish a defence of Sister Emmerich and her visions by Fr. Hubert Hartmann, S. J. -•--•--•■-••
The Month (No. 694), in a notice of Fr. Wm. Schmidt's pamphlet on the metrical structure of the Gospels, re-
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THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
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cently reviewed in the F. R. (XXIX, 3, 59), says that the theory "thrives on a considerable disregard of historical and literary facts." Our contemporary keenly regrets that "'Father Schmidt, of all people, should have succumbed to this 'last infirmity of noble minds,' " and adds : "We would give very much to be able to persuade him to renounce this field of barren enterprise and to return to anthropology and the allied sciences, in which he has done work of such great value."
Apropos of "Anthroposophy" (F. R., XXIX. 9, 159 sq.). we note in the literary supplement of the Aiigshiirger Postzcitung (No. 15, of April 11) that Ernst Michel has lately published a criticism of Rudolph Steiner's fantastic doctrines from the Catholic standpoint under the title. "Erkenntnis oder Often- barung hoherer Welten?" (Mayence: jMatthias Griinewald-Verlag) . It is the first Catholic criticism of Anthropos- ophy in book form. The author says that he contents himself with showing up the contradictions between Christi- anity and Anthroposophy and that "'the definitive refutation of this error must be left to professional theologians who .combine a thorough knowledge of Catholic theology with a keen insight into the religious tendencies of our time." A valuable non-Catholic refu- tation of Anthroposophy is contained in Kurt Leese's "tjber moderne Theo- sophie" ( Verlag Furche). and we hope with Dr. Geiger, to whom we are in- debted for the information embodied in this note, that some competent Cath- olic theologian will soon produce an equally solid work from the Catholic point of view, as Anthroposophy — like Theosophy, of which it is an offshoot — threatens to become a real danger to the faith of weak-kneed Catholics all over the world.
Earth's Champion
By Charles J. Quirk, S.J. Though Winter steals Earth's gems away,
And Earth moans lone, bereft, IS'e'erless young Spring shall catch the thief.
And snatch from him his theft!
Forty Years of Missionary Life in Arkansas
By the Rev. John Eugene Weibel, V.F. {5.2nd Instailment)
I might just as well add a few words here on church music. There is nothing more im- pressive than the simple Gregorian Requiem. The solemn Te Deum, sung by a good choir in plain chant, cannot be excelled in solem- nity and grandeur by any polyphonic music. But with all the beauty of the plain chant we hailed daily with delight the change from the Gregorian high ^Nlass in the early morn- ing to the polyphonic Mass at eight o'clock. I had the school boys everywhere trained to sing the common requiem in a very credita- ble manner. Also the vespers, compline, and one Mass in Gregorian chant I found with- in the reach of almost every mission. But here in America, too, people like a change and an easy polyphonic Mass for feast days is always welcome. For other services, and during low Mass. congregational singing can be introduced without difficulty and to the great satisfaction of the people. For the benediction of the Holy Sacrnment I never allowed any other music for the "O Saluta- ris" and the "Tantum Ergo," than the plain chant, and I never found it difficult to make the whole congregation participate in the singing. This is done easily enough in a parish. It is different in convents where the Sisters use different tunes for those hymns. Xot only here, but also in France and ]\Iexico, I heard these sacred hymns sung to different secular tunes by the Sis- ters. St. Francis de Sales once said: "Of all persons trying to escape or evade the laws and regulations of the Church, none are so persevering and adroit as the religious who succeed in making exceptions by means of their rules, privileges, and traditions, whilst the word obedience is constantly upon their lips."
Chapter XXIV
FATHER CATTAXI — THE NEW CHURCH AT POCAHOXTAS
Father Herman Cattani, who had said his first Mass in Jonesboro. October nth, 1903, attended the missions of Hoxie and Wynne from Jonesboro. He was a very zealous worker and liked by everybody, especially the children. He was a son of Dr. Eugene Cattani. of Engelberg, Switzerland. He came from an old and renowned family. A brother of his is a doctor, another, professor in Frei- burg, and he himself had studied medicine at the University of Basle. However, his heart drew him to the priesthood and the Western missions. He was as careful to hide his noble family connections as the majority are to exhibit them. An uncle of his is pas- tor and dean in Switzerland. Another is a member of the Swiss national assembly. One of his grand uncles was vice-roy of
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THE FOBTNIGHTLY REVIEW
May J 5
Dutch Borneo. Two aunts were nuns and also two cousins, who died as missionary sisters in Asia. Their lives were published in French. Seeing the two books in his room I lent them to the sisters of the Good Shepherd. When he found it out, Father Cattani reproached me, saying he did not want anybody to know anything about his relations. He died a martyr to duty, being drowned on Christmas night while trying to cross a dangerous creek, on his return after midnight Mass from Center Ridge to his parish at St. Vincent.
At this time Father Matthew Saettele, O.S.B., was working hard and collecting funds to build a new church in Pocahontas. It is a solid stone building, 145 feet long and SO feet wide, with a large transept and a basement. It has a beautiful marble altar, which cost $5000, fine stained glass windows, etc. It stands as a monument to the inde- fatigable zeal of Father Matthew. On Octo- ber i8th, 1904, was held the last service in the old church of St. Paul, at Pocahontas, on which occasion I preached. I said: "It is a sad duty to perform the funeral rites for a dear friend, a kind mother, a great bene- factor. I hold this last service in the dear, venerable old church of St. Paul, the mother-
church of all the Catholics of Northeastern Arkansas. We feel a kind of sadness and regret when we remember the numberless graces we and hundreds of our friends received in this church. Here we found con- solation in sadness, strength for life's bat- tles, the kindly light pointing out for us the way of truth. Here Catholics found a good friend, a kind mother, and the greatest bene- factor. But as the sadness of a Christian funeral is sweetened by the hope of a beauti- ful resurrection, thus our regret in giving up this venerable building as a church fades into joyful anticipation by the knowledge that dear old St. Paul's is going to celebrate to-morrow its glorious resurrection in the grand new temple built at its side." Then I gave the history of the old church, recount- ing its sad and its happy days, and the names of its founders and benefactors. That ad- dress, which was printed, contains a complete history of the church at Pocahontas and of Catholicity in Northern Arkansas during thirty-five years.
The new church was blessed on the fol- lowing day by Bishop Heslin, of Natchez, with the assistance of the majority of priests in Northeast Arkansas and a great concourse of people. (To be continued)
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1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
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Literary Briefs
"Rubricae Generales Missalis Romani"
Under this title P. Marietti, of Turin, pub- lishes in the handy form of a 32mo volume of 318 pages a complete survey of the changes in the general rubrics of the Missal, as reformed under Pius X and published by Benedict XV, together with special rules to be observed at solemn high masses as well as at private masses before the Blessed Sac- rament and before the bishop when assist- ing at mass in his own diocese. To this are added the usual prayers for the priest before and after mass and certain rcgulae pro missis votivis. "Summarium Theologiae Moralis"
Dr. Sebastiani's "Summarium Theologiae i\Ioralis ad Codicem luris Canonici Accom- modatum," which was recommended by us some time ago, has reached its sixth edition, — which means, in this case, that over 16,000 copies have been printed and sold. This is a great success from the bookseller's point of view, and we are glad the author is makmg the book constantly better by carefully revis- ing and improving each successive edition. The volume comprises 658 pp. i6mo, weighs only seven ounces and fits snugly into the coat-pocket. (Turin: P. Marietti).
The Need of Lay Brothers
"They Also Serve" is a pamphlet designed to awaken interest in the religious vocation of temporal coadjutors — a state of life which, though it does not find its highest expres- sion in the priesthood, is yet dedicated to God by the three vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience. Father Cody has written well of this phase of religious life, and we trust that his pamphlet will be distributed far and wide and help to increase the number of these religious vocations, which has fallen off so alarmingly during the past twenty-five years. (Our Sunday Visitor Press, Huntington, Ind.)
"The Counter-Reformation in Scotland"
In a valuable essay under this title, Fr. J. H. Pollen, S.J., attempts to supply, at least in outline, the history of a movement with- out due regard to which, as he justly says, it is impossible to appreciate the true char- acter of the Reformation in Scotland. The counter-Reformation in that country was part of that remarkable movement which be- gan simultaneously with Luther in Italy and Spain and continued and carried forward in- to Catholic channels the vigorous driving forces germinated by the Renaissance. Fr. Pollen deals mainly with the Catholic revival
in Scotland between 1585 and 1589, when the reaction reached its greatest height and also, alas! received a fateful blow. (B. Herder Book Co.) A Manual of Christian Perfection
"The Manual of Christian Perfection," by Msgr. P. J. Stockman, is adapted from the celebrated method of spiritual direction by the Rev. J. B. Scaramelli, S.J. Though de- signed for the use of novices preparing for the religious life, it can be effectively made use of by lay persons in the world. The vvork is a doubtful improvement for religious communities over the standard work of Rodriguez, which has been in use for so many centuries. It is true that the latter needs revision, but the material and the form leave nothing to be desired. Msgr. Stock- man's work is deficient in at least one essen- tial. Mortification is not given a place com- mensurate with its importance. While it is true that it is included under other heads, we doubt whether a primer for the religious life is adequate without making mortifica- tion prominent. (Benziger Bros.)
Books Received
None Other Gods. By Robert Hugh Benson. New Edition. B. Herder Book Co. $1.50 net.
The Better Part. [A Novel]. By Richard Ball. 382 pp. 8vo. B. Herder Book Co. $2.25 net.
Indulgences as a Social Factor in the Middle Ages. By Dr. Nikolaus Paulus. Translated by J. Elliot Ross. 121 pp. i2mo. New York : The Devin-Adair Co. $1.35 post-paid.
Die V erg e geniadrtigiing Gottes. Von P. Franz Arias, S.J. Eingeleitet und iibertragen von P. Hubert Hartmann. S.J. 72 pp. i6mo. Leipsic : Vier Quellen Verlag.
Familienahende. Programme, Vortragsge- dichte, Musikaliennachweise und praktische Winke. 216 pp. i2mo. M.-Gladbach : Volksvereinsverlag. M. 36. (Wrapper).
Prayer: The Great Means of Salvation. By St. Alphonsus de' Liguori. Doctor of the Church. Edited by Rev. J. B. Coyle, C.SS.R. xxvii & 192 pp. i6mo. B. Herder Book Co. 85 cts. net.
The Life of Saint Walburga. By Francesca M. Steele ("Darley Dare"). With an In- troduction by the Rt. Rev. Columba Mar- mion, O.S.B., Abbot of Maredsous. 189 pp. i2mo. B. Herder Book Co. $i.7S net.
God— or Gorilla. How the Monkey Theory of Evolution Exposes its Own Methods, Refutes its Own Principles, Denies its Own Inferences, Disproves its Own Case. By Alfred Watterson McCann.. xvi & 340 pp. 8vo. Illustrated. The Devin-Adair Co. $3.15 postpaid.
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The Divine Trinity. A Dogmatic Treatise by the Rt. Rev. Alsgr. Joseph Pohle, Ph.D., D.D. Adapted and Edited by Arthur Preuss. Fourth, Revised Editon. iv & 299 pp. i2mo. B. Herder Book Co. $1.50 net.
Christ the Life of the Soul. Spiritual Con- ferences by the Rt. Rev. D. Columba Mar- mion, O.S.B., Abbot of Alaredsous. With Prefaces by Cardinals Mercier and Bourne and a Letter of Approbation by His Holi- ness Benedict XV. xx & 427 pp. 8vo. B. Herder Book Co. $4 net.
Tales of the Gaels. Some Stories of Finn and the Fenians Retold. Pictures by Austin Alolloy. Written by Aodh de Blacam. Il- lustrated in colors. Dublin and London : Mellifont Press; American agent: B. Her- der Book Co. 75 cts. net.
Des hi. Ignatius von Loyola, Stifters der Gesellschaft .lesu, Geistliehe Briefe und Lntcrweisnngen. Gesammelt und ins Deut- sche ubertragen von Otto Karrer, S.J. Mit einem Titelbild. viii & 296 pp. i2mo. B. Herder Book Co. $1.50 net.
The "Suinina Theologica' of St. Thomas Aquinas. Literally Translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province. Part H (Second Part), QQ. LXXX— C. vi & 270 pp. 8vo. Benziger i5ros. $3 net.
The Divine Story. A Short Life of Our Blessed Lord, Written Specially for Young People by the Rev. C. J. Holland, S.T.L. X & 22;^ pp. i2mo. Illustrated. Blase Benziger & Co., Inc. $1 net.
The Seminarists' Symposium. Edited and Issued by the St. Thomas Literary and Homiletic Society of St. Vincent Semina- ry, Beatty, Penna. 286 pp. Svo. illustrated.
Luther-Studieii. Herausgegeben von H. Gri- sar, S. J. 3. Heft : Luthers Kampfbilder. II. Der Bilderkampf in der dcutschcn
, Bibel (1522 ff.). Von H. Grisar, S. J., und F. Heege, S. J., xii & 45 PP- 8vo. Mit 9 Abbildungen. $1.50 net. — 4. Heft: Luthers Trutzlicd " Eine feste Burg'' in Vergangen- heit und Gegenvaart. Von H. Grisar, S. J. viii & 57 pp. Svo. Si. 50 net. B. Herder Book Co.
Gotteshaus und Goltesdietist. Praktische Winke von Ludwig Soengen, S. J. Alit 29 Abbildungen. viii & 225 pp. i2mo. B. Herder Book Co. $1.50 net.
A Handbook of Scripture Study. By the Rev. H. Schumacher, D. D.. Professor of New Testament Exegesis in the Catholic University of America. Vol. Ill : The New Testament, v & 317 PP- i^mo. With two maps. B. Herder Book Co. $2 net.
Birth Control. A Statement of Christian Doctrine against the Neo-Malthusians by Haliday G. Sutherland, M. D. (Edin.). x & 160 pp. i2mo. P. J. Kenedy & Sons. $1.85 postpaid.
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The Fortnightly Review
VOL. XXIX, NO. 11
ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
June 1, 1922
The Cynicism of Anatole France
By Dr. Alexander N. DeMenil, St. Louis, Mo.
Anatole "France" — is it not a queer piece of assumption for a writer to assume the name of liis country for a nom-de-plumef — has two powerful w^eapons at his command: irony and cynicism. And he certainly wields them re- morselessly. But to what purpose ? To what end? Cervantes in Spain, Briizac in France, Fielding and Thackeray in England, were masters of both irony and cynicism and dealt trenchant blows with them. They had a purpose, an aim, a result to reach, a lesson to in- culcate, a moral to emphasize. They ridiculed, they derided, they satirized, they laughed down egot- ism, false conceptions of life, gen- eral wrongs, social tyrannies, bar- barous customs, contemptible as- sumptions, immoral tendencies, hypocrisy, crying evils, and a hundred other existing facts and factors in dsilj life that were evils and should have no existence. And in this they benefited humanity, they bettered the world, they brought mankind more closely to- gether in a bond of mutual good will.
Cervantes' wit, humor, and irony did far more toward batter- ing down the doors of false chiv- alry and tyrannical feudalism than all the serious, meditative, argu- mentative books ever written against them combined together. When Fielding dared to depict a
man just as he is, he laid bare to the world the vanity, the false pride, the egotism, the moral cowardice, the penury, the selfish aims, the lying deceit, the hypo- critical posings and the general falsity of the average man; and the picture has stood out boldly and beneficially ever since as a warning and a rebuke and a salu- tary lesson to mankind. Balzac has rendered even better service to his countrymen than Fielding did to his. Indeed, Balzac has done better for the entire world, espe- cially for the world of women, than all other novelists, for he knew and understood woman as no other novelist has ever known or under- stood her.
But, you will say in the cant of today that I am writing about the novel with a purpose — that abom- ination of the modern critics, so decried, so condemned by them. Bah! let us not mince words; if a beneficial lesson is taught, and humanity profits by it, what care I for your modern critics ? Put me down flatly and unreservedly as quite sufficiently antiquated to be- lieve that "Don (Quixote" and "Eugenie Grandet" and "Pere Goriot" and "Tom Jones" and "Vanity Fair" and "The New- comes'.' have done more for poor, weak, frail humanity than all the carping critics in the world, and that thev will still continue to do
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June 1
more to benefit humanity when even the very names of the modern critics will be forgotten.
But this is my point : what help- ful lesson does all the irony and cynicism of Anatole France teach us? What practical purpose does it serve? If any, I confess that I am crassly ignorant of it. I have sought for it with the desire to fijid it; but I have failed. Years ago, I adopted the very unsatisfac- tory conclusion that he is cynical and ironical and sarcastic simply because he derives a personal pleasure or satisfaction from the recognition that he has the ability to be so. And this is certainly not art; it is simply and purely the selfish display of great powers ex- hibited for the sake of eliciting public applause. I am astonished that Georg Brandes, the Q,reatest of the living critics, does not call attention to this artistic weakness in his papers on Anatole France.
But, in justice, let us recognize and admit that Thibaut stands boldly in relief in two respects : No French author of to-day, of the past quarter of a century, is his equal in classic finish of style and happy aptness for expressive phrases. Professor Fontaine, who is certainly not inclined to over- praise him, briefly expresses this final verdict: **I1 est remarquable par la perfection du style et I'ex- actitude de 1 'expression" ("Les Poetes Franeais du XIX Siecle," p. 323). But that he is not a novice in some phases of the literaiy art, is not to be wondered at. He has been a lover of books all his life, and his literary culture is of the highest type. His father was a bookseller — or a bookseller's as- sistant— on the quays of the Seine, and all his life has been spent
among books. He is a Parisian of the quays by choice as well as by fate. He says himself: '*I was brought up on this quay, among books, by humble, simple people, whom I alone remember. When I am no more, it will be as if they had never existed. ' '
Our author's ironical skepticism and cynical humor are seldom kindly and genial — despite many critics to the contrary; if they were, his tone of pity and sym- pathy for human wretchedness would amply apologize for the disagreeable feeling that so often stays with us after reading his books. *'Le Ijivre de Mon Ami" and ''Le Crime de Sylvestre Bon- nard" are probably his two best books, and they leave a sense of something disagreeable, unsatis- factory, and unpleasant behind them. We are not quite sure that we are even pleased that we have read them. Nevertheless, he is an artist; in many respects, a great artist; but littleness fatally mars much of his work. He is so — may I say, uneven? As a whole, we dare not take him at his best; nor yet, at his Avorst. Either view would leave a sense of something incom- plete, something wanting finality. Except in his ''Histoire Contem- poraine," there is so little of any- thing like a practical, definite pur- pose, a moral or attempted moral teaching, or an inevitable conclu- sion behind his satirical vein! And this same "Histoire" has such a nauseous, socialistic odor about it!
Among France's sayings I will quote three — which are closely translated :
''She was the widow of four husbands ; a dreadful woman, sus- pected of every thing except of
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liaving loved — she was conse- quently honored and respected." ''The law in its Tiiajestic equal- ity forbids the rich, as well as the poor, to sleep under bridges, to beg in the streets and to steal bread."
' ' It is a great infirmity to think. God preserve you from it, my son, as He has preserved his greatest saints and the souls whom He loves with special tenderness and destines to eternal felicity."
It is such sentences as these that his panegyrists characterize as "deep philosophy." Possibly, I am wanting in the sense of ap- preciation.
Our author has confidence in the novel ; it is not worn-out, exhaust- ed, it has not said all, as yet; he even believes in contemporary French fiction. The following- liberal translation of one of his paragraphs on the subject, ex- plains his position fully (I believe the translation is by Brandes) :
''The novel, like life itself, is in perpetual evolution. Between our modern novel and -'The Iliad' the only difference lies in the versifi- cation. The novel is the poem which is read, just as the poem in verse is the poem which is sung. . Our modern novel comes from Balzac and Flaubert. The latter in some of his books studied society quite as profoundly as Balzac. In all of Balzac's works we notice that he never seems to have ex- hausted his fund of observed ma- terial. AVe find the same in Flau- bert. But I am struck by the case of Zola. I have a profound admira- tion for Zola. After having often changed my mind about him, I have come to recognize the power of his work. But in liis later books he is no longer the author of
'L'Assommoir.' One sees clearly the moment when his fund of ob- served material being exhausted, he uses information acquired by reading, not personal observa- tion."
It is very apparent that Anatole France leans toward the realistic school. This conclusion I arrived at several years ago in listening to a lecture by him delivered in St. Louis — at which he had a very small attendance. But, as to Zola — he uttered golden words about the author of "Nana" only a few years back. He said: "I do not envy him his disgusting celebrity. Never has a man so exerted him- self to abase humanity and to deny everything that is good and right. Never has anyone so entirely mis- understood the human ideal." But that was before he, Anatole France, became a rabid socialist and advocated openly the confisca- tion of the churches and the ex- patriating of Frenchmen and Frenchwomen whose religious opinions did not agree with his !
"We should not love Nature, for she is not lovable ; but neither should we hate her, for she is not deserving of hatred," is another one of his sayings. And this is truly his belief: he does not love nature; his books demonstrate that he does not. Nature has no part in his art ; she yields him no inspiration. This should not be — no writer can be truly great to whose soul nature speaks not. Mr. Brandes fails to call our attention to this artistic limitation of France's genius. Genius? — no, talent.
Georg Brandes, in his booklet, ten or twelve years ago, made Anatole "France's" literary reputation. Since then, the French
2C0
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critics have been considering the question, '*Is Anatole France a great writer!" It seems somewhat strange that such far-seeing critics as Taine, Renan, and Brunetiere failed to discover any true great- ness in him. Nevertheless, let us say in all justice that the Dane, Brandes, is a French scholar, he is a great critic, and his opinion of an author is worthy of the deepest consideration. He is never a hob- byist; he is always broad-minded. But he has curious limitations as a critic; when we consider his
great scholarship and culture, these limitations are astounding. That he does not always point out the most glaring defects in his favorites, I believe, is because he is satisfied to deal in the large with what is best. Again comes the question: -Should an author be judged by the best that he has done? — or by the worst? — or by his work as a whole?
At any rate, if Brandes does not ax)ply the lash to Anatole ''France's" literary crimes, he does not fail to castigate his venial
Was Germany Responsible for the World War?
{Coucluded) It is clear that the Russian troops were the first to be fully mobilized— on 25 July, that Ger- many, knowing the agreement be- tween Russia and France, de- manded that the French govern- ment declare its position, and got the reply that France would do what she thought best in her own interest, and that ''almost at the moment, on 1 August, when Ger- many ordered a general mobiliza- tion, Russian troops were over her border, the British fleet had been mobilized in the North Sea, and the British merchant ships were lying at Kronstadt, empty to con- vey Russian troops from that port to the Pomeranian coast, in pur- suance of a plan indicated by Lord Fisher in his autobiography, re- cently published." In the face of these facts, which are official and easily available, the theory of Al- lied unpreparedness goes con- siderably lame. It is little wonder that Allied politicians had con- stantly, during the war, to find
new excuses for having become involved in it.
Next, concerning the violation of Belgian neutralitj' as England's reason for going to war: it is shown that at the time when the Belgian treaties were drafted it was the official view of the British government that in case of an- other Franco-G-erman war. Great Britain was not obliged, under those treaties, to participate ; it is further shown that the British governinent did not hit upon the expedient of presenting the viola- tion of Belgium's neutrality "as a means of making the war go down with the British people" until 2 August, 1914: it is also shown that Belgium, contrary to jjopular belief, was prepared for war, and that she was, on the authority of no less a person than Marshall Joffre, a party to the ^cret military arrangements ef-' fected among England, France and Russia. Furthermore, on 24 July — the day upon which the Austrian note was presented to
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Serbia — the Belgian minister in- formed all the Belgian embassies that ''all necessary steps to en- sure respect of Belgian neutrality have, nevertheless, been taken by
the government The forts of
Antwerp and those on the Meuse have been put in a state of de- fense." That is, the Belgian forces were concentrated on the eastern frontier, not on the west, where Belgium might have been invaded by France. In other words, the Belgian government was not in fact neutral, and had no thought of being so.
So much for the actual begin- nings of the conflict. The author then points out that Germany, had she really been pining for trouble, was in a much better position to attack Europe in 1908, and again in 1912, than she was in 1914; for Russia had been greatly weakened by the Russo-Japanese war and had not yet had time to recover her military strength, and the in- ternal situation in both France and England would have made war a hazardous undertaking for those countries. Moreover Germany had excellent chances in both these years to strike at Europe, but on each occasion she threw her weight on the side of peace. Thus she gave the Allies time to augment their military strength and coor- dinate their plans of campaign against her ; and they used it with feverish diligence both diplomatic- ally and in a military wa}^ The Moroccan crisis is shown to have been precipitated by a deliberate plot between France and Britain, with the purpose of freezing Ger- many out of the Moroccan market. Germany might have taken the French occupation of Fez, which was in direct violation of the Al-
geciras act, as a casus belli; in- stead she simply dispatched to Morocco one small gunboat, which anchored off the coast of Agadir and remained there "as a silent reminder of the Algeciras act and the principle of the open door." This action on the part of Ger- many had the desired effect of showing the exact relative posi- tions of the European Powers :
"The British government promptly, through the mouth of Mr. Lloyd George, laid down a challenge and a threat. [It had 'seen no reason to object' to the French occupation of Fez.] There- upon Germany and France under- stood their respective positions; they understood, even without Sir E. Grey's explicit reaffirmation on 27 November of the policy of the Triple Entente, that England would stand by her arrangements with France."
Whatever may be the popular view at present concerning the relative parts played by the pow- ers in the long series of events which culminated in the world w^ar, trained observers during those years were under no illu- sions concerning them. A series of well chosen quotations from Bel- gian State documents translated and published in England by Mr. E. D. Morel, "gives the show away" as far as the Allied powers are concerned. The documents consist of reports made by the Bel- gian diplomatic representatives at Paris, London, and Berlin, to the Belgian Minister of Foreign Af- fairs, during the years 1905-1914. They ' ' relate in an extremely mat- ter-of-fact way a continuous series of extraordinary provocations put upon the German government and, moreover, they represent the be-
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havior of the German government, mider these provocations, in a very favorable light." They con- tinually speak of England's jeal- ousy of Germany's economic com- petition, and of her '^ campaign to isolate Germany." For instance, on 2 May, 1907, the minister at London reported that it is plain that official England is pursuing a policy that is covertly hostile, and tending to result in the isola- tion of German}^, and that King Edward has not been above put- ting his personal influence at the service of this cause.
The result of this policy and of the continuous French and Rus- sian intrigues against the Central Powers was that a train of gun- powder had been laid from Bel-
grade through Paris and London to St. Petersburg; and at the be- ginning of the train was the highly inflammable and inflammatory pan-Slavism, organized by M. Hartwig with the connivance of M. Isvolsky. A spark struck in the Balkans would cause the train to flash into flame throughout its en- tire length. The murder of the Archduke by Serbian officers furnished the spark which ignited the fuse; and the world war re- sulted.
Mr. Nock voices the hope that his book may serve as an introduc- tion to the works of Mr. Francis Neilson and Mr. E. D. Morel, to whom he acknowledges his indebt- edness for the materials upon M'hich he has drawm.
The Control of Credit
We take the following para- graph from a letter addressed to us by the Eev. P. A. Forde, who writes sympathetically and thought-provokingly concerning the economic point of view of the F. R., which, as our readers know, stresses the evils of landlordism, /. e., the monopoly of all kinds of natural resources. Our corre- spondent believes that the "usu- rers, financiers, shylocks, money- lenders are at least equally de- structive parasites on the social system." He continues: ''If you find oil or gold or iron or coal on or under your land, you cannot do a thing until some bank finances you. During the war the United States could not do a thing for Democracy, Civilization, the Free- dom of the Seas, and the rest of it, until the banks in New York 'financed' the loans of American goods to European philanthro- pists and crusaders against the
bold bad Kaiser. That is to say, Morgan et. al. had to put the dollar mark upon every article that went to Europe and of course charged a whole lot for doing so. The United States, by virtue of its cdtiim dominium, or by purchase, Avas the owner of the articles vdiich it handed over to the saintly French, English, etc. But the United States could not hand over all that stuff without the dollar mark of Morgan plastered all over it. You may answer that Morgan et. al. were the parties from whom the U. S. bought what Europe bor- rowed in the matter of goods, shells, clothing, food, etc., and that Uncle Sam had to buy from Morgan, Rockefeller, Gary & Co. Li other words. Uncle Sam's altum dominium extends to the carcasses and belongings of Tom, Dick, and Harry, but not to the sacred prop- erty of the usurers and monopol- ists. Mv answer is : (1) Uncle Sam
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had to get the usurer to 'finance* his loans or donations of stuff to Europe, i..e., put the dollar mark on the loans ; (2) How did Morgan, etc., contrive to monopolise nat- ural resources in America? By getting control of credit, i. e., of financial power, without which natural resources cannot be ex- ploited,"
There is much to be said for these views, considering the pres- ent status of the monopolization of our natural resources and of credit. A recent striking example confirms Fr. Forde's viewpoint. About six months ago Mr. Henry Ford needed ready money to fi- nance his gigantic automobile busi- ness. He went to Wall Street to negotiate a loan. Wall Street was Yv'-illing to make the loan, but under conditions which would have given it control of the Ford industry. Fortunately for Mr. Ford, he was able to do without the help of Wall Street. This is a striking example of our correspondent's contention that the control of credit implies control of the materials and the means of production. The rail- roads came under the evil spell of Wall Street in the same manner — and that, by the way, is the funda- mental difficulty with our public carriers at the present time.
Now what does this mean? Sim- ply this, that having built up a monopoly control of credit on the basis of the monopoly control of many of our natural resources, these modern usurers are able to extend the evil pall of their system of credit to our economic life in general.
But what was the original basis of their system of credit? Natural resources. If these are removed from their deadly grasp, could they continue their credit manip-
ulations? Apparently not. The Morgan, Rockefeller, Gary ring would collapse if the foundation upon which it is built were re- moved. To be sure, it would not be proper to draw the conclusion that the control of credit could be disregarded, though our vast natural resources were properly made available for the use of so- ciety at large. The control of credit, too, must be democratized. It will be necessary to make it available for all who wish to use it legitimately.
The modern Shylocks are as dangerous as the natural-resource monopolists. The two groups are the destructive Siamese twins of our economic life. But we cannot separate them without killing both. There is a vital intercon- nection between the two. And so while we shall continue, to the best of our ability, to call attention to the stranglehold of the one, we are not forgetting the lethal poi- son distributed by the other. Our reverend correspondent has done well to direct attention to this phase of our corrupt and unjust economic system.
Bon Voyage
By Charles J. Quirk, S J., Louvain, Belgium
Into the unknown; out to the wild; High-flung our laughter; Gay as a child.
Visions of Springtime; red roses twine
Our Grecian foreheads,
Dizzy with wine. Glimpses of evening: calmed and still,
Day's rubied bubble
Sinks 'neath the hill.
Memories of Night and cascade of stars; Hearts leaping upwards, Freed from Day's wars.
Into the unknown; out to the wild; What waits the dreamer? Christ waits the child.
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THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
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Notes and Gleanings
The Rev. G. Vermeulen, of Cedar Rapids, Neb., in a letter to the editor, fortified by an affidavit, declares that he never made the statements attributed to him by a fellow-priest in the Fokt- xiGHTLY Review of March 1st, p. 91, concerning the cruelties of the Ger- mans in Belgium during the world war.
Detroit Council No. 305 of the Knights of Columbus, in a resolution adopted March 21st, protested against the attitude of the official Columbia and the public utterances of Supreme Knight Flaherty on the Pelletier case (F. R., XXIX, 7, 129; 8, 140 sqq. ; 10, 186, 187) as ''inimical to the ideals of the Order and to the American prin- ciples of respect of law and constituted authority,"' and unanimously "con- demned the action of the official organ and of the Siipreme Knight in this matter as unrepresentative of the knighthood of the Order and of the ideals of this Republic." The organ of the council, the Crusader, in its edition cf April 27th, justifies this protest and refutes the contention that Pelletier was removed because of political jealousy or religious bias. The Crusa- der says that "a crisis has arisen in the history of the K. of C." and that "the time has come when the membership must have the courage and the forti- tude to say whether they . . . are will- ing to sacrifice all the splendid heritage of the past . . . and by blind adherence to false prophets and unworthy pur- poses, go down to a future that will be tarnished with disgrace and hypocrisy."
The feeling that the Order of the K. of C. is facing a crisis is widespread. Letters from different parts of the country show that the sentiments ex- pressed by the Detroit council are shared by many members throughout the country. \\'hile the regular organs of Catholic public opinion are for the most part silent, the parish calendars are beginning to Speak. "Out of this sad case one fact looms large," savs
e. g., the Nativity Mentor, of Brooklyn (Vol. XXVn, No. 5). 'Tt is that a Catholic official carries into his office not merely his character, but his relig- ion, ^lalfeasance ruins his reputation and brings disgrace upon the Church of which he is a member. Of course, the Church is not responsible for his crime, any more than is the good mother responsible for the crime of her wayward boy. But rightly or wrong- ly, the world grasps the chance to blame the Church for the sins of her children. If Pelletier is guilty, the K. of C. should expel him ; if he is inno- cent, they should do all in their power to establish that innocence. To sup- port him, guilty or not guilty, [as Su- preme Knight Flaherty and the official Columbia are doing], is unthinkable."
We regret to learn that St. Edward's College, at Austin, Tex., conducted by Fathers of the Holy Cross, was devas- tated by a cyclone, i^lay 4th. Holy Cross Hall was practically destroyed ; the gymnasium and natatorium were razed to the ground ; the power house and .store were completely demolished. The property damage is estimated at $300,- 000, with but little insurance. Fortun- ately, only one life was lost. Bishop Drossaerts, of San Antonio, who visited the place soon after the storm, was so affected by the scene of destruction that met his view, that immediately after his return home he issued a letter to the people of his diocese to come to the rescue of St. Edward's. The Southern Messenger of San Antonio has opened a list of subscriptions. St. Edward's, to emiploy a phrase of the Bishop, "has been doing God's work nobly and well," not only for Texas, but for the entire Southwest, and there- fore the entire Southwest will no doubt help to rebuild it.
To the existing translations (there are at least two) of the "Missale Rom- anum'' Abbot Cabrol has added another (Tours: Mame), which is reviewed at some length in No. 4272 of the London Tablet. The critic obiects to the addi-
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tion of certain prayers and hymns not found in the '*]\Iissale.'' "If one is to add prayers for general use," he says, "it is difficult to see where one should stop."' The better plan would no doubt be to translate the ]\Iissal just as it stands. In connection with this the Tablet writer discusses the question of style. The ordinary translations of liturgical books from the Latin, he de- clares, look very odd to a non-Catholic. The nature of the two languages is so different that it is impossible to trans- late literally from Latin into English without producing absurd effects. "The ideal in translation would seem to be something of this kind : to read the Latin carefully, to make sure that you understand exactly what the author says, then to say exactly the same thing, only in the way an Englishman would say it ; in short, to reproduce not the words, but the ideas." It seems a pity that some one with a good sense of English does not tackle the problem of giving us an English translation of Latin prayers, most of all of the Ordi- nary of the Mass, which need fear no comparison with the splendid language of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer.
A communication from Washington calls the attention of the Catholic press to the fact that the Single Tax as a cure for nearly all economic evils is growing more popular from year to year. It is advocated, among others, by the N. Y. Freeman and, in a modi- fied form, by the Committee of Forty- Eight, a political group which intends to form a new party. The essential objection to the Single Tax, as advo- cated by Henry George, is explained in "The Fundamental Fallacy of Social- ism," by Arthur Preuss, 'St. Louis, Herder, 1908. It is the express or at least implied denial of the right of private ownership in land, which is also tb.e principal error of Socialism. The economic objection to depriving indi- viduals of an income from land values arises from the probable exhaustion of the land by those using it and their removal thereafter to other pieces of
land to exploit the new land to ex- haustion. The Single Tax would involve theft or robbery, because all land values would be taken from the present own- ers without compensation. In opposi- tion to the Single Taxers and the So- cialists, the Catholic Church declares that it is not private ownership that is wrong, but the way it is now held and administered. Ryan and McGowan's "Catechism of the Social Question" recommends land taxes, but not taxes that would take all the land rent. A gradual shifting, it says, of the taxes on improvements would be just and beneficial, and "a super-tax on large holdings of land is desirable in some parts of the country."
The Toronto Catholic Register is not at all enthusiastic over the introduction of the preacher as a performer in radio entertainments. While not denying that, under certain conditions, the wire- less telephone can be made a help for those who, for 'physical or other rea- sons, can go to church but rarely, our contemporary objects to the conversion of the possibilities for good of the radiograph into agencies for diminish- ing the already dwindling number of non-church-goers. '.' The Gospel mes- sage flashed to tens of thousands," it says, "can never have the power which the church setting gives it ; and this is far more true when it forms an item in a medly of negro melodies, dance nmsic, and comic recitations. Neither speaker nor audience can, under such circumstances, be attuned to the giving and receiving of a really religious mes- sage." The Register is undoubtedly right, and its objections apply in a large degree also to the participation of the Catholic clergy in the dissemination of radio sermons.
The attitude taken by the episcopal curias of Denver and of several other American dioceses some years ago in refusing dispensations for mixed mar- riages to Catholic men who wished to marry non-Catholic women, is justified by Fr. Charles MacNeiry, C.SS.R., in his recently published booklet, "When,
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June 1
Whom, and How to Marry" (London: Burns, Gates & Washburne). The preface, written by the Bishop of Sal- ford, contains this warning: "Whatever excuse a young woman may have to marry a non-Cathohc, a Catholic young man has no excuse, normally, to marry a non-Catholic wife." Commenting on this attitude, Fr. Martin O'Branagan says in the London Universe : "It has been my contention for many years that whilst a 'mixed marriage" where the woman is Catholic, may be readily justified, the marriage of a Catholic man to a non-Catholic wife is, in ninety-five per cent of cases, a spiritual massacre of his offspring! In numer- ous instances the non-Catholic wife has not even summoned a priest to give her CathoHc husband the last Sacraments." If it is true, as the same reverend cor- respondent affirms, that in ninety-five per cent of the "mixed marriages" resulting in the loss of the offspring to the Catholic faith, the non-Catholic partner is the wife, whereas, when the wife is Catholic, the offspring nearly always is reared in the Catholic relig- ion, it would seem to fo.low that the marriage of Catholic men to non- Catholic women is, normally, against the law of nature, which forbids a free agent putting himself, zvithout neces- sity, into a proximate, absolute, and present occasion of sin, which no dis- pensation can justify.
The ]\Iilwaukee Catholic Citisen, edited by a veteran of the Catholic press, who "has always been doubtful whether the N. C. W.' C.'s News Serv- ice was, upon the whole, a benefit or a detriment to the Catholic press," says (Vol. 52, No. 22) that "However well intended, [this service] did not measure up to the expectations of those actually engaged in the work of the Catholic press. . . . The men in charge did not study the wishes of their customers. This was ignoring one of the first prin- ciples of salesmanship. The Catholic press had an arrangement imposed upon it with little consultation or con- trol." Like the News Service of the N. C. W. C, its lay organization, too.
was "an arrangement imposed [upon the faithful] with little consultation or control," — not a natural, organic devel- opment. It did not require the intellect of an angel, as the Michigan Catholic thinks, to foresee the inevitable end of both these ill-advised movements. All that was required was the scnsiis catholiciis coupled with the ordinary foresight resulting from long experience and careful observation.
The Rev. Dr. Peter C. Yorke, of San Francisco, is not at all satisfied with the recent trend of political devel- opment in the U. S. He says the peo- ple seem to be utterly helpless. After they had rejected Wilson, "Harding took up his policies and carried them through with more determination and more success than even Cox wovild have dared to. Why? Because the stars in their courses fought for" it. America is committed to imperialism, and the only difference of opinion among Americans is the best way to reach the imperialistic goal. That glory abroad may mean slavery at home makes no dift'erence. We are schooled and drilled in slavery. . . . This is the present temper of America — a land that has sacrificed ordinary elementary per- sona! liberty and is now rapidly jetti- soning political liberty."
A recent number of the Kmistchronik contains an article on Pius XI as a student of art. Father Ratti began his researches in art first as an assistant at the Ambrosian Library in iNIilan. In 1907, an anonymous guide to the art treasures of the Ambrosiana appeared, presumably from, his pen. While still at Milan, he published a series of arti- cles in the Rassegna d'Arte, dealing with the treasures entrusted to his care. In 1902, he wrote a treatise on the gold altar in S. Ambrogio. In 1907, he brought to light a tablet containing a picture of Petrarch. In 1910, he proved that the "^ladonna with the Garland." painted bv Breughel and Rubens for Cardinal Borromeo, was identical with a painting in the Prado. In 1912, he discussed the connection of the "Holy
1922
THE FOETNIGHTLY REVIEW
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Family"' by Luini, with Leonardo's London cartoon, and in the same year gave a number of irrefutable arguments to disprove the authenticity of the works ascribed to Fra Antonio da Monza. In 1904, he became one of the original founders of the Raccolta Vin- ciana, which has enjoyed his support ever since. It is said that his literary style is "vigorous and graceful" and tl:at, however surrovmded by books and treatises, he has never written a scien- tific paper for which he has not gone to the sources, using the "references," it at all, only when his own work was done, and then merely for comparison's sake. In other words, Pius XI is a real scholar, the first to occupy the papal throne since Leo XIII.
-•■-♦--•-♦- Berlin has cordially welcomed the first American ambassador to the Ger- man Republic, Alanson B. Houghton, who just before leaving America said in a public speech : "I do not believe in the moral or spiritual or even the eco- nomic value of hate." If this sentence were made the motto of every interna- tional conference, of every council of ambassadors, of every session of Con- gress, and of every foreign treaty, the world would move towards a brighter future.
Some untruths have been circulated of late in connection with the Pe'.letier case. ^Ir. Pelletier is said to have ad- vocated the control of the K. of C. war funds and work by the hierarchy against the opposition of Col. P. H. Callahan. The exact opposite is true. At the first meeting, in January 1918, between the bishops and the K. of C. Committee on War Activities, (of which Pelletier was not a member) Col. Callahan proposed to hand over all the war funds to IMsgr. Muldoon and to consult the bishops in all mat- ters pertaining to the same. The Su- preme Board of Directors, advised by Pelletier, opposed this measure and took advantage of every possible tech- nicality to avoid carrying it out. The conflict finally terminated in orders being issued by the hierarchy that all
future drives for funds should be con- ducted by the N. C. W. C. and that the proceeds should be turned over to Bishop :\Iuldoon. On April 15, Col. Callahan resigned, upon Supreme Knight Flaherty's turning over $250,- 000 of the K. of C. war funds to a man who was going abroad, and in whom Col. Callahan had no confidence, as he had made no returns for the monies already entrusted to him and did not give a bond in accordance with a ruling that everybody handling war funds should be bonded.
It is doubtful wdiether a mere deacon will ever again be raised to the supreme pontificate, as so often happened dur- ing the Middle Ages. The last cardinal who never received priest's orders, was, if we are not mistaken. Cardinal An- tone.li, who died a few months before Pius IX. One of the most remarkable instances of a deacon's being elected pope is recalled by Fr. Benedict Zim- mermann in No. 4270 of the London Tablet. After the death of Celestine III, in 1198, the college of cardinals elected Lothair, Count Segni, cardinal deacon of the title of SS. Sergius and Bacchus, aged Z7, who took the name of Inno- cent III. He was a mere deacon, and as he considered himself unable to dis- pense in his own favor from the canon- ical rule as to ordination days, he had to wait till next Ember Sunday, Feb. 21st, before being ordained to the priesthood. On the following day he was consecrated bishop and enthroned. He became one of the greatest of popes. The reason why in the early days deacons were so frequently raised to the episcopal dignity, and deacons of the Holy Roman Church to the papal throne, was that the temfporal and ex- ternal administration of the Church lay in the hands of deacons, while priests concerned themselves for the most part with purely spiritual functions.
Seven comets are expected this year ; but whether any or all of them will appear according to schedule, is more than even astronomers can say. One of the expected visitors, De Vico's
208 THE FOKTNIGHTLY REVIEW June 1
The work of one who has given his entire life to the study of man, animal, plant and food. In his defense of truth, of purity, he has been plaintiff or defendant in 206 libel suits— most of them brought by the richest profiteers^nd won every one of them. Some of his opponents he sent to jail. He has never lost a case — oral, written or legal.
Hj is the best equipped man in the world to handle Darwinism, Wellsism, barn- yard materialism — Evolution.
Colleges, Acadamies and Schools the country over — many of them religious — are teaching Evolution, teaching your children that they and you are come from a gorilla.
Even ministers and "teacher-theologians" of our new Croesus-owned Christianity are chattering with tlie monkeys and hurling milkless nuts at a personal God and at normal God-made men and women.
When your children insistently and trustingly ask you ' ' Who made us I ' ' — your answer must not be evasive, it must be truthful and you must choose for their maker either God — or a gorilla.
God- or Gorilla
By
Alfred Watterson McCann
The author of ' ' GOD — OR GORILLA ' ' does not argue with the popular idea of evolution, unless ripping the heart out of a thing can be called argument. He pretends to no gentleness as he shows the "intellectual" victims of scientific superstition that the very thing they profess to hate has possession of their souls.
Mr. McCann gathers facts, proofs, contradictions, and flings them into sorry heaps with a breathlessness characteristic of the public prosecutor. He does not criticize the prevailing conception of evolution as expressed in the monkey-man theory; he tears it to pieces. Not content with scourging tlie self -esteemed educators who keep the simian fancy boiling in a caldron of anemic erudition, he demonstrates how no part of the dogma preached by these eminent anti-dogmatists fits into any other part.
His methods are not suave, but terrifically penetrating. He is no smiling academician ; no dancing master attempting to turn controversialist. He seizes you by the heels and drags you into places you thought j-ou had explored, only to show you that the stuff you were taught to recognize as orthodox evolutionary science is flimsy phantasia, unsupported assertions, clumsy inconsistencies, physics without law, mathe- matics without numbers, deductions born in fraud and forgery.
"But I never heard of that before! " you ejaculate, as you read his bristling dis- closures. "Of course you didn't," he retorts. "That's why you have been content to characterize the critics of evolution as ignorant fools who still believe the world. to be flat, and the sky a solid dome hung with chandeliers. ' '
As that great body of mankind which professes to believe in evolution can- not institute for itself a comparison of the hundred follies upon which its belief is based, he has done the work for it, so that henceforth it may have no reason to offer for its stubborn adherence to a system of error about which the learned ignorami talk as glibly as if they knew what they were talking about.
29 Illustrations of Your Ancestors Price $8.00 Net; $3.15 Postpaid At Bookstores or from Publishers
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1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
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comet, which returns every 75 years, was "due'' in 1921, and its arrival is still being awaited. Another, Brorsen's, has consistently defied the astronomical time-tables on seven occasions and may, it is thought, have come to grief be- tween visits.
Fr. Francis Borgia Steck, O.F.jSL, is tc. our knowledge the first competent scholar to criticize from the Catholic point of view **The Chronicles of America,"' a widely advertised series of fifty monographs on American his- torv, edited by Dr. Allen Johnson and published by the Yale University Press. Father Steck, in the Franciscan Herald for May, approves as "strictly impar- tial, scrupulously accurate, and elevat- ing in style and sentiment"' only twelve volumes out of the whole series, name- ly, "Crusaders of the New France," "The Fathers of New England," "The Fathers of the Constitution," "'Jefferson and His Colleagues," "John Marshall and the Constitution," "The Old North- west,"' "The Reign of Andrew Jack- son," "The Paths of Inland Commerce," "The Spanish Borderlands"' (which, however, should have been made Vol. Ill of the series, instead of Volume XXIIl), "Captains of the Civil War," "The Sec|uel of Appomatox,'" and "The Hispanic Nations of the New World." The other volumes are all more or less unsatisfactory. Besides, there is mani- fest throughout the series a lack of unified presentation and harmonious interpretation of the facts, which defect Fr. Steck justly considers serious, since it must cause confusion and there- by defeat the express purpose of "The Chronicles,'" namely, to help those "not in the habit of reading history" to a better knowledge of and a greater love for their country. We would advise intending purchasers to read Fr. Steck's criticjue before they order these books.
A ]\Iarian library, i. e., a collection of books dealing with the Blessed Vir- gin Mary, has been founded in connec- tion with the new "National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception" at Wash- ington, D. C. Dr. Shahan describes it
enthusiastically in an article contributed by him to the Catholic press. The "Mariana," as it is called, already num- bers about 2,000 volumes, among them such rare gems as Cardinal Torquema- da's treatise on the Immaculate Con- ception, which the late Dr. Edward Preuss, when, as a Protestant profes- sor, he prepared his famous work against that dogma, vainly sought in a dozen libraries, until he unexpectedly came across a copy in the monastery of St. Peter at Salzburg, Austria. The "Mariana"' owes its existence to Mr. George Logan Duval, a wealthy New Yorker. Dr. Shahan hopes that "this fine Marian library will rapidly grow richer, not alone in English works, but in the choicest materials from every great Christian language."
The Church Progress (Vol. 46, No. 6) is authority for the statement that the Evangelical Protestant Alliance, a clerical and lay federation of New York churches, proposes another amendment to the federal Constitution, which, by its provisions, "would ipro- scribe the teaching and profession of the Roman Catholic faith within the United States and all territories subject to the jurisdiction thereof.'" This proposal, as our contemporary justly observes, is not only destructive of one of the most sacred provisions of the Consti- tution— freedom of religious worship — but marks the high tide of religious fanaticism. It would be undeserving of notice were it not for the accredited standing and reputed intelligence of those who father it. The Church Progress is sure that the proposal will meet with condemnation by the great mass of fair-minded Americans. No doubt it will. But the question arises : Do the fair-minded who are "uncon- vertible to such a monstrous move- ment,"' .constitute the majority of the American voters? We are not so sure cf that, for the number of anti-Catho- lic fanatics has vastly increased of late years, and no one can tell how soon they may be able to control an election. When that moment comes, no anti- Catholic measure will be too preposter-
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
June
Otis or too monstrous to be adopted and, if possible, incorporated into the Constittttion. The ftittire of rehgiotis hberty in America does not look promising, say we.
The Rev. Dr. Charles Bruehl, of Overbrook Seminary, in the Homiletic and Pastoral Rcviezv for May, insists on the importance of good catechetical instruction. Few lay Catholics receive any systematic religious instruction beyond what they get at school. Hence the wide-spread ignorance of religion which Pius X deplored ("Acerbo nimis," 15 Apr. 1905) as "the main cause of the present indifference and torpor, as we'd as of the very serious evils that flow from it." Dr. Bruehl is not favorably inclined towards the new methods introdttced by Shields, jNlcEachen, and others. On the con- trary, he thinks that too close an asso- ciation with modern pedagogics may prove harmful, because modern peda- gogics is for the most part based on uhcatholic principles and inspired by a false philosophy. But he insists all the more strongly that the instruction in Christian doctrine be imparted by priests, who alone can give it the full- ness that makes it both interesting and vital and that can come only from a thorough theological training. Mean- while. Fr. Hull is pleading in the Examiner for a simplification of the catechism and shows how this demand could be met without detriment to the traditional method of instruction, which has so fully demonstrated its efficacy, whereas the various new sys- tems have not yet stood the acid test of experience.
In 1895, Dr. Carl Schmidt discovered in the Institut de la Mission Arch<§o- logique at Cairo, a Coptic papyrus manuscript, which, it is believed, be- longed originally to the monastery of Shenute. The manuscript dates back to 400 A. D., though the document it- self was probably written about the year 150. It is an anti-Gnostic circular letter, ascribed to the Apostles. Dr. Schmidt published it in 1919, under the
title ''Gesprache Jesu mit seinen Jiin- gern nach der Auferstehung. Ein ka- tholisch-apostolisches Sendschreiben des zweiten Jahrhunderts" (Leipsic). It is better known as "Epistola Apostolo- rum." Dr. H. Schumacher gives a brief survey of its history and contents in the Homiletic and Pastoral Reviezv for
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May (pp. 856-865). He considers this apocryphal book, hitherto unknown, as "a memorable source of knowledge and a gold mine that will, under further research, yield valuable treasures, espe- cially to the student of New Testament theology and ecclesiastical history."
In his ascetical notes in the May Homilctic and Pastoral Review, Dom S. Louismet, O.S.B., quotes a prescrip- tion for good health, happiness, and a long life given by an old whimsical M, D. It runs thus : "Commit no sin and keep the bozuels open." -••■♦--•--•-
The Ave Maria (Vol. XV, N. S., No. 18) deplores that "tens of thou- sands of Catholic young men are stu- dents of secular colleges and univer- sities. Confronted with this fact, our contemporary says, "the ecclesiastical authorities have established Newman Halls, Catholic social centres, and sim- ilar breakwaters against the tide of false philosophy, materialism, and agnosticism constantly flowing through the class-rooms and lecture-halls of these institutions." While these meas- ures are, under the circumstances, most commendable, "it would be a disastrous mistake to declare, or believe, that they furnish a sufficient reason why Catholic young men, whose parents can afford to send them to Catholic colleges, may prudently attend these non-Catholic in- stitutions. Such attendance is purely; and simply an evil, tolerated when the poverty of the youth precludes his going to a Catholic college, . . . but inexcusable, as voluntary exposure to the danger of losing one's faith, where the plea of poverty can not be urged. No Newman Hall or Catholic social centre, however well organized, can serve as an effective equivalent for the atmosphere of our own institutions, or an effective antidote to the poison im- bibed in the great majority of secular institutions." That has been exactly our own position on this important question, and we cannot but view with regret occasional articles in the Cath- olic press which create the impression that at certain non-Catholic universities
Catholic students are religiously so well provided for that there is no longer any danger to their faith. We cordially endorse the slogans proposed by the Ai'e Maria: "Every Catholic child in a Catholic school!" and "No Catholic youth in a non-Catholic col- lege !"
G. Schalk points out in Herder's Literarischcr Handweiser (Vol. 58, No. 4) that Socialism is no longer as antagonistic to religion as it used to be in the days of Marx and Engels. It is, on the contrary, trying to approach re- ligion from the ethical side. Of course, the ethical system of even the most moderate Sociahsts is not that of the Catholic Church. Schalk calls it "Kul- turoptimismus" and describes it as "an ardent belief that spirit will conquer matter and that man will eventually gain the mastery over things and con- ditions. But as this belief is detached from the sole foundation of all true religiosity, namely, the idea of a per- sonal God who imposes duties and ob- ligations, it cannot get beyond the limits of a religious humanism." The writer rejects the name "Christian Socialism" and says it has no sense except in the mouths of those who wish to carry the spirit of Christian charity into econ- omics. Socialism is plainly in a period of transition, and those who realize how much truth it contains and how much good its adherents possess, will, in view of recent developments, cease to denounce it as anti-religious, but sympathetically await the outcome of
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the changes that are going on within the SociaHst movement.
The Christian Cynosure, of Chicago (Vol. LIV, No. 12) prints the text of tlie burial and memorial services of the Loyal Order of ^loose. Both have a distinctly religious cast. Dr. J. A. Rondthaler. "Dean of ]\loosehart." in a statement on "The Moose Religion" is quoted {ibid.) as follows: "God is in the Loyal Order of Moose. . . . The ritual teems with God's thoughts from the Bible. The Bible holds the high place of honor on the altar in the cen- ter of the lodge. Worship of God swathes the ceremonies of the initiation 01 every Moose. Under the most im- pressive conditions he takes his obliga- tion upon the great religious book of Jew and Gentile, of Protestant and Catholic." We suspect that the role of the Bible in the "Moose religion" is the same as in Freemasonry, which is authentically described in "A Study in American Freemasonry," by Arthur Preuss, Chapter XI, where it is shown that the praises given to the Bible mean nothing on the lips of Masons, since to Masonry the Bible is only one of several "books of divine revelation," on a level, therefore, with the Koran, the Vedas, the Zendavesta, etc. A Cath- olic, it seems to us, can no more em- brace the "Moose religion" without ceasing to be a Catholic than he can become a Freemason.
The Irish Ecclesiastical Record in its Xo. 651 severely criticizes "Institu- tiones Theologiae Naturalis" by Fr. G. J. Brosnan, S.J. (Chicago: Loyola Press), which has been extravagantly praised by some American reviewers. The critic objects to the author's choice of fundamental arguments for the ex- istence of God. The argument from the universal consent of mankind, for instance, is rejected by Billot, Mercier, and other leading Catholic writers. Fr. Brosnan's principal fault is that he "does not take full advantage of the resources of contemporary Scholasti- cism." In other words, he is not up to date. Unfortunatelv, this weakness
vitiates much of our philosophical and theological writing. It is encouraging, therefore, to see such an influential magazine as the Irish Ecclesiastical Record censure the common practice of rehashing arguments that appealed to past generations, but have no co- gency to-day. x\pologetic writing in particular cannot prove effective unless it meets the fresh points of view in- troduced by modern science. -•- -^ -•- -•-
The Statutes of the Diocese of Crookston, promulgated by the Right Rev. Timothy Corbett, D.D., are so very excellent that they may serve as a "manuale parochorum" even out- side that diocese. The divisions follow the divisions of Books II and III of the Code. Every page betrays the skilful pen of a canonist and breathes the spiritiis sentiendi cum Ecclesia. The tracts on "Matrimony," "Church Music," and "The Teaching Office of the Church" deserve special praise. Xumerous formulae, both Latin and English, enhance the value of this, the most practical "diocesan synod" that we have ever seen. As the book has been sent to us for criticism, we make bold to add the following observation : Canon 130 of the Code 'prescribes that the examinations for the junior clergy be extended through three years at least (saltein), but the Baltimorense HI (p. 95, No. 187) commands that they extend through five years at least (saltein). Xow, Canon 6, 1, prescribes that the old laws still have binding force unless they are opposed to the Code, but the enactment of the Balti- morense does not run counter to Canon 130, any more than Canon 1367, 2, which directs bishops to see to it that seminarists receive Holy Communion "frequently." is opposed to Canon 858. which demands that all the faithful receive the Holy Eucharist "seinel in anno." Church history and liturgy must be included in the matter of these ex- aminations, since the Baltimorense so decrees (p. 95, Xo. 187) and the local ordinaries cannot dispense from the decrees of a plenary council except in particular cases (canon 291, § 2).
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June 1
Forty Years of Missionary Life in Arkansas
By the Rev. John Eugene Weibel, V.F. (53''d InstalUnent)
Encouraged by the success of my first year book, I published another for St. Roman's Church in 1905. It contained information about the services held in St. Roman's Church, explanations and directions about marriage, baptism, confessions, Sunday school, and funerals, a report on the choir and the schools, followed by advice concerning the horne life of Catholics. The census contained in it gives the names of 700 members, w^ith their addresses; is shows that 231 were bap- tized from the beginning of the parish in 1885 up 1^0 1905 ; that 63 marriages were celebrated, and 69 persons died during the time. It concludes with some notes about the hospital and the convent.
Of course the building of the large hospital and chapel necessitated a good many trips and a good deal of thinking and planning. Nevertheless, one of my principal occupations and my supreme joy in those days was the colored school in a corner of the Sisters' property. From that humble work I promised myself and the community the most abun- dant blesisngs as an act of obedience to the wishes of Our Holy Father. Commandant Benedict Silvain, plenipotentiary of the Re- public of Haiti at the court of the Abessynian Emperor Menelik, a fiery champion of the colored race, in those days addressed a memorial to the Pope on the subject of the Catholic Church and the black race. In reply the Cardinal Secretary of State wrote by
order of the Pope : "It gives special satis- faction to the Holy Father that you in your honorable quality as general delegate of the Pan-African Union, have opened a new field for your zeal and that of others, by found- ing here in Rome the work of social eleva- tion for the colored people. Its aim and end is to remove the old and unreasonable prejudice against the blacks, to secure for the European colonists their well-founded rights, and to open to the black race an op- portunity to raise itself up to the heights of Christian culture and to show to the whole world that it runs counter to charity and justice to keep this race forever in its low- condition. Therefore, His Holiness, uniting his voice with that of his predecessors, sends his heartiest congratulations and best wishes for the noble undertaking to which j'ou have devoted yourself with your whole heart. The Holy Father hopes that all who feel within themselves the living principle of brotherly love prescribed by the God-Man, will assist you with all possible help."
These sentiments, and a desire to help the poorest of the poor, made the colored school an object of my most tender care. Knowing that we receive Christ in receiving the poor, I trust that this interest in the negro will not remain unrewarded. In the same spirit Father Matthew worked for the colored school at Pocahontas.
During the fall the walls of the new hospital and the church rose steadily, and it was thought that the work could be finished by New Year's. In October, the hospital buildings were so far completed that a two day's festival could be held in them, on the
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
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24th and 25th of October, 1904. With it was connected a successful bazaar for the benefit of the new hospital.
By this time our Protestant friends were eager to have a hospital of their own. They bought a large house and several organiza- tions furnished rooms ; but the hospital did not last long.
Chapter XXV WEI NER— MEETING OF THE COX- SULTORS TO PROPOSE A COAD- JUTOR—COMPLETION OF ST. BERNARD'S HOSPITAL
Father Cattani, in 1905, erected a church in Weiner, where a number of German Cath- olics had settled. In that place the prospects for a good congregation were far better than they had been in Pocahontas and other places at the start. The families settled there were of the right kind, without any mixed marriages : the people bought land there in the confident hope soon to have, besides the church, a Catholic school and a resident priest. However, the place could not be regularly attended to for w^ant of priests, and in consequence 'a number of the best families left. The same thing happened, for the same reason, in Hardy, where at one time fourteen families owned homes. At present Weiner is a prosperous town. The farmers of the neighborhood, besides the usual products, successfully raise rice. It is to be hoped that the congregation at that place will after all, develop into a good Catholic parish.
In 1905, the consultors of the diocese were called together to propose a coadjutor for Bishop Fitzgerald, who was gradually getting feebler. The consultors proposed the name of three diocesan priests.
In Jonesboro the work on the large ad- dition to St. Bernard's Hospital and the beautiful convent chapel, and the power house was nearing its completion. In the spring of 1906 the Catholic graveyard was cleaned, surveyed, laid out into lots, and fenced in. All this naturally involved much work, but I felt strong enough to do it all. However, one morning, on a visit to Poca- hontas, I arose with rheumatism in my left arm ; after a couple of days I could not raise my arm and consequently could not say Mass. After returning to Jonesboro, I went to St. Bernard's Hospital. Dr. Pelton, my physician, ordered me to stay in bed. Like many others, I thought I was indis- pensable and did not realize my condition. The doctor finding me on a ladder in the chapel, said to me, "You might be dead at any minute." "So might you," I replied. However, as he told me that my heart was in bad condition, I retired to my room. I was now commanded to take absolute rest, and had to take digitalis, strychnine, and arsenic, which I did with great reluctance. {To be continued)
Literary Briefs
An Antidote against Wells
We recommend to those Catholics who have unfortunately and inadvertently read H. G. Wells' "Outlines of History", the 57 page brochure by Richard Downey entitled "Some Errors of H. G. Wells." These pages are well worth perusal, even by those who have not read the much advertised Eng- lish novelist's unhistorical history. Dr. Dow- ney's arguments are effective and convinc- ing. (Benziger Bros.)
"The Life of Patrick Augustine Feehan"
It is still too early to write a biography of the late x^rchbishop Feehan of Chicago, but Fr. C. J. Kirkfleet, Ord. Praem., has done the next best thing in preparing, with the assistance of Bishop Muldoon, a collection of documents, newspaper clippings, and anec- dotes apt to serve the future biographer in his work. The book has a preface by Bishop Muldoon and is beautifully printed and em- bellished with sixteen portraits. (Chicago: Matre & Co.)
Two Mission Pamphlets
"Maryknoll at Ten" is another interesting piece of apostolic writing in the interests of the foreign missions. This pamphlet is pro- fusely illustrated and gives a most readable account of the American Seminary for For- eign Missions. (Issued by the Catholic Foreign Mission Society of America, Maryknoll, Os- sining P. O., N. Y.)
It is a pleasure to call attention to the increasing stream of books dealing with the Catholic missions. Father Dreves gives us "A Joyful Herald of the King of Kings," to which Cardinal Bourne has added a letter of commendation, which the little book amply deserves. (B. Herder Book Co.) The English Translation of the "Summa"
The latest (15th) volume that has reached us of the literal translation of the "Summa Theologica" of St. Thomas Aquinas by the Fathers of the English Dominican Province, comprises questions LXXX to C of the Secunda Secundae, dealing with the virtue of religion and the vices opposed to it, super- stition and irreligion (perjury, sacrilege, simony). Perjury in particular, is to-day a timely topic, and one can gain clear notions on this subject by reading St. Thomas. We are glad this translation of the "Summa" is nearing completion. It is a monumental work that deserves a place in every library. (Ben- ziger Brothers).
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Juue 1
Father Plater's Testament
One of the late Father Charles Plater's last works, if not his last, is the "A Week End Retreat." Father Plater was one of the instigators and moving spirits of the modern laymen's retreat movement, and this little book, coming as it does after his death, may be regarded as his last will and testa- ment to Catholics. It gives a splendid resume of the famous Ignatian retreat, which has been so effectively made use of for lay-folk in these latter days. The book cannot be read : it must be meditated upon, preferably a page a day. May it help to increase the popularity of laymen's retreats. (B. Herder Book Co.) Picture Books for Catholic Children
Under the title, "Uncle Pat's Picture Books,"' the Mellifont Press, Dublin, has pub- lished three colored picture books for Cath- olic children, "all designed, printed and bound in Ireland." The first is entitled "Credo" and explains the Apostles' Creed; the second, "Uncle Pat's Playtime Book," contains illustrated tales, poems, puzzles, and jokes: the third, "Tales of the Gaels", retells in simple style "some stories of Finn and the Fenians," — not the modern secret society of that name, but the valiant army that guarded Ireland long before St. Patrick. These books are creditable productions in their line, and we recommend them. (B. Herder Book Co.)
Indulgences as a Social Factor
Fr. Elliot Ross, C. S. P., has rendered a service of genuine value in translating Msgr. Paulus's essay on "Indulgences as a Social Factor in the Middle Ages," which was warmly recommended in the F. R. at the time of its publication in the original Ger- man. Supplementing the author's statements en the social effect of indulgences, the trans- lator gives a brief theological explanation of indulgences as a remission of the whole or a part of the temporal punishment due to forgiven sins. Thus complemented, the book will prove of apologetic value. The numerous typographical errors in the foot- notes will no doubt be corrected in a second edition. (The Devin-Adair Co., New York).
"The Jesuits, 1534—1921"
Under the above title Fr. Thos. J. Camp- bell. S. J., has published what pretends to be "A History of the Society of Jesus from its Foundation to the Present Time." In reality the book (a bulky volume of over poo pages) is an apologia rather than a his- tory, and vitiated by the author's well-known defects of style and method. In the words
of the London Tabid (Xo. 4270), it is a long drawn out pamphlet rather than a sober contribution to history. The author "drifts from point to point, using any. material at his hand, and putting down the next idea that occurs to him without considering the whole work." There arc many signs of haste and imperfection throughout the book (cfr. Studies, March, p. 145 ff. ; The Month, No. 693, and America, 1922, pp. 353 f.) We would add to these criticisms that the book fairly reeks with typographical errors. In spite of all these faults, however, Fr. Campbell's work will appeal to many readers by the popularity of its style and the variety of its contents. For our part, we should have pre- ferred a reprint of Fr. Pollen's scholarly article on the Society of Jesus from the Catholic Encyclopedia. (New York: The Encyclopedia Press).
Books Received
Year Book of the Diocese of Indianapolis, 1922. 60 pp. i2nio. Issued from the Chan- cery by Order of the Rt. Rev. Joseph Chartrand, D. D., Bishop of Indianapolis.
Moral Problems in Hospital Practice. A Practical Handbook by the Rev. Patrick A. Finney, C. M., University of Dallas, xiv i*t 208 pp. i2mo. B. Herder Book Co. $1.25 net.
The Truth about the Treatv and the Irish Free State. By J. J. O'Kelly, T. D., Irish Delegate to the U. S. 14 pp. i6mo. Wrap- per. Bronx. N. Y. : M. A. O'Connell, 917 Eagle Ave. (Wrapper).
Christology. A Dogmatic Treatise on the Incarnation. By the Rt. Rev. Msgr. Jos. Pohle, Ph. D., D. D. Adapted and Edited by Arthur Prenss. Fourth Revised Edi- tion, iv & 311 pp. i2mo. B. Herder Book Co. $1.50 net.
The Life and Ilinrs of John Carroll, Arch- bishop of Baltimore {1733 — 1813). By Pe- ter Guilday, Professor of Church History in the Catholic University of America, xvi & 864 pp. Svo. Illustrated. New York: The Encyclopedia Press. $5 net.
America's Thanksgiz'ing. Our Blessings and Responsibilities. A Sermon Delivered by the Rev. Wm. F. :McGinnis, D. D., LL. D., at the Thirteenth Annual Pan-American Mass, St. Patrick's Church, Washington, D. C. Thanksgiving Day, 1921. 16 pp. i6mo. Brooklyn, N. Y. : The International Catholic Truth Society. 7 cts. postpaid. (Wrapper).
Teaching the Drama and the Essay. By Brother Leo, of the Brothers of the Christian Schools, viii & 81 pp. i6mo. New York : Schwartz, Kirwin & Fauss. 75 cts.
The Fortnightly Review
VOL. XXIX, NO. 12
ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
June 15, 1922
The Case of Sister Anne Catherine Emmerich
By the Rev. Hubert Hartmann, S. J., Emmerich, Germany
The geimiiieiiess of the visions and other ecstatic manifestations vouchsafed to Yen. Anne Cathe- rine Emmerich, including her stig- mata, has never been seriously disputed. It was established dur- ing her lifetime by means of care- ful medical examinations, of eccle- siastical inquiries, and especially of a rigorous investigation made by the civil authorities. The reader can find detailed information on this head in Dr. F. Niessen 's book, "A. K. Emmerichs Charismen uiid Gesichte," Treves, 1918. To these investigations must be added the testimonies of many eminent Catholics, who visited Sister Em- merich and entered into personal relations with her. Several of them were moved to return to the practice of the faith through her influence. Prominent among these was her phvsiciaii. Dr. Wesener (1782—1832), who came to the bedside of the ecstatica as a doubt- ing unbeliever, with the avowed purpose of ''exposing the fraud," but instead became a believer and a devout Catholic. One of the most important documents regard- ing Anne Catherine is Dr. Wese- ner's diary (March 22, 1813 to Nov. 3, 1819), from which Dr. Niessen has printed liberal ex- tracts. We must also mention Clemens August, later archbishop of Cologne; the saintly Father Overberg, who, with P. Limberg,
served as her spiritual director; the famous poet-convert Louise Heiisel, who became an intimate friend of Anne Catherine; the bishops Michael Sailer and Melch- ior von Diepenbrock, and, last but not least, Clemens Brentano, of whom Louise Hensel says in her memoirs, which she wrote in 1859 at the request of Fr. C. E. Schmo- ger, C.SS.R. : "I must bear wit- ness that my dearty beloved de- parted friend [Anne Catherine] once told me that she had been commanded by God to tell Clemens of her visions and have him put them down on paper." (Niessen, p. 151). We may note here that Brentano owed his conversion, under God, to Sister Emmerich, with whom he spent five years, from 1819 to 1824, and that he remained a devout Catholic all the rest of his life. The work he did for Ven. Anne Catherine he re- garded as "a task assigned to him by Qod." After that time he never wrote a line which might be quoted to his discredit. He deprived him- self of necessaries, and wore fad- ed and patched clothes in order to be able to practice charity towards others. The most remarkable thing in his career, says Dr. Volk, was '.'the patience and persever- ance with which this vivacious chap, who up to then had been accustomed to speak in big cities and in high society, undertook to observe and record the graces
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June 15
which God conferred on the poor Augustinian nun, in the conviction that this was the object for which he had been led to Diihnen. Com- pared with the privations and persecutions' which he assumed for the honor of God, life in a Trappist monastery of the strict- est persuasion, in my opinion, would be a mere bagatelle." Brentano lived the life of a hermit in the world and thereby 'learned in the best possible school how to live and work with the Church, to share her joys and sorrows, and to promote her interests in every direction." (Niessen, pp. 169 sq. Cfr. also Brentano 's Life by Diel- Kreiten and the beautiful portrait of him painted by Dr. -Heinrich in the ''Vereinsschrift" of the Gor- res Society for 1878).
The persons whose names we have mentioned were ocular wit- nesses of the stigmata and the extraordinary graces possessed by Ven. Anne Catherine Emmerich. Other great contemporary Catho- lics, e. g., Joseph von Gorres, Dr. Mohler, Abbot Haneberg, von Steinle, Windischmann, Moufang, von Reisch, Johannes Janssen, Alban Stolz, Scheeben, P. Mesch- ler, S. J., etc., etc., were just as firmly convinced of the genuine- ness of Anne Catherine's visions and charismata, and it may be broadly said that no doubts were expressed in this regard until 1908, when Dr. Stahl published his dissertation on ''P. Martin Cocli- ems Passio Christi und ihre Quel- len," which was further elaborat- ed by Dr. H. Cardauns under the title, ** Clemens Brentano, Bei- trage namentlich zur Emmerich- frage" (''Vereinsschrift" of the Gorres Society for 1915). This book marks a break with the tradi- tional view of the visions of Anne
Catherine. Cardauns does not ex- pressly deny these visions, but he speaks of them invariably within quotation marks and asserts that the}^ were inspired mainly by her knowledge of old traditions, and, consequently, by natural and very simple factors. But he does not prove his assertion. Dr. Niessen shows in a number of instances how Cardauns exaggerates. Thus he claims to have found ''whole mountains of material coincidences between Anne Catherine's visions and certain ancient Christological legends," yet gives only five (5) examples where some statement seems to agree with an ancient tradition of the Church.
Cardauns 's book and the articles published by him and his friends in the Cologne Yolksseitung, of which he was the editor, fell like a mildew upon the educated Cath- olics of Germany. An exaggerated rationalism and an almost patho- logical dread of supernatural phe- nomena aided in destroying inter- est in the beatification process of Ven. Anne Catherine. Since the v/ar, however, public opinion has undergone a decided change. The enthusiasm wdiich has taken hold especially of the young generation is having its effect, and people are again beginning to study the life, visions, and charismata of Sister Emmerich, who was always a popular figure. Since the publi- cation of Dr. Niessen 's book (w^hich, unfortunately, has been out of print for some time) the doubters have become silent. {To he continued)
Thousands that are capable of great sacrifices are not yet capable of the little ones which are all that are required of them.
1922
THE FOETNIGHTLY REVIEW
219
Catholics and the Late War
One Catholic principle at least seems to have been ruled out dur- ing the war. Not in theory, of course, but so much the more practically. Moral theology tells us that no soldier can, without sin, fight the battles of his country if the latter is engaged in an unjust war. That a soldier may and must refuse to fight, it is necessary that the injustice on the part of his country be evident, that is, that he is convinced beyond a doubt of such injustice.
No prominent Catholic, to be sure, denied this principle or called it in question. But in sea- son and out of season we were given to understand, by Catholics of high standing and of no stand- ing, that a private individual had no right to question the justice of the w^ar on our part, that he vras not in a position or capable of in- vestigating and judging for him- self, etc., etc. Furthermore, from all Catholic quarters it was trump- eted all over the country and proudly pointed out as a proof of the 100 per cent patriotism of the Catholic population that the Cath- olics furnished their full quota, both in volunteers and conscripted men, and that not one ''conscien- tious objector" was found among them.
Of course, it is not yet time to discuss, much less to decide, whether the entrance of our coun- try into the late war was in con- formity with, or contrary to, jus- tice. We are still too much under the influence of the war hysteria. Perhaps the next generation will be able to form a reasonable judg- ment on this question.
If it is impossible to decide this question now, almost four years
after the war, it was still more so during the war, when all passions were at a white heat. But this would not preclude the possibility, or even the probability, that a number of individuals have arrived at the firm conviction that they were commanded to fight for an unjust cause. And what authority in Church or State would have the right to say that they were not entitled to form such a judgment or, if they formed it bojia fide, that they were not in conscience bound to draw the natural conclusion therefrom ?
It is hardly surprising that none, except such as are on prin- ciple opposed to all warfare, arose as "conscientious objectors." The motto of the great bulk of Amer- icans is: "My country, right or wrong," and men who feel thus, of course, are not likely to ask any questions. Most others, if not all of those who might have be- come "conscientious objectors" if their conviction had obliged them to take such a stand, were probably incapable of forming a judgment for themselves. For, without a doubt, it would require a vast amount of knowledge regarding European affairs, not to speak of many other conditions, to arrive at a firm conclusion. But the ignorance of the American people on such matters, including even most of its leaders, is simply colossal.
Whatever may be the reason why we had no "conscientious ob- jectors" in our Catholic ranks, we ought to quit boasting of it. It is a very doubtful claim to glory. It might be better, too, if we ceased boasting of our patriotism. If we were patriotic in the truly Chris-
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
June 15
tiaii sense of the word, we have simply done our Christian duty and practiced a Christian virtue. Christ tells us: ''Let your light shine before men, that they may see your good works, and glorify your Father who is in heaven." The saints of God, who certainly understood the true meaning of these Avords, practiced heroic vir- tues and rejoiced if their example led others to God. But Ave read nowhere that thev went abroad
advertizing their good works to gain the praise and admiration of the multitude for themselves. It will hardly command the respect of outsiders for the holy Catholic Church if we imitate the hen that cackles for half an hour every time she has laid an egg.
Let us do all we can to promote the honor and glory of God and to work for the salvation of souls, our own in the first place ; but let us quit cackling! J. S.
A Catholic Priest-Scientist Among the Natives of Tierra del Fuego
By the Rev. W. Koppers, S.V.D., D.D., Punta Remolino, Tierra del Fuego, South America
language; (b) determined, partly by means of phonographic rec- ords, certain hitherto doubtful sounds of this language; (c) laid the foundations for a vocabular^^ of the Alakaluf tongue; (d) re- vised a vocabulary which Father Gusinde had collected some years ago among the Onas; (e) investi- gated, with the help of the phono- graph, the languages of the Onas and the Alakaluf s.
3. Ethnology. — In this field we have: (a) cleared up some doubt- ful points regarding the material culture and sociology of the Ya- manas, in which we were greatly aided by Cooper's bibliography of the Firelanders; (b) made phono- graphic records of about fifteen songs, mostly dirges, of the Ya- manas; (c) explored the religious and spiritual culture of the natives.
In the last-mentioned sphere of research we were favored by ex- ceptionally good luck. We were able to establish the fact that the Yamanas believe in the existence of an essentially good supreme Being, whom they call ''Hita- puen," my Father, or ''Watauin-
It is now a month and a half since I began my work among the natives of this far-away part of the world, assisted by Fr. Martin Gusinde, professor in the Liceo Aleman, Santiago, Chile, and vice- director of the Chilean Museum of Anthropology. We have been quite successful so far. For four weeks we labored among the Yamanas or Jagans, and for two weeks among the Selkenams or Onas. Thanks to the co-operation of the Laurence family, which has resided in this country for many years, and in consequence of two previous visits by Fr. Gusinde, we enjoy the full confidence of the aborigenes, whose language, cus- toms, beliefs, and traditions we came to study. The results of our researches so far may be summed up as follows :
1. Anthropology. — The meas- urements previously made by Fr. Gusinde have been continued and extended to the Alakalufs, of which race several representatives are at present sojourning here.
2. Linguistics. — In this field we have: (a) studied more carefully the four dialects of the Yamana
1922
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euwa," which term is nearly equiv- alent to the scriptural "Ancient of the days." They pray to this Being and petition him for good weather, food, and other necessi- ties, they thank him for favors received, and they complain to him, asking: "Wh}' did you take father, or mother, or brother, or sister away from us I" The for- mulae they employ are very an- cient, though they have never yet been revealed to any scientist. For certain reasons these natives are very reticent in regard to their religious beliefs. It was only in consequence of a combination of exceptionally favorable circum- stances that we were able to ascer- tain these arcana of the most primitive of the primitive tribes of South America. Our success was so astounding that an old English Protestant missionary, Mr. J. Laurence, who has lived here for fifty-three years, said to me : ' ' If I were to remain here an- other fifty or even a hundred years, the natives would never tell me these things." He shares our conviction of the very great antiq- uity of the formulae mentioned above. The comparatively high moral standing of the Yamanas had led me to suppose that they must have preserved belief in a supreme being. This expectation was fully realized, and the result accords with the results attained by up-to-date ethnologists among other primitive peoples during the past two or three decades.
Among the Onas, too, Ave came upon the vestiges of a supreme being, which they call Kenos.
The Yamanas practice a double consecration of their young men. The first is called "Cexaus." Fr. Gusinde w^as permitted to partici- pate in this ceremony two years
ago. The second is called ' ' Kima. ' ' It is to be held in the near future and we are to witness it. We hope it will enable us to lift the veil that has hitherto hidden the religious life of these people. The Onas are preparing a so-called "Klokaten," and we expect to be admitted also to this secret ceremony. The un- derlying idea of these consecra- tions is, chiefly, to make a full- fledged man out of the candidate.
Charles Danvin describes the aborigenes of these parts as can- nibals, and the fable has found its way into innumerable books. How false it is may be judged from the fact that they have such an aver- sion to anthropophagy that they refuse to eat certain animals, such as rats and foxes, for the sole rea- son that these animals sometimes devour human flesh. I have re- peatedly slept with members of this tribe in a ranch and felt just as safe there as I would in any house in St. Louis.
To these ethnographical results may be added: (d) a series of new photographic views of the natives, especially typical figures among them, and (e) character studies of such members of the tribe as we were able to observe more closely.
In June 1 hope to be back in Santiago, Chile, and my address there will be 1661 Koneda. We are quite lonesome here, but in good health and spirits and hope that this communication will be read with interest bv our friends in the
U.S.
.^.^^-^
True cheerfulness is a happy, har- monious combination of different parts ; a sound, unspoilt character, clear judg- ment and a natural calmness in feeling and disposition, a sincere love for our neighbor, and a child-like confidence in God. It is an interior harmony, un- disturbed by any discord.
222
THE FOKTNIGHTLY KEVIEW
June 15
A Handbook of Scripture Study
"A Handbook of Scripture Study." By the Rev. H. Schumacher, D.D., Professor of New Testament Exegesis in the Catholic University of America. Vol. Ill : The New Testament, (v & 317 pp. i2mo. With two maps. B. Herder Book Co. $2.00 net).
Seminary professors of Sacred Scripture will peruse with inter- est this initial publication of a new text-book of Scriptural Intro- duction in the English language. The name of the learned author already commands attention, as his previous works ("Selbstoffen- barung Jesu," 1912; '*Christus in seiner Prae-existenz und Ken- ose," 2 vols. 1914-1921) have won for him a place among the fore- most exegetical scholars. To American readers he has of late become more familiar by his ad- mirable contributions to the Hom- iletic and Pastoral Review. The present volume is a further proof of the author's thorough scholar- ship.
From the central watch-tower of the Catholic University, Dr. Schumacher has, during the past eight years, studied the Scriptural needs of our country. From his students, coming as they do from all parts, he must have learned that Bible studies in our semi- naries have suffered in particular from that common, albeit lament- able, prejudice against Latin text- books. The complaint may revert largely to the students themselves, vrhose diffident shyness for the Latin idiom must leave the best equipped professor at a serious disadvantage in default of a satis- factory text-book in the vernacu- lar. The variety, moreover, of English Biblical aids, substituted in many of our seminaries, speaks for the need of a text that may win general approval and recogni-
tion in all theological schools, where the courses in Sacred Scripture have to be conducted in English. Doctor Schumacher has undertaken to answer this need in giving us this ''Handbook of Scripture Study."
Vol. Ill, a Special Introduction to the New Testament, is the first of the four-volume work to ap- pear. Vol. I will comprise a Gen- eral Introduction to the Old and the New Testament; Vol. II, a Special Introduction to the Old Testament; Vol. IV, as announced in the brief preface to the present volume, will be a ''Dictionary of New Testament Difficulties."
Scripture professors will at once be attracted by the author's sys- tematic arrangement and graph- ical presentation of the entire con- tents; by the clear and precise treatment of a wealth of judicious- ly selected material; by the copi- ous and up-to-date bibliography at the head of each chapter or division to which it pertains; by a decisive exposition of modern Biblical problems, wherever the latest ecclesiastical decrees or the authority of sound scholarship have reached a decision, or by furnishing directive arguments and helpful references for such special problems as are still sub iitdice. For the summary of "Spe- cial Problems" at the end of each treatise, together with the respect- ive literature, professors and stu- dents will be particularly grateful to the author.
Even to the past students of Biblical Introduction classes, to those engaged in parochial or other sacerdotal duties, the pres- ent work will prove of vital interest and practical advantage.
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
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Where the best-intentioned priest may be loathe to battle again with the Latin explanations of his former text, or when he desires a quick reference to modern biblical questions — and what priest would not be constantly interested ? — this '* Handbook of Scripture Study" will be found a convenient manual as also a likely induce- ment to revive curiosity in ques- tions of lasting importance to the authoritative dispenser of the AVord of God.
We hope, therefore, that the other volumes will follow in rapid succession, that this work may find its deserving place among the seminary text-books to lighten the burden of professor and student alike, and by its sound C^atholic scholarship and general helpful- iiess stimulate a wider interest in Catholic Bible study in our coun- tiy.
Basil Stegmanx, O.S.B.
St. John's Abbey CoUegcville, Miii ii .
A Valient Social Reformer The Rev. John Ude, D.D., pro- fessor in the University of Graz, Austria, is at the head of an or- ganization called ''Oesterreichs YolkerAvacht, " which aims at in- structing the people of that unfor- tunate country in those remedies which the Catholic religion offers for the cure of the social evils from which they are suffering. In pursuance of his duties he has de- livered a number of popular lec- tures, which have been published in pamphlet form under the gen- eral title: -'Fiir Volkssittlichkeit und Volksaufklarung. " One of them, the largest of the series, contains a stenographic report of a trial to which Dr. Ude had to submit in July, 1920, because he
had attacked one of his agnostic colleagues of the Graz University for using his influence to protect houses of prostitution. It speaks well for public opinion in Graz that Dr. Ude was discharged by a jury of his fellow-citizens and that he was permitted to sell the brochure which had given such offence to his liberal colleague. **Die Kulturschande Europas vor dem Schwurgericht " tells the whole story in an interesting way. Of the other pamphlets of the series we would call attention par- ticularly to the following :
"Sind wir noch katholisch?"; "Die Grundlagen des Wiederauf- baues der Staaten"; "Christ oder Antichrist?"; "Die Judenfrage"; "Die Erotik"; "Ehereform"; "Prostitution"; "Natiirliche Le- bensweise oder Hungerelend"; "Alkohol und Unsittliclikeit " ; "Freie Liebe oder Einehe"; "Mo- dernes Grossstadtelend " ; " Nieder mit dem Kapitalismus"; "Die Mode: deren Wirkung auf Mann und Frau. "
These pamphlets apply the prin- ciples of Christian ethics and sound sociology to conditions ex- isting inAustria, and as conditions in Austria do not differ essentially from those existing in other coun- tries. Doctor Ude's popular addresses make profitable reading everywhere. He is a consistent and fearless Catholic social re- former of a type not yet repre- sented in the U. S. Would that we had a dozen or two university pro- fessors of Ude's ability and cour- age in this country !
Those who wish to become ac- quainted with his writings can ob- tain a list of them from the pub- lisher, Heinrich Stiasny, Volks- gart^nstr. Nr. 12, Graz, Austria.
224
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
June 15
Correspondence
Striking at an Abuse
To the Editor:
Cardinal O'Connell recently struck at a custom that sorely needed reform, if not complete excision. He spoke to the priests in conference of the unseem- liness of having, at "Communion Breakfasts" of Catholic organizations, addresses which are altogether out of keeping with the occasion.
The custom has prevailed in the Bos- ton Archdiocese, to invite as the speak- er, at the breakfast following the yearly communion of this or that lay society, some politician who, as likely as not, would take advantage of the occasion to praise his own policies and attack those of the public men opposed to him. The more violent the address the more popular it seemed to be with the organ- ization. It is not to be wondered at that the Cardinal was moved to suggest that addresses on such occasions be more in keeping with the religious act just performed by the men of the organization.
Nor is it the addresses only that need leforming. It seems decidedly out of keeping for a body of Catholic men, immediately after receiving holy Com- munion, to begin roaring out the kind of songs that are today so popular — jazzy choruses and "blues" which are unmentionably suggestive, for the most part. There are plenty of good songs if the occasion demands singing. But it is the other kind that one usually hears at gatherings of this character. I speak from experience. M.
Adverti.yements in the Catholic Press.
To the Editor:
In the French paper Ea Croix Pierre L'Eremite publishes a comment upon a congress held at Paris last summer for the purpose of extending the Catholic press. He fancifully describes a meet- ing between himself and the Devil at a street corner. Old Nick conveys to him views upon the immense influence of the press on all phases of human life, glorifying at the same time the
activities of his own numerous publi- cations, ridiculing the small number of church papers, and criticizing CathoHcs , for being blind to the dangers of anti- Catholic literature. "Many wear my bandage over their eyes'' — is the Devil's verdict.
At a newsstand Satan then calls the journalist's attention to a lot of papers which, he says, are his property, because of their editorials, or their stories, or their pictures, or, finally, because of their advertisements.
Advertisements, we know, fill the publishers' coffers, and as the Catholic press is not rolling in wealth, an offer to publish a questionable ad, which is well paid for, must be a great tempta- tion to the management.
But questionable ads (and their name is legion!) in a Catholic paper will do tremendous harm to the sacred cause to which the publication is devoted.
Our church papers are heralds of God's Truth ; ads, however, frequently are deliberately untrue, dangerous to the welfare of humanity, and are directed towards robbing the people of their hard-earned money.
What connection is there between God and Belial?
Catholic readers look for the truth in the columns of their papers, and justly so! They can not, they will not, and, what is more, they should not be compelled to discriminate between the reading matter and the advertisements in a Catholic paper. God's own publi- cations should ring true from A to Z.
Non-Catholics who, for some reason or other, feel drawn towards the Church of God, eagerly take up our Catholic papers for light and instruc- tion. The grace of God is working in tlieir hearts. They wish and expect to find the Church as the spotless bride of Christ, the keeper and protector of Truth, the great IMother of the living. They expect to find the Catho'ic press the mouthpiece of God, free from lying reports and questionable advertise- ments. ■
Catholic publishers who allow ques- tionable ads to creep into their papers.
1992
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
225
carry the devil's bandage over their eyes.
Pious words, articles and stories can- not remove the bad impression created by doubtful advertisements.
O. H. M.
St. Paul, Minn.
An American Jesuit on the "Miracle of St. Jannarius"
To the Editor :
When I arrived in this house [Boni- fatiushaus, Emmerich in the Rhine- Province J, 1 was delighted to find the Fortnightly Review, whose constant reader I had been in the U. S. A. Editors like you become willy nilly friends of their readers. And as "clara pacta caros faciunt ainicos," I take the liberty to write a few frank words, the more as you encourage the readers to this frankness by foreseeing occasional disagreement with the utterances of the Review.
In No. 1, 1922, pg. 10, there is a note by W. R. Harris on the "Miracle"' of St. Januarius.
I have been sceptic myself and I am glad I saw the miracle, May 7th, 1921 — the liquefaction with the change of the volumen. I think that the volum- etric increase and decrease are a fact for themselves, aside from the liquefac- tion, and still more marvelous, and their irregularity adds to their strange- ness. Laws of nature are always the same and act in the same way under the same circumstances. By a known law of nature I cannot explain this volumetric increase and decrease, and 1 would be glad to find one scientist who could give me a plausible explana= tion. Whatever the molecular laws be — the laws concerning the volumen are known.
Volumefric experiments have been made, and the readers of the F. . R. ought to know it — ut aiidiatur et altera pars, — after they read sceptical objec- tions. An automatic scale has been used, where all human deception or autosuggestion was excluded. (Cf. Rivista di Scicnsc e Lettere, Paolo Silva, S.J.) If I am not mistaken, the
difference of the vo.umen was in one case as much as 25 gramni.
In No. 23, 1921, pg. 438, you men- tion Dr. Isenkrahe. I read his book. Nobody will say that he is credulous, he is rather very critical, some call him hypercritical. Anyhow, Prof. Isenkrahe claims there is explanation of the fact by the known laws of nature. And if there would be an unknown agency, it ought to work always as a law of nature, regularly in the same way under the same circumstances. If you deny this, you must reject all miracles, and consequently in apologetics^ — ^where the inspiration of the Bible is not supposed to avoid a vicious circle — you cannot accept miracles in the Bible which have not been subjected to such experiments. He says that it is a standing wonder to many Catholics as well as to Protest- ants that a chemical analysis is not permitted. I wondered myself and asked our Fathers in Naples. I was told that the people would be shocked if they found out that the phials had been opened. Besides the civil authori= ties, whose representatives are present at every liquefaction, are against open- ing the phials.
But there has been an analysis made. The spectroscope has been used several times, and I wonder why the people were not shocked when this leaked out. In my humble opinion a chemical analysis is not necessary to show the miracle, as long as the spectroscope does not shozv a nezv unknoivn in- gredient. But the spectroscope always proclaimed the presence of arterial blood and nothing but arterial b'ood. The remark : "The question rises whether there is something in the air," really sounds strange. I saw the licjuid blood of St. Catherine in Bologna. I know that a liquefaction of blood occurs also in Madrid and in Chiesa Nuova in St. Philip Neri's church.
Of course the proximity of Mount Vesuvius has nothing to do with the liquefaction. And between the prayer of a Redemptorist father and the lique- faction of the blood of St. A'phonsus of Liguori is no physical connection, either.
224
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
June 15
Correspondence
Striking at an Abuse
To the Editor:
Cardinal O'Connell recently struck at a custom that sorely needed reform, if not complete excision. He spoke to the priests in conference of the unseem- liness of having, at "Communion Breakfasts" of Catholic organizations, addresses which are altogether out of keeping with the occasion.
The custom has prevailed in the Bos- ton Archdiocese, to invite as the speak- er, at the breakfast following the yearly communion of this or that lay society, some politician who, as likely as not, would take advantage of the occasion to praise his own policies and attack those of the public men opposed to him. The more violent the address the more popular it seemed to be with the organ- ization. It is not to be wondered at that the Cardinal was moved to suggest that addresses on such occasions be more in keeping with the religious act just performed by the men of the organization.
Nor is it the addresses only that need reforming. It seems decidedly out of keeping for a body of Catholic men, immediately after receiving holy Com- munion, to begin roaring out the kind of songs that are today so popular — jazzy choruses and "blues" which are unmentionably suggestive, for the most part. There are plenty of good songs if the occasion demands singing. But it is the other kind that one usually hears at gatherings of this character. I speak from experience. M.
Adverti.jeinents in the Catholic Press.
To the Editor:
In the French paper La Croix Pierre L'Eremite publishes a comment upon a congress held at Paris last summer for the purpose of extending the Catholic press. He fancifully describes a meet- ing between himself and the Devil at a street corner. Old Nick conveys to him views upon the immense influence of the press on all phases of human life, glorifying at the same time the
activities of his own numerous publi- cations, ridiculing the small number of church papers, and criticizing Catholics for being blind to the dangers of anti- Catholic literature. "Many wear my bandage over their eyes" — is the Devil's verdict.
At a newsstand Satan then calls the journalist's attention to a lot of papers which, he says, are his property, because of their editorials, or their stories, or their pictures, or, finally, because of their adi'ertiscinents.
Advertisements, we know, fill the publishers' coffers, and as the Catholic press is not rolling in wealth, an offer to publish a questionable ad, which is well paid for, must be a great tempta- tion to the management.
But questionable ads (and their name is legion!) in a Catholic paper will do tremendous harm to the sacred cause to which the publication is devoted.
Our church papers are heralds of God's Truth ; ads, however, frequently are deliberately untrue, dangerous to the welfare of humanity, and are directed towards robbing the people of their hard-earned money.
What connection is there between God and Belial?
Catholic readers look for the truth in the columns of their papers, and justly so ! They can not, they will not, and, what is more, they should not be compelled to discriminate between the reading matter and the advertisements in a Catholic paper. God's own publi- cations should ring true from A to Z.
Non-Catholics who, for some reason or other, feel drawn towards the Church of God, eagerly take up our Catholic papers for light and instruc- tion. The grace of God is working in tlieir hearts. They wish and expect to find the Church as the spotless bride of Christ, the keeper and protector of Truth, the great Mother of the living. They expect to find the Catholic press the mouthpiece of God, free from lying reports and questionable advertise- ments. ■
Catholic publishers who allow ques- tionable ads to creep into their papers,
i
1 ]mi!\-:^. 1 have ]m '■■^*
y.idkami
''uvt 1 oag g tacra»a| ^
are kno»u ^'^'"meirit ^_^
199:4
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
225
carry the devil's bandage over their eyes.
Pious words, articles and stories can- not remove the bad impression created by doubtful advertisements.
O. H. M.
St. Paul, Minn.
An American Jesuit on the "Miracle of St. Jannarius"
To the Editor :
When I arrived in this house [Boni- fatiushaus, Emmerich in the Rhine- ProvinceJ, i was delighted to find the Fortnightly Review, whose constant reader I had been in the U. S. A. Editors like you become willy nilly friends of their readers. And as "clara pacta caros faciitnt ainicos," I take the liberty to write a few frank words, the more as you encourage the readers to this frankness by foreseeing occasional disagreement with the utterances of the Review.
In Xo. 1, 1922, pg. 10, there is a note by \\\ R. Harris on the "Miracle"' of St. Januarius.
I have been sceptic myself and I am glad I saw the miracle. May 7th, 1921 — the liquefaction with the change of the volumen. I think that the volum- etric increase and decrease are a fact for themselves, aside from the liquefac- tion, and still more marvelous, and their irregularity adds to their strange- ness. Laws of nature are always the same and act in the same way under the same circumstances. By a known law of nature I cannot explain this volumetric increase and decrease, and I would be glad to find one scientist who could give me a plausible explana= tion. Whatever the molecular laws be — the laws concerning the volumen are known.
Volumetric experiments have been made, and the readers of the F. . R. ought to know it — iit aiidiatur et altera pars, — after they read sceptical objec- tions. x\n automatic scale has been used, where all human deception or autosuggestion was excluded. (Cf. Rivista di Science e Lettere, Paolo Silva, S.J.) If I am not mistaken, the
difference of the volumen was in one case as much as 25 gramm.
In No. 23, 1921, pg. 438, you men- tion Dr. Isenkrahe. I read his book. Nobody will say that he is credulous, he is rather very critical, some call him hypercritical. Anyhow, Prof. Isenkrahe claims there is explanation of the fact by the known laws of nature. And if there would be an unknown agency, it ought to work always as a law of nature, regularly in the same way under the same circumstances. If you deny this, you must reject all miracles, and consequently in apologetics — where the inspiration of the Bible is not supposed to avoid a vicious circle — you cannot accept miracles in the Bible which have not been subjected to such experiments.
He says that it is a standing wonder to many Catholics as well as to Protest- ants that a chemical analysis is not permitted. I wondered myself and asked our Fathers in Naples. I was told that the people would be shocked if they found out that the phials had been opened. Besides the civil authori= ties, whose representatives are present at every liquefaction, are against open- ing the phials.
But there has been an analysis made. The spectroscope has been used several times, and I wonder why the people were not shocked when this leaked out.
In my humble opinion a chemical analysis is not necessary to show the miracle, as long as the spectroscope does not show a new unknown in- gredient. But the spectroscope always proclaimed the presence of arterial blood and nothing but arterial blood.
The remark: "The question rises whether there is something in the air," really sounds strange. I saw the liquid blood of St. Catherine in Bologna. I know that a liquefaction of blood occurs also in Madrid and in Chiesa Nuova in St. Philip Neri's church.
Of course the proximity of Mount Vesuvius has nothing to do with the liquefaction. And between the prayer of a Redemptorist father and the lique- faction of the blood of St. A^.phonsus of Liguori is no physical connection, either.
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
June 15
Why Naples became famous throug-h these miracles we do not know, as we do not know why Providence has chosen Lourdes as a place for un- deniable miracles.
As to the morality of Naples, I have asked priests of different nationalities who had worked there and elsewhere. Naples is decidedly a better city than many American or German cities. I did not see extravagances and did not hear "painful exclamations" by the ::ic di San Gennaro, as Neapolitan "slang" cal'-s them. I was not shocked at the behavior of the people. Their behavior is everywhere different from that of our American or German people. As some writer a few months ago said in America, the Italians are very confi- dential with our Lord and behave like children towards their father, while we Northerners are rather like soldiers before a superior. Also the Poles act dift'erently. They often prostrate them- selves before the altar like Orientals. ChaciDi a son gout.
I cannot understand what profit a Catholic reader shall have by reading only sceptical objections in such a short article. Of course we know that our faith in God and the Church is not based upon facts like the miracle of St. Januarius or the miracles in Lourdes, but w^ith such scepticism we could cancel many of the miracles of Lgurdes which have been investigated, hke the Gargan case or the miracle in Ostaker, Belgium (Peter Rudder's broken leg — cured instantly).
Peter Punzo, professor of chemistry at the University of Naples, invited by the freethinker de Luca, made a.thor= ough investigation of the miracle of St. Januarius. He had the intention to show some trick or to find at least a natural explanation, but he became the Balaam for the fact of the lique- faction and of the change of the weight of the blood. John L. Asman, S.J.
Emmerich, Genuanx
A man telling the truth is generally one among many ; but he is a mountain among clouds.
Notes and Gleanings
The Holy Father has made Col. P. H. Callahan, of Louisville, Ky.,' a knight of the Order of St. Gregory the Great. The honor is well deserved, for Mr. Callahan has not only given generously to charities, but, in the words of the pontifical brief, shown "singular zeal in promoting various Catholic activities," not the least among them being the Catholic press. The Fortnightly Review counts him among its most generous friends. His work as chairman of the K. of C. Com- mission on Re'igious Prejudice is well remembered ; also his labors as director of the commission on w^ar activities. In the social reform field he has shown what a just and enlightened employer can do for the solution of the labor question. As the Record justly says (Vol. 44, No. 22), "he is a pioneer advocate of profit-sharing copartner- ship, and his slogan that 'Business was made for man, not man for busi- ness,' epitomizes Catholic teaching on this point." Ad miiltos faiistissiinosquc annos!
A good deal has been written in the Catholic press of late about Cardinal Gasquet's alleged demonstration that the famous bull "Laudabiliter" of Pope Adrian IV is a forgery. In a letter printed shortly before the World War in the Irish Catholic (March 28, 1914) Abbot Gasquet withdrew his former confident statement on this subject. Does the Cardinal renew his confidence in his position in the re-issue of his essays? The case is not by any means settled. As Fr. Nicholas Lawless says in a letter to the Liverpool Catholic Times (No. 2857), the Bull "Lauda- biliter" "has been so long the subject of controversy that the opinion of no one writer can depress the scales suffi- ciently. Neither is it of any avail to neglect the many reasons that can be given for its genuineness, or to trip o\-er them lightly. Besides, what is the use of rejecting the 'Bull' of Adrian in face of the letters of Alexander III in
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
c27
the same generation?'' The grant of Ireland to Henry II of England by the Pope is indisputable, quite apart from the genuineness of the Bull "Lauda- biliter."' (See Arthur Clerigh in the Cath. Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, p. 158 j. -•--•--♦--•- There is an urgent demand for a cosmology from the Scholastic point of view, based upon the latest scientific researches. Fr. i\I. C. D'Arcy, in the Month (No. 694, p. 299;, quotes Prof. Taylor, of St.- Andrew's, as saying: "Xeo-Thomism [he means Neo- Scholasticism] . . . has a very great contribution to make to the philosophy of the future and is much more deserv- ing of the serious attention of students in our own country than the much- advertised 'impressionism' of Pragma- tists and Bergsonians. Indeed, I hardly know how^ much we may not hope from the movement if it should please Prov- idence to send into the world a Neo- Thomist who is also a really qualified mathematician." A work of this kind has recently been written in Germany by Joseph Schwertschlager. It is en- titled, ''Philosophie der Natur" and comprises volumes III and IV^ of the "Philosophische Handbibliothek.'' pub- lished by Jos. K5sel and Fr. Pustet of Ratisbon and ^lunich. This work com- plies with the specifications of Fr. D'Arcy, as the author moves with sovereign mastery through the mass of physical and chemical conceptions piled up by modern science and gives his findings securely, imembarrassed by the wealth of data which he has at his command. Why cannot we have such a work in English?
The Ho'y Father, in an audience lately granted to the Rev. John F. Mc- Nulty, of St. Edmund's House, Cam- bridge University, said that he desired to have it made known as his wish that v.s many priests as possible should be given an opportunity to receive the ijenefits of a university education.
Of the great "Thesaurus Linguae Latinae," in course of publication in Germany, but interrupted by the war,
the following parts have so far ap- peared: Volumes I — IV (complete); Volume V, up to fasc. 5 (disputatio) ; Volume VI, up to fasc. 5 (forum) ; Onomasticon, Vol. II (C), complete; Vol. Ill, up to fasc. 1 (Didius). It will probably take at least twenty=five years more to complete this gigantic work.
The first volume of the '"Jahrbuch (ler Sammlung Kippenberg" (Leipsic: Insel-V'erlag) contains a paper on the disease which caused the death of Goethe. The writer, Dr. Erich Ebstein, after much erudite argument, comes to the conclusion that the particular malady which carried ofif (Germany's greatest modern poet, was "'la grippe" or influenza.
The International League of Catho- lic Defense and Progress ('Tka''j is going to hold its second international congress at Luxemburg, July 31st— August 3rd. Its chief theme of discus- sion will be the problem of efficient international co-operation for the c'efense of the Church against her enemies. In connection with this con- gress will be held an international con- ference of Catholic young men for the purpose of debating the measures to be taken against Communism and for the promotion of peace amongst the na- tions.
The ex-Abbe Albert Houtin is pub- lishing a full-length life of Pere Hya- cinthe Loyson, the fam.ous Carmelite preacher of Xotre Dame de Paris, who fell away from his religion in 1869 and, in 1872, married Emily Butterfield, an American divorcee. Volume II de- scribes "le Pere Hyacinthe comme reformateur catholique." As was to be expected from one who is himself an apostate priest, Houtin's picture of Pere Hyacinthe is overdrawn. A far more accurate idea of the ex-Carmelite can be obtained from the latter's own diaries, which are now being published serially in the Tribune de Geneve. It shows Father Hyacinthe was not the determined and sure-footed reformer that Houtin depicts, but a poor, dis-
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
June 15
No woman has ever wielded greater influence over those in her care — influence for a superb womanhood — than the author of SPIRITUAL PASTELS. A New York father was so impressed with the worth of SPIRITUAL PASTELS, and with the graces and endowments of its author, that he sent his daughter to the College where J. S. E. guides. With such a guide, such an exemplar, he is happy in the assurance that the one he loves will surely be some- thing more than an educated snob in this socially shallow age.
Spiritual Pastels
By J. S. E. (A Nun)
Foreword Appreciation by Joseph M. Woods, S. J.
Literally the heart and soul communings of an intelligent, educated, cultured woman — a Xun — with an all-wise Christ, the Christ of the Masses — of the poor, the Christ of Lent, not the golden-crossed Christ patronized by the I'ichest men in the world and capitalized by them as a means to an end.
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
2.i9
satisfied, hesitating, groping coward, who soon learned to despise and dis- trust the nifidels that flocked around his banner. Towards the end of his Hfe he sought to get in touch with Cath- olics, and Abbe Garnier for a while believed that he would make his peace with the Church. But when he lay dying, his son would allow no priest to visit him. Let us hope that he has found a merciful judge ! -••■♦•-•■-•• Father W. Hackner, in the Pastoral- Blatt, recalls Msgr. Hettinger's famous motto over the door of his library : *'Ite potius ad vendentes et emite vobis." It was intended for those who came to borrow books, and it accomplished its object.
A discussion has arisen in the Cath- olic press of Germany as to whether or not the new Code of Canon Law per- mits priests to wear beards. Father H. Bremer, S.J., takes the ground that no special permission is henceforth required for a priest to let his beard grow. Other canonists take the opposite view. Dr. A. Knecht, of the University of Munich, writes to the Augsburg Postseitung (No. 102) that, in view of this contro- versy no change should be made in the existing discipline until an authentic interpretation has come from Rome. In this country we have noticed no desire on the part of the reverend clergy to revert to the custom of wearing l)eards.
Mr. Denis A. McCarthy, the well- known poet, journalist, and lecturer, and an occasional contributor to the F. R., has been honored by Boston Col- lege (Jesuit) with the degree of LL.D., and invited to make the Commencement Address to the graduates this year.
The official organ of the Archbishop of San Francisco, the Monitor, criti- cizes the readiness of certain Catholics to regard as miraculous any extra- ordinary manifestation which may simply be an example of mass psychos- is. Our contemporary calls attention to a recent pamphlet issued by a com-
nmnity of Sisters in this country who have started a devotion to the so-called "miraculous crucifix of Limpias," and observes ; "The mere fact that an eccle- siastical commission is examining into the alleged prodigies at Limpias, that the pastor of the church and most of the people present never saw the 'won- der,' should be sufficient reasons to make any devout and prudent person pause before attempting to set forth as facts events of doubtful occurrence. It is a species of unconscious mental and moral dishonesty to deceive simple, sincere, and honest people by asserting that these alleged manifestations at Limpias, now under investigation by the ecclesiastical authorities, are certain ;ind authentic miracles." -•--•--♦--•- Under the title, "Mysterium Fidei ; De Augustissimo Corporis et Sanguinis Christi Sacrificio et Sacramento Eluci- dationes" (Paris: B. Beauchesne), Fa- ther Maurice de la Tail'.e, S.J., has published a work which recalls the days of de Lugo and Suarez. The book is as large as the largest new missal and has 663 double-column pages. There is an innovation on the old-time theolog- ical tome : Fr. de la Taille's treatise is illustrated by reproductions of several noble pictures of great airtists referring to the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass. We gather from a review by Dr. Garrett Pierse, in the May Irish Ecclesiastical Record, that Fr. de la Taille discusses the subject of the Holy Eucharist, both as a sacrifice and as a sacrament, "with a wealth of erudition that 'reminds one of the golden age of the schools." "There is a fresh and compreliensive synthesis of the traditional data. There is displayed, also, a vigor of view that is much needed in an age which is the heir of the agnostic philosophy of the 19th century, and which is still troubled with a mania of doubt."
An eminent literary man said recent- ly that the chief qualification of a suc- cessful journalist was an unlicensed imagination. Commenting on this ut- terance in the Irish Ecclesiastical Rec-
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
June 15
ord (No. 653, p. 519), Fr. David Barry says : "The principal duty of a con- scientious journalist is to keep his imagination within the bounds of truth and justice, and in close and constant touch with facts. It is only by a strong and persevering effort against the dead weight of bias and partisanship, tliat a ])ubhcist can preserve intellectual free- dom and nimbleness enough to give fair play to all persons and parties. Journalists are. or should be, in a greater degree than, perhaps, any other class of the laity, the guardians of na- tional honor and character, and they ought to be scrupulously mindful of this trust when they come forward to mark out its path for the nation."'
In the Month for May (pp. 389-399) tlie Rev. B. G. Swindells, S.J., dis- cr.sses the Thomistic theory of matter and form in the light of modern science and arrives at the conclusion that, in view of the many unsuccessful attempts tliat have been made to find a physical basis for the theory, similar to that which was used by the Scholastics, "the time has surely come to consider care- fully whether it is worth while to try to base this fundamenta' doctrine of Scholasticism on the physical theory of the hour, or whether it is not better to estimate the doctrine at its true value as something underlying all sound 'pliysical' thought, and to content our- selves with pointing out if necessary that no discovered fact ever contradicts or can contradict the doctrine,'' which ie. of the metaphysical order, of uni= versal application and universal truth, so that the changes of scientific theories, the discovery of new physical data, will not affect it. The Thomist theory can embrace all that the physicists assert, and at the same time makes up for the philosophical deficiencies of their theo- ries. The article is worthy of careful study. The editor of the Month, in a note, reminds the reader that "some aspects of the theory of matter and form are still keenly controverted amongst Catholics" and that "conse- quently the views so ably advanced by
Fr. Swindells cannot be taken as a sure anticipation of the line to be followed by future Catholic writers on cosmol- ogy-"
Under the title, "The Apostle of the Amazons," Fr. Herbert Thurston, S.J., devotes a paper in the current Month (No. 695, pp. 423—434) to the "Jour=
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
231
nal of the Travels and Labors of Fa- ther Samuel Fritz in the River of the Amazonas, between 1686 and 1723," recently published by the Hakluyt So- ciety and briefly noticed in No. 10 of the F. R., page 182. Fr. Fritz was a man of heroic sanctity, and there is much to console and edify in the pages which Dr. Edmunson has so patiently transcribed and translated. But, as Fr. Thurston points out, "there is also much which no Christian who has at heart the spread of the true faith among the heathen can read without pain. The behavior, not only of the Portuguese adventurers, but also of many of the so-called missionaries who were associated with them, conveys a terrible warning against the corrupting influence of greed and political parti- sanship. . . . There were undoubtedly abuses very generall}' prevalent on both sides, and involving many different re- ligious orders."
The Washington Post thinks the radio religious service will never be popular "because the women can't see one another's hats."
\\'hat one man can do if he is in- spired by love for his neighbor and willing to sacrifice himself to a cause, can be seen from the silver jubilee number of the Colored Man's Friend, of Lafayette, La. This little quarterly magazine was started without capital ])y Father Ph. L. Keller, in Galveston, Tex., in 1897, and now its editor is able to report (Vol. XXVI, No. 1) that it has been instrumental in build- ing, first a negro school in Galveston, and, lately, the Holy Rosary Institute, an industrial school for colored chil- dren in Lafayette, La. The reason fo>r locating this latter school in Louisiana v.-as the better prospect of success among the colored people of this State, ^o many of whom are Catholics, with but slim chances of even a limited schooling. Bishop Jeanmard praises the work done by Father Keller and cordially recommends his magazine to the generosity of the faithful, ^^^hile ti'ie Institute was located in Texas,
three of its pupils became 'religious. These three are now engaged in school work. In Lafayette, in less than six years, six of the pupils have "gone to the convent." Three of them are al- ready engaged in school or community work, whilst three others are still in the novitiate. If the Institute had no other success to record, than these nine religious vocations, the sacrifices made for it by Father Keller and his gen- erous patrons would be well worth w^hile, as there is a great scarcity of Sisters for work among the colored people of the South. But there are, in addition, other successes, of which tlie reader can inform himself if he will subscribe for the Colored Man's- friend.
In the second number for 1922 of the Colored Man's Friend Father Kel- ler discusses the question of a colored clergy for the negroes of the U. S. He says that in view of the good work done by negro priests in Africa, an earnest attempt should be made to pro= vide American negroes with priests of their own race. "We have not only skilled mechanics and other workmen among them [the negroes of the U. S.], but also talented and successful teach- ers and professors in high schools and universities, physicians, lawyers, au- thors, musicians, etc. And even if the Catholic negroes constitute only a small percentage of the race in this country, they are not less talented than their non-Catholic brethren. Should there not .be such among the hundreds or thousands of Catholic bo}s and young
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232
THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
June 15
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Sermon Plans for Sundays, Feasts of Oar Lord, of the Blessed Virgin and the Saints, Advent and
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Story-Sermonettes for the Children's Mass
FOR ALL SUNDAYS OF THE YEAR By the Rev. Frederick Renter
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
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men who have the required talents and other qualifications for the priest- hood?" Among the other qualifications . are those which spring from, and are nourished by, a good Christian home life, and it is this factor which is maia= ly wanting, as we understand the situa- tion. The difficulties arising from the negro's pohtical and social status could probably be overcome. Father Keller approves the plan of the Society of the Divine Word, which, as our readers know, is engaged in forming a community of colored priests under its direction, thereby obviating one of the difficulties which would naturally arise if colored priests were to become part of the diocesan clergy.
Father Keller does not think that the aversion of the colored people to priests of their own race, and their preference for white priests, forms an insuperable obstacle to a colored clerg\-. He admits that this aversion and this preference exist at present, but says it ought not to be taken into serious con- sideration in planning for the future, since time changes many things, and if colored priests can be trained to become proficient leaders of their race, the sentiments of the people towards them Avill change. He points to the popular- ity of Father Dorsey. one of the few colored priests of the country, among the colored people everywhere as an argument in favor of his view, and adds that while the white priests now engaged in mission work among the negroes of the South meet with very satisfactory results, the colored masses cannot be reached until the Catholic religion is no longer looked upon as a white man's religion. "It is to be ex- pected,'' he says, '"that colored priests will have the confidence of their people more than the white priests, and that through colored priests conversions will be effected in larger numbers. The very fact of having priests of their own race would create a higher regard for the Church and furnish a striking proof that she does not discriminate ajjainst the race.''
The late Dr. J. N. McCormick, of Louisville, Ky., who posed as a Quaker, w^as born of a Catholic family and reared in the Catholic faith, according to Dr. James J. Walsh. Our readers may remember that we have pointed out a large number of similar cases in t'ne course of the last thirty years. They prove that the "leakage" from the Catholic Church has been and still is enormous. Col. P. H. Callahan, in a letter referring to the ]\IcCormick case, says that "some day the K. of C. will have to institute a Commission on Reclamation" ( similar to that on Re- ligious Prejudices, of which he was chairman). It is high time for the laity to devote some thought and study to this question of "leakage."
The German society for the study and promotion of the sacred liturgy of the Church, which was established at AIaria=Laach last year, has undertaken the publication of a year book, of which the first volume has just appeared at Aliinster i. W. (Aschendorff) under the title, "Jahrbuch fiir Liturgiewissen- schaft." It is edited bv Fr. Odo Casel, O.S.B. (F. R., XXIX, 8, 150) with the assistance of Dr. A. Baumstark and Dr. R. Guardini, — all three of them eminent liturgiologists. Among the contributions we mention a paper on the prayer "Communicantes" in the canon of the Mass and the list of saints contained therein, a study in the deriva- tion and meaning of the word "devo- tio," an essay on the systematic, as op- posed to the purely historical method in liturgiolog>% and a treatise on the objective element in prayer, directed against Dom Festugiere's recent attack on the "individualism" of the Ignatian method. The year book concludes with a verv^ complete bibliographical survey of liturgical publications from 1914 to Aug. 1, 1921. The regular publication of this "Jahrbuch" will no doubt great- ly further the liturgical movement in Germany, which has become so strong since the war, and, we hope, will pres- ently be transplanted to English-speak- ing countries.
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THE FOKTNIGHTLY REVIEW
June
Forty Years of Missionary Life in Arkansas
By the Rev. John Eugene Weibel, V.F.
(54th Installiiiciit) Hoping that the healthful waters of Hot Springs would give me rehef, I went to that resort and took up my quarters at St Jo- seph's Infirmary. What was my surprise when my physician declared I could not take the baths on account of the condition of my heart and when, just as in Jonesboro. I was told to take digitalis, strychnine, and arsenic 1 remained there over a month, but as my heart trouble seemed not to improve, and I was not allowed to take the baths, I thought It more expedient, and far more economic to prepare for a trip across the ocean. In March I returned to Jonesboro and looked after my different undertakings as well a^
my condition would permit. My arm had im- proved so far that I could say Mass again.
Beginning with the Feast of St. Scho- lastica, February loth, 1906, Mass was said^ in the beautiful new chapel of the Sisters, although it was not yet finished. On Mon- day and Tuesday, March 19th and 20th, the last altar and the pews were transferred from tlie temporary church into the chapel. This chapel or church is romanesque, 100 feet long and 45 feet wide, with a large gal- lery. Its height is 45 feet. It has three altars and two sacristies.
On Tuesday, March 21st, the feast of St. Benedict, I celebrated solemn High Mass with deacons, and gave the habit to eleven candidates. Almost all the priests of North- east Arkansas and Southeast Missouri were present. Among them I mention: Father F. X. Reker, who often delighted the Joneboro people with his eloquent sermons; Father C.
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THE FORTNIGHTLY KEVIEW
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Brocknieier, of Sikeston, now pastor \n Neier, Mo., and Father Furlong, of New- Madrid. It was a beautiful feast. When the work of the hospital and church was finished, I had the hall, which had served as a church since the fire of 1896, transformed into an as- sembly room for Lhe congregation. I had a large stage put into it with beautiful scen- ery, foot lights, etc.. and bought 200 opera chairs. I presented this to St. Roman's con- gregation as a souvenir, fearing a fatal out- come of my sickness. Having given me per- mission to go abroad the Bishop sent Father Bertke to take my place and to help Father Cattani in the admMiistration of the parish. In Wednesday, April i8th, Father Fintan Kraemer, O. S. B., celebrated solemn high ]\Iass, and eleven sisters made their pro- fession.
Chapter XXV^I GOING ABROAD FOR MY HEALTH— THE INTERNATIONAL EXPOSI- TION IN MILAN— THE AZORES
Sunday, ]May 30th, 1906, I left Jonesboro on the evening train. It was a sad leave- taking, for at that time I thought I might never come back. With me left Sisters M. Aloysia and M. Rose; also my cousin. Mr. A. M. Weibel, of Jonesboro, and my brother- in-law, Henry Schmuecker, of Paragould. We took passage on the Dutch steamer "Xordam." On this steamer were also two Dutch Franciscans, who had been for many years missionaries in China. They spoke with great praise of the piety of the Chinese Catholics and expressed their confidence in the future of the Church in that country.
The sea voj^age at first was quite pleasant, but the last few days it became extremely cold. One day we saw a regular chain of icebergs and that explained the chilly atmos- phere. We went very slowly on account of the danger from icebergs. My rheumatism troubled me a great deal while on the water. I could not bend and had to have assistance in dressing and putting on my shoes. When sitting in a chair, I had the greatest difficulty to get up. but in spite of all. I had quit tak- ing medicine when I left Jonesboro.
We arrived in Rotterdam June 2nd, and the next day, Pentecost, assisted at Mass in a beautiful church, which was crowded to overflowing. We were highly edified by the evident devotion of the faithful. In the afternoon we went to the beautiful botanical gardens. We saw whole fields of the finest tulips.
Leaving the charming Netherlands, we went by rail to Switzerland. In Lucerne I went to see the head doctor of the city hospital, who. after having examined me thoroughly, declared, I did not have a formal defect of the heart. He said I was simply overworked, as it was customary with Amer- icans, and all I needed was absolute rest. He advised me to go to the hot springs, in
Baden, Switzerland, to take a hot bath every morning, to lie on my back a great deal of the time, to take only moderate exercise, and to drink a glass of wine with every meal. In Hot Springs, Ark., wine, beer and all alcoholic drinks had been strictly forbidden to me by my physician.
Arriving in Baden, I was examined by an- other doctor. He gave me the same advice, prescribing no medicine at all. The hot water in Swiss "Baden" flows from springs coming out on both sides under the river Limat. Those hot baths were already used by the Romans of old. The main street built by the Romans is called "The Roman Street." In a park are a great many monuments dat- ing from the time of the Roman emperors. After about six days I received an invitation to a beautiful health resort, where I was in- vited to act as chaplain and where I would be taken care of gratis. I asked the doctor about it. He replied that I could not stand the altitude. After I had taken the cus- tomary twenty-one baths, the physician ex- amined me again and declared I could now safely go to that place. 7000 feet high. But he advised me to travel for a while. I there- fore bought a monthly excursion ticket, traveling about at my ease, leaving generally in the morning at seven o'clock and stopping early in the evening at the most convenient place. The ticket cost $16, and gave me tlie privilege to travel day and night on trains and steamboats throughout Switzerland for a whole month. It is perfectly proper to advise people to "see America first," but if you have not a fat pocket-book, you cannot go very far. You may buy a ticket for $16 and travel several hundred miles without see- ing anything.
During that time I visited many friends, and later took an after-cure at another Swiss health resort, Ragatz. where I again used the hot baths. ( To be continued)
Pilgrimages
By Eugene M. Beck. S.J., St. Louis University
No pauper so unblest but owns a shrine To which he may impregnable withdraw; Whether it be an humble roof of straw
Or woodland sacristy of murmurous pine:
Each hath his own. ... No head but must incline To chosen god of power or of clay. And at his inmost altar tribute pay
Of spirit-worship, man-made or divine.
So in the rugged mountain-side I know A bower sacred from the tempest-tryst. ^ There, in the living bed-rock which is Christ,
I hold my peace, secure from overthrow: And. in His pierced side emparadised.
Behold my scarlet sin grow white as snow!
236
THE FOETNIGHTLY EEVIEW
June 15
Literary Briefs
' ' Herder ' s Konversationslexikon ' '
The lucky possessors of the above-named Catholic encyclopediai will be pleased to learn that the first part of the second supplemen- tary volume (Erganzungsband) has lately appeared. It embraces the war and other new subjects that have attracted public atten- tion since iQio, when the main work was is- sued. One need not always share the Teutonic point of view from which this reference work is written to be enabled to use, and to acknowledge with gratitude, the .vast amount of reliable information it contains. This supplementary volume is also issued sepa- rately under the title "Herder's Zeitlexikon." No Catholic library can be regarded as com- plete without this work. We of the F. R. tind it indispensable for reference and use it every day. Its completeness and accuracy are a constant source of admiration. The second and concluding part of this supple- mentary volume II is promised for 1922. When it appears, the whole work will con- sist of eleven massive tomes. (B. Herder Book Co.) "God — or Gorilla"
In this somewhat sensationally titled vol- ume, Mr. Alfred W. McCann, a nephew of the late Bishop Watterson of Columbus, O., shows, in double-barreled journalese, "how the monkey theory of evolution exposes its own methods, refutes its own principles, denies its own inferences, disproves its own case." The volume contains many interest- ing quotations and is illustrated by a num- ber of fine plates. The author's controversial style may not impress everybody, but there is undoubtedly at the present day a large class of readers who cannot be reached or con- vinced in any other way. Apologists must adapt the means they use to the end to be reached. Mr. McCann does this with con- siderable skill, but we think his argument would be even more effective if it were con- densed and systemaiized. (Tlie Devin-Adair Co.) The Story of St. John Baptist de la Salle
Brother Leo, of Oakland, Cal, has writ- ten an inspiring story in his life of St. John Baptist De la Salle ("The Story of St. John De la Salle"), the founder of the Christian Brothers, whose schools have done so much for Catholic education throughout the world. The book is written primarily for youngsters, though it is safe to say that adult readers will also appreciate it. Hagiography has been
greatly affected by the new historical criti- cism— and to a good end. Lives of saints have become true biographies and are no longer a congeries of pious imaginings. It is to be hoped that the pendulum will not swing too far in the opposite direction. There is a tendency to "naturalize," where a simple statement of fact in its proper setting is all that is called for by good hagiographical writing. For a little boy like John Baptist de la Salle to "play priest" and have the "Lives of the Saints" read to him during a jollitication in the house, is unusual, extra- ordinary, and, in a sense, "unnatural." We cannot explain it away ; we cannot under- estimate it, nor can we conclude that John Baptist was like other boys. Is it a fact? Then give it the proper setting and im- portance. Brother Leo has written enter- tainingly of his holy Founder and the great work instituted by him. Archbishop Hayes contributes an appreciative introduction. (P. J. Kenedy & Sons.)
Books Received
The Gospel of a Country Pastor. Sketches and Sermons by the Rev. J. M. Lelen. xvi & 179 pp. i2mo. B. Herder Book Co. $1 net.
Soeiological Essays. By Dr. A. E. Breen. Two volumes, xii & 528 and 430 & xi pp. 8vo. Rochester, Minn.: J. P. Smith Print- ing Co.
Der zvirkliche JVoodrozv JVilson. Von Hein- rich Charles. 63 pp. 8vo. New York: Charles Publication Co., 11 Broadway. (Paper).
The Capuchin Brother. By Father Theodo- sius, O.M.Cap. 42 pp. 8vo. Illustrated. New York : Peerless Printing Co., 244 W. 23rd Str. (Wrapper).
What Are the Prospects of the Uiik'crsity Professor.^ By David P. Barrows. A State- ment Prepared for the Board of Alumni Visitors. 16 pp. 8vo. University of Cali- fornia Press. (Paper).
Notes of a Catholic Biologist. By Rev. Geo. A. Kreidel. Professor of Biological Science in St. Joseph's Seminary, Dunwoodie, N. Y. X & 276 pp. ]2mo. B. Herder Book Co., $1.50 net.
Through the Rev. Joseph Molitor, D.D., of the Pontifical College Josephinum, Colum- bus. O., we have received "Die Kultur- schaiidc Eitropas vor deiii Schiuiirgericht" and twenty-five other pamphlets "Fiir Volkssittlichkeit und Volksaufklarung" by the Rev. Dr. Joh. Ude, professor in the University of Graz. all published by the Society known as "Oesterreichs Volker- wacht" and printed by H. Stiasny, Volks- sartenstr. Nr. 12, Graz. Austria.
1922
THE FOBTNIGHTLY REVIEW
237
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
July I
The Holy Father Benedict Xl'. has favored this work ivith a s(>ecial letter of recommendation
A Parochial Course of Doctrinal Instructions
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Based on the Catechism of the Council of Trent, and Harmonized with the Gospels and Epistles of the Sundays and Feasts
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The Fortnightly Review
VOL. XXIX, NO. 13
ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
July 1, 1922
The Shelley Centennial
By the Rev. Lewis Drummond, S. J., Loyola College, Montreal
Percy Bysshe Shelley was drowned on July 8, 1822. The eighth of July, 1922, will therefore be the hundredth anniversary of his death and will, of course, be fittingly celebrated because no other poet was ever gifted with so musical an ear for metrical mel- ody. That will ever be his match- less glory, that and nothing else. His tragic death occurred before his reputation as a poet had ob- tained any general acceptance, but that reputation has since attained colossal proportions, thanks to the responsive chord which his lawless atheistic spirit strikes in the hearts of those multitudes who chafe under any restraint. They are charmed by what they read of his sweetness, indulgence, and generosity even towards men who Avorried him meanly, and these readers forget what a rebel he was against God and against every- thing truly divine. They especial- ly fail to note that he was the originator of that subtly diabolic art of clothing unbelief in the phraseology of the true faith, — an art which has been the bane of too much fine writing since Shelley in- vented it, the art of sugar-coating blasphemy with words of adoration and draping pantheism in the gar- ments of theism. Even Words- worth occasionally drops into it, but unintentionally. Shelley revels in it.
Take, for instance, Queen Mab,
his first important poem, privately printed because the decency of the time would not stand its immoral- ity and irreligion. Shelley begins by addressing the Spirit of Nature as if he really meant the Chris- tian's God: —
The pure diffusion of Thy essence throbs
Alike in every' human heart. Thou aye erectest there
Thy throne of power unappealable. Thou art the judge beneath whose nod Plan's brief and frail authority Is powerless as the wind That passeth idly by. Thine the tribunal which surpasseth The show of human justice. As God surpasseth man.
These words have a familiar sound as if the poet meant our God; but turn over three pages of double-columned verse — for his own favorite poems are intermina- ble, this one containing more than 1700 lines — and you will find first, a bit of fine tinitli put there as a decoy for the coming blasphemous falsehood. Here is the burst of truth—
These too the tyrant serve who, skilled to
snare The feet of justice in the toils of kw, Stand ready to oppress the weaker still ; And right or wrong will vindicate for gold, Sneering at public virtue, which beneath Their pitiless tread lies torn and trampled,
where Honor sits smiling at the sale of truth.
Now comes the blasphemous lie :—
Then grave and hoary-headed hypocrites. Without a hope, a passion, or a love. Who, through a life of luxury and lies, Have crept by flattery to the seats of power.
240
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
July 1
Support the system whence their honors
flow— They have three words; well tyrants know
their use, Well pay them for the loan, with usury Torn from a bleeding world! God, Hell,
and Heaven. A vengeful, pitiless, and almighty fiend. Whose mercy is a nick-name for the rage Of tameless tigers hungering for blood. Hell, a red gulf of everlasting fire, Where poisonous and undying worms pro- long Eternal misery to those helpless slaves Whose life has been a penance for its crimes. And Heaven, a meed for those who dare belie Their human nature, quake, believe, and
cringe Before the mockeries of earthly power.
From such hideous manifestoes of what Southey called ''the Sa- tanic School" we turn with relief to ''The Cloud." This elaborate musical combination of multiple ryhmes and happy metaphors has never been equalled by any other poet, simply because it is the in- carnation of Shelley's unique char- acter, as unsubstantial, as unrea- sonable, as chang-eable, as elusively beautiful as those cumulus-clouds that set off the splendor of the sun.
Shelley's poem "To a Skylark" with its charming, though again rather labored similes, may be compared to Wordsworth's twelve lines on the same subject. There is more real, deep, abiding thought in those two short verses than in Shelley's twenty-one stanzas of five lines each. When Wordsworth wrote
Leave to the nightingale her shady woods ; A privacy of glorious light is thine —
he gave utterance to a prophetic insight which the present-day air- man, soaring far above the sky- lark, recognizes as a startling- reality, "the privacy of glorious light" in the upper regions of the untenanted air. No such happy combination of simplicity and depth, the two peerless attributes of real genius, can be found in
anything that Shelley ever wrote. His "Defence of Poetry" is praised by his admirers as an essay which revealed in him a master of prose. Now the best paragraph in that essay is the following: "A poem is the very image of life expressed in its eternal truth." This short but sen- tentious pronouncement lacks the first requisite of a good definition : it is less clear than the thing defined. After reading it we know less than we did before. Shelley continues: "There is this differ- ence between a story and a poem that a story is a catalogue of de- tached facts, which have no other connection than time, place, cir- cumstance, cause and effect" — the number and variety of these con- necting links does not seem to strike Shelley — "the other is the creation of actions according to the unchangeable (?) forms of human nature, as existing in tlif mind of the Creator, which is it- self the image of all other minds. ' ' There are the words of a would- be i^hilosopher; but what do the>' mean when written by an aggres- sive atheist? Shelley goes on: "The one is partial, and applies only to a definite period of time and to a certain combination of events which can never again recur." Is that really so? Do not the same events recur so often that the popular story-writer is at his wit's end to discover a new situation, a hitherto unused plot? ^ "The other is universal, and '' contains within itself the germ of a relation to whatever motives or Mctions have place in the possible \'arieties of human nature." Please bear in mind that in the second sentence of this para- uiaph Shelley wrote about "the nucliangebale forms of human na-
li)22
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
24J
ture," according to which a poem created actions. Strange forms which, though unchangeable, ad- mit of possible varieties. ''Time," he urges, ''which destroys the beauty and the use of a story of particular facts, stripped of the poetry w^hich should invest them, augments that of poetry, and for- ever develops new and wonderful applications of the eternal truth which it contains." Is it true that the beauty of a plain prose tale, stripped of all poetic forms, is destroyed by time? The simple story of Joseph and his brethren, related in the Book of Genesis about events that occurred several thousand years ago, is still, when
well read, capable of drawing tears even from a poet.
William Michael Rossetti says: "The defects of Shelley's longer poems are vagueness, unreality, a pomp of glittering indistinct- ness, in which excess of sentiment welters amid excess of words." Yet that same W. M. Rossetti does not hesitate to prophesy that Shelley will be the poet of the future, what we might hail as a second Shakespeare. No. Shake- speare has plenty of faults: Walter Pater used to cry out against the scoriae of Shake- speare; but these were faults of taste, not errors of judgment.
The Case of Sister Anne Catherine Emmerich
By the Rev. Hubert Hartmann, S. J., Emmerich, Germany
II
What as to the "veridical char- acter" (to employ an expression of Father Thurston's) of the vi- sions? If they are genuine and have been accurately recorded, it follows per se that they must be true. Now it cannot be denied cither that they are genuine or that they have been conscientious- ly recorded. The estimate to be formed of them, of course, depends largely -upon what truths God wished to communicate to the world through Ven. Anne Cathe- rine. I need hardly explain, I su- pose, that private revelations are not intended to increase the depos- it of faith, which has long since been complete, nor to add greater certainty to the things already known from divine revelation. As Benedict XV observes, private revelations, even when approved by the Holy See, need not be believed with divine faith, but can
claim to be accepted only with liuman faith in accordance with iLe rules of ordinary prudence. Any Catholic may refuse his rec- ognition to them, provided he does so with due discretion, for good reasons, and without contempt. ("De Beatif." 1. Ill, c. 53, n. 15). Still less are they designed to communicate historical, archeolog- ical, geographical or other knowl- edge. They are given first and above all for the edification of the faithful, but may be employed as a guide in studying problems ^\ilich touch common revelation. You cannot harvest potatoes from a flower garden, no matter how much more useful the former may be than the latter. Just as little should we seek historical, archeo- logical, geographical, or chrono- logical knowledge in private reve- lations. Brentano says very aptly in the introduction to Anne Cathe- rine's Historv of the Dolorous
242
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
July 1
Passion: **If these meditations should surpass in any way the many similar fruits of the con- templative love of Christ, they solemnly protest against any claim to historical truth. Their sole ob- ject is to take a place side by side with the innumerable narratives of the dolorous Passion by artists and pious writers and at most to be regarded as the imperfectly conceived and poorly fashioned Lenten meditations of a pious nun, who has never attributed to them any higher than a humanly brittle value and consented to communi- cate them to others only in response to an incessant internal admonition and the repeated com- mands of venerable spiritual di- rectors, and by dint of a genuine self-sacrifice." What noble words ill comparison with the haughty and irreverent criticisms of these visions ! Father Stockmann, S. J., comments upon Brentano's above- quoted protestation in the Stim- men der Zeit (1917, Heft 9, p. 318) : ''Brentano, though firmly con- vinced of the visionary character of Catherine's meditations, was well aware, on the other hand, that the final judgment in such ques- tions belongs, not to the individual Catholic, but to the Church. Hence the definite and clear protestation in the introduction, which per- mitted him in the course of the narrative to follow the urging of his heart and speak of visions, since now no one could justly accuse him of having taken it upon 1 imself to pronounce judgment on Ihe character of Catherine. There- fore we need not assume that the poet was guilty of contradiction." The History of the Passion has been aptly described by competent critics as '*a true work of art,"
'^a beautifull}^ carved master- piece," '*a harmoniously com- posed painting," ^'a classic w^ork 01 edification," etc. (I am speak- ing of the German original only, as I am not familiar with the English translation). Prof. Oehl says in his edition of Brentano's works (Vol. XIV, Introduction, circa fiuew) : '* Brentano's Passion is to-day a cultural factor of in- estimable esthetic and ethical worth"; it is ''one of the most remarkable and, at the same time, one of the most beautiful and most widely read books of German, nay, of European literature." {To he concluded)
A Scientific Age
By Ai.KxANDER N. De Menil
Oh, what a restless age is this
Of scientific art; An age that scorns all sentiment
And tenderness of heart.
An age of foul suspicions, doubts.
Our old traditions, too, We're told in cold, prosaic way.
Are found to be untrue.
Sir Walter Raleigh didn't spread His cloak before the queen,
In order that her majesty
Should keep her slippers clean.
Nor did Will Shakespeare write a play- Again we have been sold;
And Mary never had a lamb — 'Twas Lucy, we are told.
And last, not least, some learned men
Do boldly certify That Washington without a doubt, •
Had often told a lie'
The cutting of the cherry tree
Was nothing but a myth ; And Pocahontas didn't save
The life of Captain Smith. Now what on earth can we believe
That's either right or wrong? Mas! we '11 b'lieve, as I do now,
That we have lived too long!
19Si2
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
243
Malinche — An Incident of the Conquest of Mexico
By Benjamin M. Read, Santa Fe, N. M.
Some few years before the ar- rival of Hernan Cortes on the coast of ^Mexico, according to an- cient Spanish and Mexican histor- ians, there lived in the Indian town of Paiiiala, now in the State of Vera Cruz, an Indian family re- lated by blood to the 7iobility of the House of Moctezuma. The family consisted of the man, who was very wealthy and of great prestige, his wife, and an infant daughter. The husband died sud- derJy, leaving the widow and the young daughter as his only heirs. The widow soon married another Indian, of noble lineage also. A boy was born to them, and with the coming of that child, the criminal thought of killing the little girl, in order that her share of the prop- erty her dead father had left to her might go to the newly-born baby boy, occurred to them. At the moment they were about to exe- cute the little girl, word reached them that the infant daughter of an Indian slave of theirs had just died, and they at once contrived to pass the word that their little girl had died. Funeral exercises were held over the corpse of the little slave girl, the entire community believing that the mourning was for the daughter of their noble lord. In the meantime the step- father and the mother of the per- secuted girl had sold the child to some Indian merchants, then pedd- ling their wares at the place, from Xicalanco, near Tabasco. These peddlers resold the child to the Tabasco Indians, among whom she grew to womanhood.
At Tabasco the unfortunate Xicalanco girl became the slave of
one of the princes of that kingdom. Her beauty and mental ability soon endeared her to her master, who was the owner of a great num- ber of female slaves. Her amiabili- ty, intelligence, and tactful man- ners gained for her the esteem and confidence of her lord. She learned the Tabascan language to j)erfection and managed to main- tain fresh in her mind her own Mexican language and the sweet recollections of her childhood, and never ceased to cherish an ardent desire to live long enough to be- come free and to Visit her unnatu- ral mother. Divine Providence granted her wish; for, while ac- companying Cortes in his almost superhuman expedition to Hondu- ras, she unexpectedly met her mother, and not only forgave her but obtained many favors for her from Cortes.
The arrival of the Spaniards under Hernan Cortes at Tabasco, March 12, 1519, decided the fate of the Xicalanco slave. The Ta- bascans resisted the invading forces, but Avere decisively de- feated and compelled to become subjects of the Spanish Crown. As a proof of his loyalty, the defeated Tabascan King presented to Cor- tes and his captains twenty young women, many of whom were mem- bers of Tabascan royal house- holds, the Xicalanco girl being- am ong the twenty. Cortes retained lier, had her baptized and placed under an instructor to learn the Spanish language. The girl was named Marina, which name was corrupted by the Aztecs, who pro- nounced it Malintzin, — a pronun- ciation finally changed to Malinche
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
July I
and by the Aztecs extended to the eonqueror hhnself, whom they, from Moctezuma down to the com- mon people, ahvays addressed as Malinche.
Malinche from the day of her rescue until the conquest of Mex- ico by the Spaniards, became a heroic figure in history. During the entire war she not only acted as interpreter to Cortes, but took a very active part in all the w^ar plans and military deliberations ; was present, fighting side by side with Cortes, Maria Estrada, Bea- triz Bernmdez, and the other Spanish women heroines, in all his battles, including the celebrated battle of the Nocho Triste (sor- rowful night), and during the sev- enty-five days of tiio siege of the City of Mexico. Listening to her admonitions, Bernal Diaz tells us, Cortes was considerate and hu- mane to the vanquishedMoctezuma, when he made the Aztec emperor his prisoner, and to Moctezuma 's subjects. Malinche 's tact and fore- sight on more than one occasion saved the Spaniards from utter annihilation bv the treacherous
Aztecs. Especially was this true of the massacre the Spaniards wa)uld have suffered at Cholula, had not the ever alert Malinche, through her friendship with the Cholulan princes, discovered the conspiracy, secretly obtaining from her Cholulan noble friends a very thorough description of the programme the Cholulans had agreed upon for the destruction of Cortes and his armies. Malinche communicated to Cortes the secret information she had thus gained some twelve hours before the time set for the treacherous assault.
Marina (Malinche) was made a member of the Spanish nobility by Charles V and spent her last days in Spain. The Spaniards drama- tized her heroic feats and remark- able life, and that is how^, in my judgment, the traditional play, though greatly distorted, reached New Mexico in the early days of our history. After the conquest the names Malinche and Malintzin were also applied to lakes, moun- tains, etc., in Mexico, notably to two elevated peaks in the States of Tlascala and Hidalgo.
National Boys' and Girls' Club Organizations
The Monthly Information Serv- ice of the State Office Y. M. S. C. U. of 111. devotes No. 9 of its useful I'ulletin to *' Parish Boys' and Girls' (Uubs." Besides a lot of other valuable information it con- tains the following notes on na- tional club organizations:
1. Government Boys' and Girls* Cud) Work, Department of Agri- culture, States Relation Service, Washington, D. C, co-operating with individual States through the various State universities.
While the activities of the Gov-
ernment Boys' and Girls' Clubs are not as showy as are those of some of the other organizations, nevertheless they have a strong appeal because the activities are all planned to bring the boys and girls back to the home and home making, as the following partial list of projects will show: corn, sweet corn, sugar beet, potato, garden, pig, sow^ and litter, dairy calf, dairy heifer, cow and calf, baby l)eef , sheep, poultry, canning, bread, meal preparation, hot school lunch, clothing, handicraft
1922
THE FOETNIGHTLY REVIEW
245
in making- home equipment and conveniences, rabbit, sorghum, strawberry, sweet potato, bean, pea, cow testing, wheat, own your own home club, etc., etc.
In 1921 there were 214,127 boys ;ind girls enrolled in these Gov- ernment Clubs. Of these 143,041 completed their project. The value of the production reported was 14,245,152.
2. JiDiior Achievement Bureau of the Eastern States League, Springfield, Mass., under the di- rection of O. H. Benson, former Director of Government Boys' and Girls' Clubs, has worked out club work methods for boys and girls in industrial and trade cen- ters. Mr. Benson is doing for the Junior Bureau members what he has done for the Governmerit Boys' and Girls' Club members.
3. Catholic Boys' Brigade of the United States, 128 W. 37th St., New York City, has for its pur- pose "to reach all Catholic boys, offering them a healthy outlet for energies that easily carry boys in- to dangerous by-paths."
4. Bog Scouts of America, 200 .")th Ave., New York City, has for its purpose "to supplement the various existing educational agen- cies and to promote the ability of 'noys to do things for themselves and others. The Scout handbooks are very useful in parish club ^\^ork. The Scouts have a special department for Catholic Scout Troops.
5. Girl Scouts of America, 189 Lexington Ave., New York City, aims to do for girls what the Boy Scouts are doing for boys.
6. Woodcraft League of Auier- ica, 13 W. 29th Str., New York City, has a programme similar to the Scouts. Their handbook con- tains helpful material.
7. The Mission Crusade, 129 E. 9th Str., Cincinnati, 0., admits as junior members the pupils of parochial grade schools.
8. Hie Blessed Virgin Sodality requires no introduction. Address, Queen's Work, St. Louis, Mo.
9. The Boys' Club Federation, 1 Madison Ave., New York City, serves as an exchange of ideas, methods, and plans for local boys ' clubs.
10. The National League of Girls' Clubs, 130 E. 59th Str., New York City, does for girls' clubs vrhat the Boys' Club Federation does for boys.
♦♦Beastly" Arithmetic. The Rev. Ernest R. Hull, S. J., writes in the Bombay Examiner (Vol. 73, No. 13) :
A tract before us quotes Rev. XII, 18 : " Let him that hath un- derstanding count the number of the beast; for it is the number of a man; and his number is 666.'' ' From this the writer draws what he calls "an incontrovertible argument" that the Beast is the papacy. One of the Pope's titles, he says, is Vicarius Filii Dei; and if you take the letters in this title which stand for Roman numerals, vou get the following result: —
V= 5 F D=500
1= I 1= 1 E
C=100 L= 50 1= 1
A 1= 1
R 1= 1 Total 666
1= 1
U= 5 S On this we remark as follows : People have been playing at the game of discovering "the number of the beast" for at least 1800 years. Some early authors dis- covered it in Nero, others in Do- mitian; later on they discovered it in Mahomet. In more recent
246
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
July 1
times tliey found it in Napoleon, and during my boyhood they found it in Gladstone. Finally during the war it cropped up once more ii' the German Kaiser.
While answering a question on the point some years ago, the idea struck me to apply the Latin- numeral method to my own name : "Ernest'us Reginaldiis Hull." I did so, and out came the number of the beast as usual. This is the chart : —
R
E
G 1=
N
A = 5 L= 50
D=500
U= 5
S Here we have "an incontrover- tible argument" that the Editor of the Examiner is the Beast of Revelations! Bisum teneatis?
|
H |
|
|
U= |
= 5 |
|
L= |
= 50 |
|
L= |
= 50 |
|
Total |
666 |
Non-Cathohc Tributes to Thomas A. Kempis and the "Imitation."
A Wesleyan Methodist minister, Ivlr. E. J. Ives, has published a book on "The Message of Thomas a Kempis" (Student Christian Movement, London), for which every lover of the "Imitation" will be thankful because it sends its readers back with quickened interest to a Kempis himself.
Mr. Ives gives several interest- ing illustrations of what a Kempis has been to men and women who had little else in common beyond their devotion to him; and others might be added. One of Wesley's first publications was an edition of the "Imitatio." Voltaire, it is said, once in a chance moment read the book, "and the presence passed into his soul, and found a lodging in one tiny corner whence
no sneering scepticism could ban- ish it." Matthew Arnold called it "the most exquisite document, after those of the New Testa- ment, of all that the Christian spirit has inspired." And Lord Wolseley once let it be known that when he set out on some long mili- tary expedition, between his Book of Common Prayer and his Sol- diers' Pocketbook went his "Imi- tatio Christi."
But of all these tributes George Eliot's, in "The Mill on the Floss," is still the most striking: ' ' This voice out of the far-off Middle Ages was the direct com- munication of a human soul's be- lief and experience, and came to Maggie as an unquestioned mes- sage. I suppose that is the rea- son w^hy the small old-fashioned book, for which you need only pay sixpence at a book-stall, works miracles to this day, turning bit- ter waters into sweetness; while expensive sermons and treatises, newly issued, leave all things as they were before. It was written do\\ai by a hand that waited for the heart's prompting; it is the chronicle of a solitary, hidden anguish, struggle, trust, and tri- umph— not written on velvet cush- ions to teach endurance to those who are treading with bleeding feet on the stones. And so it re- mains to all time a lasting record of human needs and human con- solations : the voice of a brother who, ages ago, felt and suffered and renounced — in the cloister, perhaps, with serge gown and tonsured head, with much chant- ing and long fasts, and with a fashion of speech different from ours — but under the same silent, far-off heavens, and with the same passionate desires, the same striv- ings, the same failures, the same weariness."
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
247
Notes and Gleanings
Apropos of the report that Edgar Lee Masters, author of "The Spoon River Anthology," may be made Amer- ican poet laureate, the Ave Maria (Vol. XV, No. 19), calls attention to the fact that he is a fanatical anti-Catholic. One of his most ardent friends and supporters, Brian Hooker, says of him : "Mr. Masters hates religion, and the priest is the one man on earth of whom he cannot speak without a sneer. He is pre-occupied continually with his moral purpose, the propa- ganda of unchristian science. . . ."
A sarcastic dialogue in a French weekly begins as follows : "Polichin- elle : 'In 1871 we had to pay Germany.' Guignol : 'Ah, but Germany didn't have any allies !' " It is in this spirit that Col. Charles Gautier has written his exposition of Anglo-French relations, "L'Angleterre et Nous" (Paris: B. Grasset). The professed object of this volume is to dispose of the idea that France is bound to Great Britain by ties either of friendship or of gratitude for the latter's co-operation in the World War. As the first chapter beading states, "The war of 1914-1918 was above all an Anglo-German war." The author believes, furthermore, that just as British interests demanded the war much more urgently than did those of France, so Britain has been far better treated in the peace dealings. From recent utterances in the press it seems that not a few Frenchmen share this view.
Commenting on the decree of the S. Congregation of the Consistorty by which the N.C.W.C. was officially dis- solved (though in reality it still exists and functions) the Ave Maria (Vol. XV, No. 19) says: ". . . we feel that the Council was perhaps a little over-zealous and incautious, and that Catholic organization in the U. S. must first pass through a necessary stage of evolution. Let us build solid- ly our diocesan societies, foster and strengthen our educational and literary
institutions, and try to create a frame of mind that will grow into harmon- ious solidarity." The latter phrase is somewhat cryptic, but we believe the lesson drawn from the decree by our contemporary is the right one.
The Revnc Internationale des Socic- tes Secretes (Paris: 96 Blvd. Malesher- bes), which again appear regularly, though only as a quarterly, is at pres- ent printing a valuable series of papers by Dom J. Baucher, O.S.B., of Farn- borough, on "The Popes and Free- masonry." In the current (April) issue the author explains the measures taken against the Masonic sect by Clement XIII, Clement XIV, and Pius XI. He gives synopses of their pro- nouncements and reprints the more im- portant pontifical condemnations in the original Latin. What we need is a complete collection of all the anti- Masonic documents ever issued by the Holy See, in full and in the original Latin, with a French or, preferably, an English translation. Who will give us this much-needed collection? It is a conditio si}ie qua non for the effective combatting of Freemasonry, which has nowhere tried so hard and so success- fully to hide its real, anti-Catholic and anti-Christian nature as in these U. S. Even Catholics are to a considerable extent misled as to the ulterior motives and aims of this dangerous sect and as to the reasons why the Church forbids affiliation with it under pain of excom- munication.
-•-.•--•--♦-
La Veritc, of Quebec, reminds us that it was seventeen years, April 24th, since its founder and editor, Jules P. Tardivel, was called to his reward. La Veritc has had a hard time of it since, and of late has appeared only bi-weekly, instead of weekly. We are glad to learn that a reorganization is under way, by which the future of this once influential journal, now in its 41st year, will be assured. Meanwhile the publishers are soliciting subscriptions for a new edition of J. P. Tardivel's novel, "Pour la Patrie," which we re-
246
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
July I
times they found it in Napoleon, and during my boyhood they found it in Gladstone. Finally during the war it cropped up once more ]v the German Kaiser.
While answering a question on the point some years ago, the idea struck me to apply the Latin- numeral method to my own name : '"Ernestus Reginaldus Hull." I did so, aud out came the number of the beast as usual. This is the chart :—
E R
R E
N G
E 1= 1
, S N
T A
U= 5 L= 50
S D=500
U= 5 S Here we have "an incontrover- tible argument" that the Editor of the Examiner is the Beast of Revelations! Risum teneatisf
H
U= 5 L= 50 L= 50
Total 666
Non-Catholic Tributes to Thomas A. Kempis and the "Imitation."
A Wesleyan Methodist minister, "At. E. J. Ives, has published a book on "The Message of Thomas a Kempis" (Student Christian Movement, London), for which every lover of the "Imitation" will be thankful because it sends its readers back with quickened interest to a Kempis himself.
Mr. Ives gives several interest- ing illustrations of what a Kempis has been to men and w^omen who had little else in common beyond their devotion to him; and others might be added. One of Wesley's first publications was an edition of the "Imitatio." Voltaire, it is said, once in a chance moment read the book, "and the presence passed into his soul, and found a lodging in one tiny corner whence
no sneering scepticism could ban- ish it. ' ' Matthew Arnold called it "the most exquisite document, after those of the New Testa- ment, of all that the Christian spirit has inspired." And Lord Wolseley once let it be known that when he set out on some long mili- tary expedition, between his Book of Common Prayer and his Sol- diers' Pocketbook went his "Imi- tatio Christi."
But of all these tributes George Eliot's, in "The Mill on the Floss," is still the most striking: *■ ' This voice out of the far-off Middle Ages was the direct com- munication of a human soul's be- lief and experience, and came to Maggie as an unquestioned mes- sage. I suppose that is the rea- son w^hy the small old-fashioned book, for which you need only pay sixpence at a book-stall, works miracles to this day, turning bit- ter waters into sweetness; while expensive sermons and treatises, newly issued, leave all things as they were before. It was written dQ\\n\ by a hand that waited for the heart's prompting; it is the chronicle of a solitary, hidden anguish, struggle, trust, and tri- umph— not written on velvet cush- ions to teach endurance to those who are treading with bleeding feet on the stones. And so it re- mains to all time a lasting record of human needs and human con- solations : the voice of a brother who, ages ago, felt and suffered and renounced — in the cloister, perhajDS, with serge gown and tonsured head, with much chant- ing and long fasts, and with a fashion of speech different from ours — but under the same silent, far-off heavens, and with the same passionate desires, the same striv- ings, the same failures, the same weariness."
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Notes and Gleanings
Apropos of the report that Edgar Lee Masters, author of "The Spoon River Anthology," may be made Amer- ican poet laureate, the Ave Maria (Vol. XV, No. 19), calls attention to the fact that he is a fanatical anti-Catholic. One of his most ardent friends and supporters. Brian Hooker, says of him : "Mr. Masters hates religion, . . . and the priest is the one man on earth of whom he cannot speak without a sneer. He is pre-occupied continually with his moral purpose, the propa- ganda of unchristian science. . . ."
A sarcastic dialogue in a French weekly begins as follows : "Polichin- elle; 'In 1871 we had to pay Germany." Guignol : 'Ah, but Germany didn't have any allies !' " It is in this spirit that Col. Charles Gautier has written his exposition of Anglo-French relations, "L'Angleterre et Nous" (Paris: B. Grasset). The professed object of this volume is to dispose of the idea that France is bound to Great Britain by ties either of friendship or of gratitude for the latter's co-operation in the World War. As the first chapter heading states, "The war of 1914-1918 was above all an Anglo-German war." The author believes, furthermore, that just as British interests demanded the war much more urgently than did those of France, so Britain has been far better treated in the peace dealings. From recent utterances in the press it seems that not a few Frenchmen share this view.
Commenting on the decree of the S. Congregation of the ConsistorV by which the N.C.W.C. was officially dis- solved (though in reality it still exists and functions) the Ave Maria (Vol. XV, No. 19) says: ". . . we feel that the Council was perhaps a little over-zealous and incautious, and that Catholic organization in the U. S. must first pass through a necessary stage of evolution. Let us build solid- ly our diocesan societies, foster and strengthen our educational and literary
institutions, and try to create a frame of mind that will grow into harmon- ious solidarity." The latter phrase is somewhat cryptic, but we believe the lesson drawn from the decree by our contemporary is the right one.
The Revue Internationale des Socie- ics Secretes (Paris: 96 Blvd. Malesher- bes), which again appear regularly, though only as a quarterly, is at pres- ent printing a valuable series of papers by Dom J. Baucher, O.S.B., of Farn- borough, on "The Popes and Free- masonry." In the current (April) issue the author explains the measures taken against the Masonic sect bv Clement XIII, Clement XIV, and Pius XI. He gives synopses of their pro- nouncements and reprints the more im- portant pontifical condemnations in the original Latin. What we need is a complete collection of all the anti- Masonic documents ever issued by the Holy See, in full and in the original Latin, with a French or, preferably, an English translation. Who will give us this much-needed collection? It is a conditio sine qua non for the effective combatting of Freemasonry, which has nowhere tried so hard and so success- fully to hide its real, anti-Catholic and anti-Christian nature as in these U. S. Even Catholics are to a considerable extent misled as to the ulterior motives and aims of this dangerous sect and as to the reasons why the Church forbids affiliation with it under pain of excom- munication.
La Veritc, of Quebec, reminds us that it was seventeen years, April 24th, since its founder and editor, Jules P. Tardivel, was called to his reward. La Vcrite has had a hard time of it since, and of late has appeared only bi-weekly, instead of weekly. We are glad to learn that a reorganization is under way, by which the future of this once influential journal, now in its 41st year, will be assured. Meanwhile the publishers are soliciting subscriptions for a new edition of J. P. Tardivel's novel, "Pour la Patrie," which we re-
THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
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viewed at the time of its first appear- ance some twenty years ago.
The death of Msgr. Louis M. O. Duchesne leaves a void among Catho- lic scholars. He was a savant whom even Harnack acknowledged to be of the very first rank. His researches concerning the Liber Pontificalis and the church history of ancient Gaul en- sure him a place of honor among mod- ern historians. We learn via the Que- bec Action Catholique (daily edition, No. 4362) that Msgr. Duchesne was re- vising his "Histoire Angienne de I'Eglise" when death overtook him- This work, in many respects the best of its kind in any language, had been put on the Index under Pius X on ac- count of certain defects, especially a lack of reverence in the treatment of certain venerable legends. We hope the revision will be completed by some other competent scholar because this work (which has been translated into English) is too valuable to be per- manently withdrawn from circulation on account of a few minor faults.
A measure designed to destroy the parochial and private schools of Ore- gon has been filed with the Secretary of State and will be submitted to the voters of the State under the referen- dum and initiative act next fall. The Catholic Sentinel (Vol. 53, No. 14) prints a synopsis of this measure, from which it appears that any parent, guar- dian, or other person having control or custody of a child over eight or under sixteen years of age, who refuses or neglects to send such child to a public school, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and each day's failure shall constitute a separate offense. There is a nominal provision for excusing children who are being taught by parents or private teachers, but only by express permis- sion from the county school superin- tendent, to be renewed each year upon condition that the child take an exam- ination before him or his representa- tive at least once every three months. Any parent, guardian, or other person
who fails to comply with the proposed law shall, upon conviction, be subject to a fine of not less than $5 or more than $100, or to imprisonment in the county jail for from two to thirty days, or to both fine and imprisonment. The two Catholic papers in Oregon are try- ing to rouse their readers to a realiza- tion of the fact that the enactment of this bill would mean the destruction of every private and parochial school in the State.
The Mount Angel Magasine (Vol. XXni, No. 27) calls attention to the fact that in Switzerland retreats are given, not only for ordinary working- men, but also for educated Catholics ("Herren der gebildeten Stande"). "In America." says our contemporary, "cultured Catholics quite frequently are not impressed by the manner in which the ordinary mission or retreat is conducted ; but if a special appeal were made to them by the holding of retreats designed especially for lay per- sons with a college or university educa- tion, we have no doubt that also in this country many would respond. This class of people has very particular spir- itual needs and should be provided for in a special way because it must fur- nish our lay leaders."
Commenting on the way in which members of Congress are constantly deluged with propaganda letters and the remark of one Senator that chain letters no longer make any impression on our national legislators, the Mount Angel Magazine (Vol. XXIII, No. 27) warns Catholics against adopting this hackneyed and ineffective method of influencing legislators. "We trust," our contemporary says, "that when Catholics find it necessary, as they oc- casionally do, to write to their repre- sentatives in Congress concerning some matter in which they are interested as Catholics, they will not adopt the chain-letter method. There is danger of this whenever many write at the instigation of an organization or at the suggestion of newspapers. It is use- less to send form-letters. To be effec-
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tive, a missive must be written in- dependently and in such a way that the senator or congressman addressed can see that the writer understands what he is writing about and is really interested in the subject."
The time-honored division of lan- guages into "isolating," "agglutina- tive," and "inflective," with the accent on "inflective" as the highest type, has long been recognized as faulty. Mr. Edward Sapir ("Language: an Intro- duction to the Study of Speech ;" Har- court, Brace & Co.j attempts to substi- tute for this obsolete product of the evolutionary school a new classifica- tion, "based on concept type with con- sideration of the prevailing technique and the degree of synthesis-" His plan is more philosophical than the purely racial and geographical distribution adopted by Prof. F. N. Finck in his "Sprachstamme des Erdkreises," but whether it will prove acceptable to ex- perts, time alone can tell.
It is interesting to learn from ^Ir. Sapir's above-quoted book that gram- matical processes perfectly familiar to every student of Indo-European lan- guages, such as affixing, internal vowel-change (ablaut), reduplication, have startlingly close parallels in sav- age or barbarous idioms, while "infix- ing," a mere fossil survival in Indo- European, is still very much alive in other such idioms. "An analysis of grammatical concepts on the basis of such a broad survey." says Prof. Ar- thur F. M. Remy, of Columbia Univer- sity, in a notice of Sapir's work in the Literary Review (Vol. II, No. 35), "is highly illuminating. It does away with the complacent attitude so often exhib- ited by speakers of 'cultural' languages toward 'uncultural' idioms, as if the processes and methods of the former languages were logical and normal, and those of the latter 'outlandish' or 'un- couth-' . . . It is refreshing to be reminded that 'the lowliest South African bushman speaks in the fornis of a rich symbolic system that is in
essence perfectly comparable to the speech of the cultured Frenchman' And in view of some dogmatic asser- tions frequently found in the older books on language it is well to know that the universality and diversity of languages are such as to point to a common origin in the remotest begin- nings of the human race."
That race and language are not iden- tical, almost every one knows — or should know. But that cultural and linguistic boundaries often do not coin- cide, is not sufficiently realized by many. Yet the examples of the Atha- baskan languages furnish conclusive evidence. Here are neighboring tiibes possessing a common culture, a com- mon worship, and yet speaking totally unrelated languages ! ''The well-worn phrase of our common Anglo-Saxon heritage," says Prof. Remy in discuss- ing this point, "loses all significance in view of these facts, though it may be useful for sentimental purposes. It will, no doubt, also give a jolt to our conceit to admit that language and cul- ture are not casually related — that a finer culture does not necessarily pre- suppose a finer language in the sense that the language has finer and nobler methods of thought-expression at its command. Of course, there is a differ- ence, but not in technical possibilities, rather in thought-content."
In Henry Ford's automobile factory at Detroit, there is an endless platform which moves like a belt. Along this platform are stationed many men, each of whom has a special job. One puts on hub caps, another bolts down the cylinder block, and so on. Finally a complete automobile, with gas in the tank and oil in the engine, runs off the belt under its own pov/er- W. H.' Eaton in the Literary Review, suggests that novels be assembled in a similar way. Let Oppenheim furnish the plot, he says ; Irwin Cobb, the humor ; Dreiser, the realism ; somebody else (he is not prepared to say who) a bit of English stvle, etc. "After the
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requisite naughtiness of Fitzgerald would be dropped in the oil of Harold Bell Wrighteousness. Finally Zane Grey could fill the tank with good red blood." Thus we should have a new, efficiently produced and properly standardized novel, with the authors' output more than doubled, and the cost cut in half. But would the public buy assembled novels as it now buys stand- ardized Ford cars? Mr. Eaton thinks it would buy in hitherto undreamed-of numbers.
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Rev. Fr. Gregory M. Jussel, C.PP.S-, of Schellenberg, in the principality of Liechtenstein, writes to us : "The note on page 95 of the F. R. for March 1st was very timely. The poor Austrians are in very truth being robbed by American money sharks, bankers and others- I could give you many sad ex- amples of how individuals and families were cheated out of more than half of the money sent to them by generous relatives and friends in the U. S. Per- mit me to inform the American public through the F. R. that it is a mistake ro buy kronen and send them to Aus- tria. If you wish those to whom you send money in that poverty-stricken land, to get the full benefit of your remittances, make your drafts payable in dollars or in Swiss francs (at some bank in Switzerland). This is the only way, under present conditions, to get a fair return for American money in Aus- trian exchange." Father Jussel adds that he is willing to distribute mass stipends to needy priests in Austria. His address is: Hospiz der Missionare vom kostbaren Blut, Schellenberg, Fiirstentum Liechtenstein (via Switz- erland), Europe.
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Not long ago Father Ludwig Bonvin, S.J., of Buflfalo, N. Y., made available to present-day choirs a Gregorian Mass composed by Saint Hildegarde, and today he makes accessible to choirs who sing ^ capella a Mass by another canonized saint, Francis Bor- gia. The composition is in the same style and of about the same degree of difficulty as most four-part Masses
by Palestrina and the saint's great countryman, Vittoria. Besides some minor changes in the composition, Fr. Bonvin provides interesting notes on the Saint-composer and his work. Choirmasters with the required Iper- sonnel at their disposal will wish to perform this Mass, not only on account of its artistic value, but also for the satisfaction of praying and singing in the identical words and tones of this saint-musician, now in heaven. ("Missa Octavi Toni," etc.; Rati^bon: A. Kap- penrath ) .
■♦••♦•-•-.♦• Our knowledge of Manichaeism is derived entirely from the writings of the Fathers of the Church, especially from those of St. Augustine, who devoted several books to the refutation of this heresy. Recently discovered Oriental sources show that the Fathers did not distort the teaching of Mani, but that it really was even stranger and more bizarre than it appears in the Patristic writings. Prosper Alfaric has recently undertaken to give us an ex- haustive account of the literature of Manichaeism in a two-volume work, entitled "Les Ventures Manicheennes" (Paris, 1918). He has gathered all references to Manichaeism, not only from the writings of the Fathers, but from all other existing sources, includ- ing the remnants of Manichaean writ= ings brought to light by the latest ex- cavations in Central Asia. The first volume deals with the origin, expan- sion, and decay of Manichaeism, and its survival in literature ; the second treats of the Manichaean writings that have come down to us. The collection is the first of its kind ever attempted and will prove invaluable to the stu- dent.
Johann Adam Mohler's "Symbolik," first published in 1832, which with great clearness exhibits the contradic- tion between Catholic and Protestant principles, has just gone into its tenth edition. That this famous work has lost nothing of its freshness in the nine decades that have elapsed since its first appearance, is owing to the fact
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that Mohler, paying no attention to the constant variations of Protestantism, simply took it in its original form, as laid down in the symbolic books of the 16th century, and showed how contra- dictory and unchristian its teachings are. Prof. F. X. Kiefl in a preface to the new edition calls the "Symbolik" the most effective apologia for the Catholic religion that has appeared in tour hundred years and says that Protestants have nothing to compare with it. The "Symbolik" was trans- lated into English by J. B. Robertson, in 1843, and a reprint of this very faithful but rather crude translation appeared in London and New York, in 1894. The work has also been done into French and Italian. God only knows how many conversions it has been instrumental in effecting. There is a good article on Mohler and his life and writings in Vol. X of the Catholic Encyclopedia, pp. 430-432.
Love thrives only so long as no rec- ords of giving and receiving are kept; when mathematics come in at the door love goes out of the window.
*-.^$>*~.
Correspondence
An Ancient Recipe
To the Editor: —
Apropos of the prescription given by an old whimsical M. D. (F. R., No. 11, p. 211), allow me to tell you, that just the day before your esteemed Review arrived, I had read the following in Dr. Kellogg's "Plain Facts For Old and Young" :
"Boerhoave, a famous old " Dutch physician, left to his heirs an elegantly boimd volume in which, he claimed, were written all the secrets of the science of physic. After his death the wonderful book was opened, when it was found to contain only the following sentence : 'Keep the head cool, the feet warm, and the bowels open.' An old Scotch physician once gave the follow- ing advice to Sir Astley Cooper for the preservation of health : 'Keep in the fear of the Lord and your bowels open.' " W.
Forty Years of Missionary Life in Arkansas
By the Rev. John Eugene Weibeu, V.F.
{55th Installment)
June nth, the Right Rev. Monsignor John B. Morris was consecrated coadjutor Bishop of Little Rock, in the city of Nashville, where he had for years been vicar-general. Not being able to present my congratulations in person, I sent a telegram to his Lordship.
During the months of July and August I visited a great many friends and benefactors of our missions, and traveled over the biggest part of Switzerland.
On September 5th, my companions, with some new candidates for the convent, left by way of Hamburg. I preferred a southern cruise, which they did not like, because on that southern line the passengers were nearly all Italians. I hoped to get entirely rid of my rheumatism by a southern cruise via Naples and Gibraltar.
I had a very interesting trip and the hot weather was as beneficial to me as the hot baths had been, and evidently drove out the last remnants of the disease, for I never have suffered from either rheumatism or heart trouble since. With me traveled a young man, John Wigger, from Lucerne. We left that city, September 12th, and went as far as Como, where we remained one day. Its marble cathedral, with numerous paintings by Luini, is remarkable, and its site on the lake is incomparable. Como is the home of the famous electrician Volta, after whom a large number of electric inventions are named. Volta was a practical, zealous Cath- olic like Ampere. He died in 1827. His life, like that of many others, is a proof that science and faith, are entirely compatible.
From Como we went to Milan to see_ its International Exposition. We first visited the famous cathedral and other buildings. After that we spent our time at the exposi- tion. I had seen the World's Fair in Paris, 1878, and those of Chicago and St. Louis; but my expectations were nowhere so much surpassed as at Milan. It certainly raised my respect for the Italians a great deal.
By the way I might add that the Italians do not suffer so much by comparison with some of their neighbors. They are very kind-hearted and humble. They cannot be accused of race suicide. A great deal is said about their greed and avarice, but there are many special reasons, if not excuses, for that. A few men comparatively own almost the whole of Italy, and the multitude have to scrap for a mere living without the hope of ever owning a home. The land hunger has brought troubles in Russia, in Mexico, in England, and nowhere would a revolution on this account be more natural than in Italy. For the rest the old Romans also liked gold so well that proverbially a golden ass could climb over the Alps.
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I cannot refrain from pointing out some features of special interest to Catholics in this Exposition. In a large room were the exhibits of Dom Bosco's Institute. There were works of all kinds, paintings, drawings, books, architectural models from all over the world, especially from the South American colleges and schools of that congregation, pliOtographs of their houses, descriptions of their work, and statistical information. The impression was overwhelming. Another room contained the exhibits of the Italian Jesuits and their colleges in and outside of Italy. Tiien followed a number of rooms with in- teresting exhibits of different other Italian missionary societies, as those of Bl. J. B. Cottolengo. etc.. with explanatory books, illustrations, and photos. I remember a photograph representing the Italian mission- aries killed in China in the Boxer war. After tliese there followed a number of rooms liringing before the eyes of the visitor the Catholic benevolent institutions of Italy — hospitals, poor-liouses, schools for the blind, etc. To judge from that exhibit one is al- most forced to say that Italy cannot be sur- passed in its works of charity, and no philan- thropic society, no matter how rich, will ever be comparable to that of the Catholic Sisters and Brothers. With regard to articles of sculpture, painting and drawing, we know l!iat tlie Italians are our masters. But I had never seen such exquisite fancy work, em- liroidery. sewing, etc.. as was exhibited in Milan by different sisterhoods, especially the Society of the Sacred Heart. Very interest- ing also was the technical division, though, of course, it contained too much to be seen at one time. I could not help wondering at a model giving a clear view of the Simplon tunnel, showing the many difficulties that had to be overcome in its construction.
Another section illustrated Italian emigra- tion. It showed the number of Italian eini- grants and on different tables exhibited the various branches of work or industry rep- resented by Italians in foreign countries. There were samples of minerals and of coal belonging to Italian societies in other coun- tries, all kinds of agricultural products, etc. With great satisfaction and high esteem for the Italians and their government we took leave of Milan, and went to Genoa, the point of our embarkation.
Genoa is a grand city and has been so often described that every reader ought to be acquainted with it. We visited the beauti- ful Campo Santo, itself an exposition of the finest sculpHires. Without using the cable- mad we climbed the lofty heights, from which we could overlook the city and its magnificent harbor with its numerous steam- ers and shins. My heart did not interfere with my climbing, while in America for a time I needed help even to get around on level ground because of dizziness.
Saturday evening at 6 o'clock we left
Genoa on the large steamer "Canopic" of the White Star Line, headed for Boston. We arrived at Naples Sunday afternoon. The sight of the city with the mountains in the background is charming. We did not leave the steamer until the next morning, but it did not take us long to find out that the view from the steamer was far more beauti- ful than the reality, especially at that season of the year. Everything was covered with dust and lava. You could not distinguish the grapes in the vineyards; also the numer- ous 'Vagabonds and beggars do not add to the attraction. But there are many grand buildings and especially fine churches. A surprising sight for us were the many cows and goats driven into the city towards even- ing. They are milked in front of the houses, to prevent any doctoring of the milk, I suppose. On Tuesday we went to Pompeji, the interesting city of Sallust and Glaucus, which was buried in lava by the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius, in the year 79. Pompeji has been described often. What I liked was to find that it had so many public fountains. Even in our days only a city with nutnerous public fountains, furnishing fresh, cool water, may be called a beauti- ful, desirable place to live in, especially if it is also provided with attractive parks. For the rest the Pompejians did not confine themselves to drinking water ; almost every corner house was a "caupona" or saloon. The narrow streets paved with cobblestones were often after a heavy rain flooded for a few hours and therefore, had stepping stones at the crossings such as we have in America in primitive, muddy streets. I remarked that they reminded me of America. A Chicago lady protested that such primitive makeshifts were unknown in America. Upon this our guide interrupted her, saying: "You must be mistaken, Madam ; almost every American visitor notices these crossings as similar to those at home."
On the 19th of September we assisted at solemn services in the grand church of St. Januarius. The church was crowded; it was the day of the yearly recurrence of the liquefaction of the martyr's blood. We heard that it was liquefied, but did not see it ; the crowd was too big to get close. In the after- noon we returned to our steamer, ready to continue the voyage. Most of the passengers entered the steamer at Naples. About 3000 passengers were on board, and the steatner was rather crowded. There were no Ger- man speaking passengers with us, and I had to interpret for John Wigger whatever the stewards spoke to him. The passengers of the third class seemed to be treated like cattle ; women and children alike were pushed and knocked about, and at meal time one was reminded of the feeding of the animals in a menagerie. I found the third class treated worse than on any other line I ever had traveled on. The second and first classes
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were all-right and the fare was good. Besides the diffei"ent meats, maccaroni is the every- day menu, but being cooked differently each time, it is always good. We had some Italian priests on board. I told them that Sunday would be a grand opportunity for Mass and a sermon. They could prepare the emigrants for their new surroundings and many a man that had not been in church for years would attend, if for no other reason, out of curios- ity, and his heart might be touched. I pointed out how all the Protestant denominations made good use of these opportunities. They simply replied that they had no permission. I suppose they would not have omitted their office without great scruples, but they did not see that they had any duty towards these people. ( To be continued)
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Literary Briefs
A Life of Christ for Children
"The Divine Story," by the Rev. Cornelius J. Holland, S. T. L., is a life of Christ writ- ten for children. The book is printed on good paper with clear type. The illustrations, which are reproductions of well-known masterpieces, deserve especial praise. Father Holland has a fluent and graphic style. Chil- dren will not easily tire of reading this little volume. We are sorry the author did not add a chapter on "Talitha cumi" and another on "Suffer little children to come to me." His youthful readers would have enjoyed them. There are a few errors in diction, facts, and doctrine which will no doubt be corrected for the second edition. (Blase Benziger & Co.) Letters of St. Ignatius
"Des Heiligen Ignatius von Loyola geist- liche Briefe und Unterweisungen," selected and translated by Otto Karrer, S.J., lend an added interest to the "Lettres Spirituelles" of St. Francis de Sales, to the "Lettres de Piete" of Bossuet, and to the similar epistles of Fenelon. because we find adumbrated in them the historj' and philosophy of the Jesuits up to the present day. These letters remind us of a former study of the letters and state-papers of a great contemporary of St. Ignatius, William Cecil, Lord Burleigh. Both were great statesmen. Both spent their lives to achieve one purpose. The ultimate end of all the endeavors of St. Ignatius was the greater glory of God through the King- dom of God on earth ; the ambition of Cecil was the aggrandizement of England through the spread of Protestantism. We regret that Father Karrer has translated only ten per cent of the extant letters of St. Ignatius. (B. Herder Book Co.)
A Life of Alban Stolz
In a handsomely illustrated volume of more that six hundred pages the Rev. Dr. Julius Mayer, professor in the University of Freiburg i. B., gives us the long-expected full-length biography of "Alban Stolz," who was undoubtedly the most effective popular apologist of the Catholic Church in Ger- many in the igth century. Rugged old Alban is here described with all his virtues and foibles, his work is reviewed in detail and its influence and importance explained. It is a fascinating book that affords many hours of delightful reading and solid benefits to mind and heart. Alban Stolz was a modern saint, and it is encouraging to be informed that the popularity of his clear-cut, vigorous writings has not yet waned. Germany need not despair as long as the spirit of Alban Stolz is alive among her Catholic popula- tion. (B. Herder Book Co.) A History of the Diocese of Galveston - The "History of the Diocese of Galveston and of St. Mary's Cathedral," a souvenir of the diamond jubilee of this Texan see, has for its motto: "Gather up the fragments that remain, lest they be lost," and "The Priests of the Seminary" who compiled this inter- esting brochure, have lived up to their motto.
A National
CATHOLIC MAGA21NB
51st St. Chicago, ill.
IN THE MAY ISSUE:
The Chronicles of America
(An Appreciation) by Francis Borgia Steck, 0. F. M.
Eliza Allen Starr
(A Character Study) by A. S. DriscoU
IN THE JUNE ISSUE:
P. Griesbacher of Ratisbon:
His Opus 217 and some Ameri- can and European Critics. (Editorial) :
Count Albert De Mun
(A Character Study) by A. S. Driscoll
Sbigh Copy — 20 Ccuts
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
July 1
The great value of contemporaneous notes and diaries strikes one forcibly in perusing this well documented history. The interest- ing letters of Father Timon, Bishop Odin, and others, assiduously gathered from vari- ous archives, were compiled by our learned friend, the Rev., Dr. C. L. Souvay, CM., of the St. Louis Historical Society. The paths of the former bishops of Galveston were certainly not strewn with roses. May the present Bishop, our quondam fellow St. Louisan, Dr. C. E. Byrne, find his lot cast along more pleasant lines ! (Galveston, Tex. : Knapp Bros.) An Anglo-Saxon Saint
In the "Life of Saint Walburga" (B. Her- der Book Co.) Francesca M. Steele narrates the life story of an Anglo-Saxon saint who is little venerated, because not well known, by English-speaking peoples. As a youthful princess, Walburga entered the monastery of Wimborne, where she spent a quarter of a century in prayer and con- templation. Together with her aunt, St. Lioba, and her cousin, St. Thecla, she hearkens to the call of her uncle, St. Boni- face, to help him educate the women and children of the half-civilized Germans, among whom she dies in the odor of sanctity, as abbess of Heidenheim. The "Hodoepor- icon" (pp. 157 ff.) will interest the exegete, who will compare it with the "Peregrinatio S}dviae" and other early Christian accounts of travels in the Holy Land. St. Boniface was never an archbishop of Mayence (p. 78), as is generally held in consequence of an early forgery (cfr. Tangl, "Studien zur Neu- ausgabe der Bonifatius-Briefe"). "Brixia'' (p. 182) is Brescia, not Brixen (Brixina).
"Gotteshaus und Gottesdienst "
This book, by L. Soengen, S.J., is a valu- able aid for the parish priest. It treats of the cimrch and its equipment, of the celebration of divine service, in general and in particu- lar, and of the administration of the Sacra- ments. The chapters on the feasts of the year may be profitably consulted in prepar- ing ten-minute sermons on liturgical subjects. The appendix on flowers for the altar will interest the members of our altar societies. The suggestion how to prevent the oil in the sanctuary lamp from freezing will be wel- comed by the priest whose duty it is to keep tlie delicate flame burning before the Blessed Sacrament. The chapter on church bells, their construction, their preservation, their pitch, their ringing, if carried out, would constitute them a source of joy to the entire community. The hanging of canvass against church walls, in order to preserve them from
moisture, may be something new to many a worried pastor. Incidentally we wish to add that the hanging of canvass on large sur- faces of impingement, more than thirty-five feet distant from the speaker, is perhaps the most satisfactory means of elminating that disconcerting impartial coincidence of direct and reflected sound waves which is often called bad acoustics. (B. Herder Book Co.)
Books Received
The "Summa Theologica" of St. Thomas Aquinas. Literally Translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province. Sec- ond Part of the Second Part. QQ. CLXXL— CLXXXIX. vi & 321 pp. 8vo. Benziger Bros. $3 net.
Pio XI (Achille Ratti). Ricordi— Episodi— Biografia. 51 pp. i6mo. Rome: Desclee & Co. (Wrapper.)
JVenii dcr Gartner kommt. Von Margarete Windthorst. 114 pp. 8vo. M.-Gladbach: Volksvereinsverlag. M. 42.
Heimkchr. Stille Gedanken von Adolf Don- ders. 6th ed. xvi & 451 pp. i6mo. M. Glad- bach : Volksvereinsverlag. M. 37.50.
Festliche Stundeii. Programme, Vortragsge- dichte und Ratschlage fiir Vereins- und Gemeindefeste. 148 pp. i2mo. M.-Glad- bach: Volksvereinsverlag. M. 36. (Wrap- per).
Missalc Romanuin ... a Pio X Reformatum et Benedicti XV^ Auctoritate Evulgatum. i2mo edition with American Missae Pro- priae. Turin: P. Marietti. 25 fr. (Wrap- per).
Judas. A Study of Possibilities by Michael Andrew Chapman. 30 pp. l2mo. Hunting- ton, Ind. : Our Sunday Visitor Press. 15 cts., postpaid ; $3.50 per 100, plus postage. (Paper).
Dcfamers of the Church. Their Character. 15th Revised Editon. 64 pp. i2mo. Hunt- ington, Ind. : Our Sunday Visitor Press. 15 cts.. postpaid; $5 per 100, plus postage. (Paper).
The Anti-Catholic Motive. An Analysis of tlie Causes of Organized Hatred of the Catholic Church by Dominic Francis. 46 pp. i2mo. Huntington, Ind.: Our Sunday Vis- itor Press. 15 cts., postpaid; $5 per 100, plus postage. (Paper).
Erste Vercinsschrift der Gorres-GesellscJiaft zur Pflege der Wissenschaft im katholi- schen Deut.<;chland fiir 1922, containing: "Graf Joseph de Maistre und Joseph Gor- res vor hundert Jahren," by Herman v. Grauert, and "Der Tdeengehalt von Gorres' Schriften 'Teutschland und die Revolu- tion' und 'Europa und die Revolution,' by Eduard Schubert. 8g pp. 8vo. Cologne: J. P. Bachem. (Wrapper.)
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY KEVIEW
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266 THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW July 1
The work of one who has given his entire life to the study of man, animal, plant and food. In his defense of truth, of purity, he has been plaintiff or defendant in 206 libel suits — most of them brought by the richest profiteers — and won every one of them. Some of his opponents he sent to jail. He has never lost a case — oral, written or legal.
He is the best equipped man in the world to handle Darwinism, Wellsism, barn- yard materialism — Evolution.
Colleges, Acadamies and Schools the country over — many of them religious — are teaching Evolution, teaching your children that they and you are come from a gorilla.
Even ministers and "teacher-theologians" of our new Croesus-owned Christianity are chattering with the monkeys and hurling milkless nuts at a personal God and at normal God-made men and women.
When your children insistently and trustingly ask you "Who made us?'' — your answer must not be evasive, it must be truthful and you must choose for their maker either God — or a gorilla.
God- or Gorilla
By
Alfred Watterson McCann
The author of "GOD — OR GORILLA" does not argue with the popular idea of evolution, unless ripping the heart out of a thing can be called argument. He pretends to no gentleness as he shows the "intellectual" victims of scientific superstition that the very thing they profess to hate has possession of their soids.
Mr. McCann gathers facts, proofs, contradictions, and flings tliem into sorry heaps with a breathlessness characteristic of the public prosecutor. He does not criticize the prevailing conception of evolution as expressed in the monkey -man theory; he tears it to pieces. Not content with scourging the self -esteemed educators who keep tlie simian fancy boiling in a caldron of anemic erudition, he demonstrates how no part of the dogma preached by these eminent anti-dogmatists fits into any other part.
His methods are not suave, but terrifically penetrating. He is no smiling academician; no dancing master attenjpting to turn controversialist. He seizes you by the heels and drags you into places you thought you had explored, only to show you that the stuff you were taught to recognize as orthodox evolutionary science is flimsy phantasia, unsupported assertions, clumsy inconsistencies, physics without law, mathe- matics without numbers, deductions born in fraud and forgeiy.
"But I never heard of that before! " you ejaculate, as you read his bristling dis- closures. "Of course you dhln't," he retorts. "That's why you have been content to characterize the critics of evolution as ignorant fools who still believe the world to be flat, and the sky a solid dome hung with chandeliers. ' '
As that great body of mankind which professes to believe in evohitiou can- not institute for itself a comparison of the hundred follies upon which its belief is based, he has done the work for it, so that henceforth it may have no reason to offer for its stubborn adherence to a system of error about wliich the learned ignorami talk as glibly as if they knew what they were talking about.
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1^22 THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW 257
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The Fortnightly Review
VOL. XXIX, NO. 14
ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
July 15, 1922
Masonic Inconsistency
By the Rev. Herman Gruber, S. J.
In the first number of La Revista Massonica, the official organ of the Grand Orient of Italy, there ap- peared a profession of religious faith, in which that body declared : ^•Masonry is no religion because it recognizes no dogmas. . . . The formula of the Great Architect of the Universe, which is cast up to Masonry as equivocal and absurd, is in reality the most broad-mind- ed and honest affirmation of the great principle of being {essere) and may personify either the god of Giuseppe Mazzini or the Satan of Giosue Carducci, conceived as the principle of love, not of hatred, or Satan, conceived as the genius of good and not of evil." {Riv. Mass., 1909, p. 44).
In the U. S., where it was not known that the Italian Freema- sons, since 1889, had adopted Car- ducci's famous ''Hymn to Satan" as their lodge song, this declara- tion of the official organ of the Grand Orient of Italy gave rise to sinister rumors and suspicions. Br. Jacob Shryock, 33 .'. (b. 1851, d. 1918), then Grand Master of the U. S., went to Rome to make a per- sonal investigation, and at the solemn dedication of the new Ma- sonic Temple at Baltimore, Nov. 16, 1910, declared as the result of his inquiry that the Grand Orient of Italy venerated neither the Great Architect of the Universe nor the Bible, and that "there is more Masonry in the infernal regions than in Rome."
In spite of this fact, never seri- ously disputed, the Grand Lodge of the State of New York, in Octo- ber, 1921, broke w^ith the universal tradition of Anglo-Saxon Masonry by sending three delegates to the International Masonic Congress of Geneva, Oct. 19-20, 1921, which had been convoked by the Grand Lodges of Switzerland and the Netherlands, but brought about principally through the efforts of the Grand Orient of Italy, and which was completely dominated by the spirit of the openly athe- istic grand bodies of Italy, France, Belgium, and Portugal. The offi- cial presence at this congress of the Grand Lodge of New York, the most important body of its kind in the U. S., was celebrated by the said atheistic grand bodies as an event of extraordinary im- portance. It was the first time in the history of Freemasonry that an Anglo-Saxon grand lodge con- sented to sit together with frankly atheistic grand bodies in an inter- national congress. At this con- gress, on Oct. 19, Bro. Ed. Quar- tier-la-Tente, president of the In- ternational Masonic Bureau of Neuchatel (Switzerland), who since 1900, as agent of the Grand Orient of France, conducted an enormously active propaganda in favor of the revolutionary pro- gramme of the Grand Orient of France, was elected Grand Chan- cellor of the newly founded Inter- national Masonic Federation (As-
260
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
July 1
sociation Internationale Macon - nique), in which are united the fol- lowing grand bodies : the Grand Orient of France, the Grand Ori- ent of Italy, the Grand Orient of Belgium, the Grand Orient of the Netherlands, the Grand Orient of Portugal, the Grand Orient of Turkey, the Grand Lodges of New York (224,849 members) and Lou- isiana (23,008 members), the Ger- man Monistic Grand Lodge ''Zur aufgehenden Sonne," and a num- ber of others. This closer union of international Freemasonry re- gards itself as a ferment which is to regenerate the whole of Mason- ry in the sense of the Latin Ma- sonic bodies under the leadership of Italy and France.
The presence in this Federation of the Grand Lodge of New York is all the more surprising as this Lodge, through its Grand Master, Bro. Farmer, on the occasion of the Masonic peace celebration in London, in 1919 (see The Freema- son, London, July 5, 1919, p. 5), assured the Grand Lodge of Eng- land of the perpetual alliance of the Anglo-Saxon Masons scattered throughout the whole universe, and as the same Grand Master, in November, 1919, in an official "edict" forbade all lodge-inter- course with Masons and Masonic bodies that do not satisfy the Ma- sonic requirements concerning be- lief in God, the Great Architect of the Universe, and concerning the Bible, the Book of the Sacred Law. (Ihid., Nov. 29, 1919, p. 257).
Hence we are justified in put- ting to the Grand Lodge of New York, and also to the Grand Lodge of Louisiana, the question: Quo tandeyn vadisf
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— We are always ready to furnish such back numbers of the F. R. as we have in slock.
The State and the Diffusion of Poison
Under this title we read in the Month (No. 696) : The secularized State is finding itself more and more powerless to correct social abuses to which the decline of the religious ideal and the denial of religious sanctions have combined to give fuller play. Although tem- perance is a natural virtue and reason itself sets proper limits to the indulgence of natural appe- tites, reason alone, unsupported by conscience, is frequently unable to enforce observance of these limits. Therefore, the more "sec- ularized" citizens there are in the secularized State, the more strin- gent must its laws become to pre- vent excess. It would seem from recent revelations that the use of drugs like cocaine w^as on the in- crease amongst those who have thrown off the restraints of con- science, the abandoned women and the still more abandoned men who live the "fast life" of our great cities; but drugs are so easily handled that the ordinary police and excise barriers are powerless to prevent their importation.
The remedy clearly lies, so far as legislation can effect anything, in restricting the manufacture, and this remedy can only be ap- plied by international agreement.
Meanwhile, the secularized State would do well to reconsider the influence of religion, and instead 01 putting obstacles in the way of the young receiving the only sound form of moral training, that based on the law of God, Creator and Judge, foster in every way the re- ligious work of denominational schools, and prevent, in its own secular interests, not only the sale of material poisons like cocaine, but the far worse open and vicious propaganda of such filthiness as Neo-Malthusianism.
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY BEVIEW
261
The Case of Sister Anne Catherine Emmerich
By the Rev. Hubert Hartmann, S. J., Emmerich, Germany
III (Conclusion)
Dr. J. Messen, in his book, "A. K. Emmerichs Charismen mid Ge- sichte" (Treves, 1918), gives the following information with regard to the beatification process : The canonical inquiry into her life be- gan in 1892, and the case has so far taken its canonical course without encountering any serious obstacle. The assertion of Card- auns, following Oehl, that the process was already begun under Pius IX, but had to be withdrawn because of the unrealibility of the record kept by Brentano, is erro- neous.
The first step in the beatification process was to ascertain whether Sister Emmerich enjoyed a private cult. This fact was established by more than a hundred witnesses, who testified under oath that devo- tion to the venerable nun had be- gun soon after her death, that it had steadily increased and spread throughout Germany and even to foreign countries.
The second step was the exami- nation of her visions, to decide whether they contained anything against faith or morals, or whether they can be safely left in the hands of the people as a means of devo- tion. This examination took sev- eral years and concerned mainly the voluminous manuscripts of Clemens Brentano, who took down her visions. The theological cen- sor found a number of difficulties in Brentano 's manuscripts, but it is not true that the final report was unfavorable. Brentano tried to be scrupulously accurate in recording the things he had heard from the mouth of Sister Emme-
rich, but he labored under many difficulties. The Sister at times was physically exhausted and could hardly speak; then, again, she could not remember every- thing she had seen; in addition, her low-German dialect offered difficulties. The censor therefore suggested that the responsibility for the recorded visions be left to their author, Brentano, and that the MS. be withdrawn from the process, as all that was necessary to prove was that Anne Catherine really enjoyed the charism of su- pernatural vision. This was done and in 1914 the causa of the ven- erable nun was referred to as " praeclarissima" by a competent authority in Rome.
The cult of Ven. Anne Catherine is constantly increasing. About ten years ago the Augustinians purchased the house in Diilmen in wh'ich she spent her last years and in which she died. It is called ''Emmerich-Haus," and up to May, 1918, had been visited by 60,000 persons from all parts of the earth. The vox populi in West- falia unmistakbly pronounces her a Saint, raised by Divine Provi- dence for the purpose of recalling humanity to the contemplation of the life of Christ and especially His passion and death, and to con- found modern Rationalism. Lately regular meetings are periodically held, especially in Diilmen itself and in Cologne, to promote the cause of her canonization. The latest meeting of this kind is re- ported in the Kolnische VolkszeA- tung, No. 118. It was numerously attended by priests and laymen. Tn the course of the debate Prof.
262
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
July 15
Dr. Dieninglioff announced that Cardinal Schulte had submitted to the new Pope a petition asking him to hasten the process of bea- tification.
May I, in conclusion, express the hope that the Catholics of America, especially those of Ger- man descent, many of whom have derived consolation and spiritual benefit from a perusal of the Dolorous Passion as told by Sister
Emmerich, will interest them- selves in her cause ? We Catholics of Germany desire to see her raised to the altars on the 100th anniversary of her death, in 1924, and our American brethren can help us in this by adding their jjetitions to those of the Germans and by contributing to the ex- penses of the process by sending donations to the Emmerich-Haus at Diilmen i. W.
Our Industrial Dilemma
By Horace A. Frommelt
In the May issue of the Central- Blatt and Social Justice, the Rev. Dr. J. B. Culemans, who is an ardent champion of social justice, particularly through the medium of the written word, has a note- worthy article, entitled "Pleading with Labor and its Friends." Fa- ther Culemans states the case for the capitalist, and does it with no little show of reason and cogency. He has apparently run afoul of considerable difficulty in his obser- vations of present-day social and economic conditions. For, while he believes that the worker is a hopelessly enslaved individual in our industrial society, yet he can- not bring himself to believe the capitalist is entirely at fault.
There is nothing new" in this dilemma. Almost everyone who has studied the social question at all sincerely and competently — not necessarily through books — has at some time or other come to the conclusion that the so-called prob- lem of Capital and Labor is not really fundamental to our present difficulties. It might be well to make it clear that I am taking ''capital" to mean just what it means to the laborer, that is, to
the employing class. It is against the capitalist group that the labor- ers are continually pitting them- selves, in the belief that its mem- bers are the authors of the social injustice of which they find them- selves the victims.
This is a grievous error and one into which the whole Catholic social reform movement, trailing after the liberalistic — politically speaking — band, is floundering. I do not refer to the injustices in- flicted here and there upon w^ork- ers by individual employers. Both employer and employee have been guilty in this respect, and if human nature continues to be what it is, it is safe to say that there will continue occasional injustices on both sides, no matter what the economic system of the future will be.
It were a bootless task to dis- cuss these sporadic manifestations of injustice. There must be some- thing more deep-seated than this before it can be considered neces- sary to scuttle "Capital" and launch another ship in her place.
One of the striking things in the depression of the past two years was the helplessness of the aver-
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY KEVIEW
263
age employer, as regards his rela- tion to the problems of unemploy- ment, lowering wages, etc. I have known employers in the metal trades industries who seriously and conscientiously attempted to do all in their power to stave off a reduction of wages and person- nel. It was not all charity, to be sure; for they felt that the loss of men meant tremendous costs in rebuilding their organizations later, when business returned. During the past two years the majority of orders were taken at a loss in order to keep intact, as much as possible, the organization of men who had been trained and made reasonably efficient in the work in which they were engaged. In many instances, too, there was considerable "heart" in these methods ; for, as one employer put it, "I cannot see men who have been faithful to my company for a long period of years, turned ruth- lessly from a means of livelihood. ' ' The reduction in wages was staved off as long as possible, until, in fact, the loss was a matter of thousands of dollars a day. More- over, "if we reduce now," as one remarked, "that will further de- crease the purchasing power of the public, which, in turn, cannot but depress us further."
It may be that the wages paid during the ' ' good times ' ' were not in proportion to the profits made, but the discrepancy cannot account for the tremendous losses of the past two years. Again, if these large profits had not been turned to large surpluses, business squalls could not be weathered.
Here is the dilemma of the em- ployer: either he must maintain wages and employment in the face of an absolute lack of business, and in the end succumb financial-
ly, or he must reduce wages and employment, — which measures, as he realizes or should realize, di- minish the buying power of the public and, indirectly, the amount of his business.
Admitting the various abuses practiced both in "good" and "bad" times by the employers, it it difficult to see that this is an answer, or even the semblance of a cause, for the contradictory eco- nomics in which we are immersed. The purchasing power of the peo- ple never keeps pace with the increase in the productive power of industry. The employer is a part of a system which is not only constantly producing, but period- ically over-producing, glutting the markets, depressing prices, pre- cipitating panics, "hard times," and depressions. He is accused of frenzied production, but if he fails to fall in line with his competitors, he must inevitably fall out of it, and with him those for whom he provides the means of a livelihood or a near-livelihood.
"Organize, co-operate, and in- telligently restrict production," is the answer from the galleries. Yet, if this were done, — and it is not impossible, — prices would be main- tained on a relatively higher level, which, in turn, would necessarily restrict consumption or demand. Hence, no matter on which road we strike out, we finally come to the same morass.
Let any right-minded man think seriously of these problems, and he will begin to realize the utter futility of much that passes for social reform. He cannot but ar- rive at the thought that there is something before which even the hated employer must bow ; that he is the victim of a system, not so much in his personal fortune, as
264
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
July 15
ill his capacity as a director of industry, quite as much as is the laborer; that he is not the first and efficient cause of unemploy- ment, labor surplus, depression, wage reductions, etc.; that we have all been caught in the meshes of a strange, monstrous, apparent- ly contradictory economic s^^stem, which is strangling us en masse.
I have included all in the catas- trophe that must overtake us un- less this thing be righted, for while the monopolistic owners of our natural resources and our credit-power are the real weavers of the net in which w^e are en- meshed, they too will be caught in the ravelling threads of their own evil power. The ordinary em- ployer, as distinct f^-om the finan- cier and landlord (in an economic sense), is as much a victim as the laborer, though he does not, for the most part, realize it. He is kept busy in his senseless battle with labor and in the feverish excitement of doing the contradic- tory biddings of the economic Sphinx.
Let me repeat that I do not be- lieve that the employer suffers, personally, in proportion to his laborers. I am not pleading for the employer as an individual, or even as the director of a business. But I do believe that a little thought will show that if we rightly evaluate the present eco- nomic and financial system, qua system, we cannot escape the con- clusion that much of the warfare carried on between employers and employees is useless, senseless, futile, and asinine; that our pres- ent accepted methods of political reform are worse than useless; that the dilemma in which many thoughtful people constantly find themselves as regards the problem of Capital and Labor is a perfectly
reasonable and natural one. And, finally, there will come the realiza- tion that there has been very little real thought given to our economic system, which is characterized by machine production, restricted credit-power, and monopolization of our national wealth, which was obviously intended by the Creator for the use of all.
Caution in Combatting a Real Peril The London Month, edited by the Jesuit Fathers, says in a review of Msgr. Landrieux's ''L'Histoire et les Histoires dans le Bible": '"The author gives in short com- pass a masterly sketch of the gradual evolution of God's pur- pose, prefacing it with salutary warnings regarding the manner of dealing with Holy Writ in the light of modern knowledge, warn- ings which the school teachers would do well to bear in mind lest the influence of an old but ill- instructed tradition should mar their w^ork. To this part of his book, which dates from 1907 and is in its second edition, the Bishop has added another, called *Les Phariseens d 'autrefois et ceux d'aujourd'hui,' to which we can- not give the same unreserved rec- ommendation, for it seems to us to try to substantiate what is com- monly known as the 'Jewish Peril' by insufficient and unsound evi- dence. To quote as authentic that fabrication of the Russian police, known as 'The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion,' which itself was plagiarized from an at- tack on Napoleon III in 1865, is to weaken the whole of your case. There is a real peril from the secret societies, which are both anti-clerical and anti-Christian, but it is not to be combated with- out much discrimination."
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The Affair of the N. C. W. C.
The National Catholic Welfare Council has at last seen fit to pub- lish a statement regarding the decree of the S. Consistorial Con- gregation of Feb. 23rd. (F. K., Vol. XXIX, pp. 142, 157 sqq., 187, 208). This statement, attributed to Archbishop Hanna, chairman of the administrative committee, gives no hint as to the text of the decree, but confirms the informa- tion published in the F. R. (No. 10, p. 187) that the administrative council of the N. C. W. C, at a meeting held in Cleveland, early in April, "cabled the Holy Father asking that the order be not offi- cially published and that oppor- tunity be granted for a full expla- nation of the work of the Council and necessary time to fulfil its ob- ligations."
The statement further says that "the administrative committee sought and obtained the support of its fellow-members of the hier- archy for the petition," and that, "as a result. Archbishop Moeller of Cincinnati and Bishop Schrembs of Cleveland left later for Rome, where .... the question of the administration and work of the council will be settled with that justice and fairness that ever characterize the action of the Holy See."
The X. Y. World learns that, out of one hundred or more bish- ops who expressed themselves on the matter, seventy-nine requested the Holy Father to reconsider the order of dissolution. Among those who refused to sign, however, were both American cardinals, O'Connell and Dougherty.
The Hanna statement complains that assertions made in some papers created "disturbing and harmful misapprehensions by rea-
son of their inaccuracy and un- justifiable speculation." But, as the Pittsburg Observer justly re- marks (June 22), "this could have been avoided if the administrative council had kept the Catholic press informed about the order and the steps that were subsequently taken about it." We may add that the misleading statements were not published in the Catholic press, which, for the most part, kept silent, but in the secular dailies. The F. R. was one of the few Cath- olic journals that expressed them- selves quite frankly in regard to the decree of Feb. 23rd, and we published nothing that we have to retract or correct.
What ^\ill the Holy See do in regard to the matter? A World cablegram dated June 21st says that the Holy Father is taking a personal interest in the contro- versy and has entrusted its defini- tive settlement to two congrega- tions,— to that of the Consistory^ for deliberation concerning the N. C. W. C. 's financial affairs, and to that of the Council for a decision regarding the disciplinary aspect of the matter. Naturally, the en- tire work will have to be done at Rome and will take considerable time.
Our information is that the Holv See will insist on the dissolu- tion of the N. C. W. C, but will permit the administrative commit- tee to carry out the order of Feb. 23rd in its own way and time.
A handful of pine-seed will cover mountains with the majesty of green forest, and so I too will set my face to the wind and throw my handful of seed on high. — Fiona Macleod.
When men will not be reasoned out of vanity, they must be ridiculed out of it.
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July 16
A New Anti-Catholic Organization
Bigotry and persecution are the object of a new national organiza- tion, called the Great American Fraternity, behind which, accord- ing to Charles P. Sweeney (see The Nation, July 5th) are the pro- moters of the Ku Klux Klan which Mr. Sweeney studied last summer for the N. Y. World. The failure of the congressional inquiry, he says, encouraged the Klan to greater activity and open cam- paigiis. Its original anti-negro motive has been almost swallowed up in the hatred of Catholics, which has grown to such huge proportions as to surprise its pro- moters. The new organization, in defiance of official denials by the Masons and other organizations, is in full operation, the author says, on the following programme :
(1) To organize a nation-wide society composed of members of thirteen secret orders, all popularlv believed to be hostile to the Catholic Church; (2) To in- struct these in effective political anti-Catholicism; (3) To find po- litical issues, based on opposition to the Catholic Church and to Catholics, upon which all of the thirteen secret societies may unite.
' ' It is not likely, ' ' Mr. Sweeney concludes, ''that the Great Ameri- can Fraternity will actually enlist as paid members more than one- fifth or one-sixth of the member- ship of the Ku Klux and the other orders named in the schedule. But with such a nucleus it might well be expected to become a driving force in American politics, for be- hind it the promoters could rea- sonably expect to find the sym- pathy and support of the non-pay- ing, but none the less ardent, haters throughout the land. . . . AVe may expect to read from now
on of the increasing importance of religion in politics; of school teachers dismissed for their relig- ious beliefs; of workers losing their jobs for the same reason; of boycotts of merchants for the same reason; and of repetitions North, East, and West of the crimes of ignorance and prejudice which for the past twenty years have been largelv confined to the South."
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Union Labor and the Supreme Court
The Supreme Court of the U. S. has dealt to the labor unions the most serious blow they have yet received, by handing do^^^l a rul- ing that unions can be sued, and that they may be liable under cer- tain conditions for damages under the Anti-Trust Act. Making these decisions M^as not necessary in the case at hand, which hinged solely upon whether the United Mine Workers had called a certain Ar- kansas strike eight years ago. The implications of the decisions are not clear, but it is certain that they place all of the unions in a most precarious position.
MaMy unsuccessful attempts have been made in the past to change the law so that unions could be sued. The Supreme Court through its ruling has done what the legislatures refused to do.
The gravity of the situation arises from the fact that under the decision money collected by labor unions to support and carry on strikes can be tied up by lawsuits and may even be appropriated by employers. Strikes are not for- bidden, but a way is given employ- ers to keep unions from financing strikes.
One probable result of the deci- sion will be a concerted attack upon the Supreme Court. In the
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last year labor has been dealt sev- eral serious defeats at the hands of the Supreme Court, though the present decision is undoubtedly the worst defeat of all. The con- vention of the A. F. of L. lately held in Cincinnati has proposed a policy and programme of action.
Notes and Gleanings
Matthew Arnold in his famous first series of essays said : "Who ever sets himself to see things as they are, will find himself one of a very small cir- cle; but it is only by this very small circle resolutely doing its own work- that adequate ideas will ever get cur- rent at all."
Father David Barry contributes to the IrisJi Ecclesiastical Record (No. 653, pp. 514-526) a paper on "The Ethics of Journalism." He excuses the shortcomings of his essay by explaining that he had "no fundamental or system- atic treatment of the subject" for his guidance. It is too bad that the late Bishop Linsenmann's excellent treatise on the subject has been allowed to fall into desuetude.
"Une Mystique de Nos Jours," by Canon Stan. Legueu, which has lately been condemned by the S. C. of the Holy Office, exists also in an English translation, edited by Dom Bede Camm. A correspondent of the America says that the book was highly praised by the late Father Wm. Doyle, S.J., and has attained considerable popularity in English-speaking countries as a result of his enthusiastic praises, contained in his letters as published in his biography by Alfred O'Rahilly. The English edi- tion is entitled, "Sister Gertrude Mary : A Mystic of Our Own Days." The prohibition of the French original ex- tends a^so to the English translation, for canon 1396 of the Code of Canon Law says : "Books forbidden by the Apostolic See must be considered for- bidden everywhere and in every lan-
guage into which they may be trans- lated." The difference of language, as Fr. Augustine, O.S.B., explains in his Commentary (Vol. VI, p. 459), "is merely accidental. The poison is the same, although the channel may differ."
The Catholic Standard and Times, of Philadelphia (Vol. 27, No. 29), quotes from The Gideon a number of passages which show that while the well-known organization of commercial traveling men known as "Gideons," which puts bibles into hotel bedrooms and Pullman cars, does not appear to be aggressively anti-Catholic, many of its members, probably through ignorance or prejudice, hand on the hoary fable that Catholics are not allowed to read the Bible. It is to be noted, also, that the bibles distributed by the Gideons contain many mistranslations and omit several books of the canonical Old Testament. "The Gideon Bible, there- fore," says our contemporary, is not in any sense the written word of God for Catholics ; why then should it be foisted on them, and upon the general reading public ?"
In the Grail (Vol. IV, No. 2) Dom Homer H. Mott, O.S.B., calls attention to the "Societe Mabillon," a new learned society just established in Belgium for the maintenance and dif- fusion of historical knowledge, espe- cially as it bears upon monasticism. One of the immediate objects of this society is the continuation of the Revue Mabillon, which was founded in 1905, but interrupted by the war. In connec- tion with this review there are pub- lished each year two volumes, under the general tif e, "Archives de la France Monastique." The editorial programme for the latter includes a continuation, in six volumes, of the history of the ancient abbies and priories of France, a complete history, in five volumes, of the Maurist Congregation, and, finally, a collection of "Chapitres Generaux et Visites de I'Ordre de Cluny du Xllle au XVIIIe Siecle," in ten volumes. Specialists have been engaged in the
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various departments of research. Amer- ican scholars can aid this good work by enrolling as members of the Societe Mabillon. Communications should be addressed to Dom Gaston Charvin, O.S.B., Abbaye de Liguge, Chevetogne (Prov. de Namur), Belgium. -♦-•--•■■♦ Chief Justice Taft in a recent speech declared that our young men "get through college in one of three ways : Magna cum laude, cum laude, and mirabile dictu." The St. John's Record, published by St. John's University at Collegeville, Minn., quotes this bon mot and adds : "We venture to ask in how many instances the latter might be interpreted as magna cum fraude?"
Sir James Denham, in his new "Memoirs,"' publishes Cardinal How- ard's portrait on the simple provocation of having met him in Rome, of going with him to the room in which Keats died, and having heard a story from his lips: "His Holiness [Leo XHIJ was being carried to the Sistine Chapel, when he passed some angular Protest- ant spinsters, who considered it due to their religion to stand irreligiously rigid amongst that kneeling crowd. 'We have added to our statues,' was the Pope's quiet remark to an attendant prelate."
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In History: the Quarterly Journal of the [British] Historical Association (April 1922), Professor Newton offers a "historical revision" of the career of Christopher Columbus. He accepts the contention of Vignaud, that "the real genesis and purpose of Columbus's great enterprise was quite different from what he afterwards asserted. The story of a search for the Indies was invented after the new lands were dis- covered. . . . The expedition of 1492 had for its sole object the discovery of new islands in the Atlantic beyond the Cape Verde Islands. . . . Columbus himself never mentioned Asia or the Indies before his return, but always stated that he wished to search for islands which he knezv existed beyond
the Atlantic." Dr. Newton does not regard Vignaud's case as completely proved, but he says, "it does appear probable that in 1492 Columbus set out simply to discover the islands of the Antilles."
"More than others," says a Francis- can Father in reviewing Orlandi's selection of the Sermons of St. Bern- ardine of Siena in St. Anthony's Mes- senger (Vol. XXX, No. 1), "the saints of the Franciscan Order have suffered from being stupidly etherea'ized by their well-meaning but unintelligent Boswells. The Saints of God are the revealers of true spirituality, they are the magnetic personalities of religion. What a pity they are so often intro- duced to us as beings from another world, shapeless and unreal abstractions without life, without enthusiasm, with- out human souls and human nobilities ! This literature of the sacristy is abso- lutely incapable of attracting the feeble human will, of showing us the amazing vitality, vigor, beauty and, above all, the 'social value' of holiness. It is works like the present which are the most powerful argument for the tran- scendent importance of making the sources of hagiography accessible to the intelligent Catholic. 'Back to the Sources' ought to be the battle-cry of everyone attempting that most arduous of tasks: the writing, of a true life of a true saint." — With all of which the F. R. heartily agrees.
A coffin was recently found packed with bottles of whiskey, but no one claims it is the first coffin whiskev has filled.
"Action" in fiction is what appeals to readers in the milky stage. Character begins to seem interesting at about the age that one takes hesitantly to cigars. When the doctor cuts down on our meats and starches, and a digestive pill follows after-dinner coffee, then we begin to relish ideas in our fiction. And when the decline towards oM age is well under way, we welcome fiction in our ideas and think that we are still
1922
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reading narrative. Such is the progres- sion from Nick Carter to H. G. Wells.
Arthur Colton says in a review of the "O. Henry Memorial Award Prize Stories of 1921" (Doubleday, Page & Co.) in the N. Y. Literary Review. "It is perhaps doubtful whether, in any other country, a selection could be made from a year's output of short stories so varied and original in conception as can be done in this country ; but the difference would go further, and would probably be found — whether by lack of staying power, or a tradition of the tastes and shifts of the pioneer not yet overtaken by the tradition of a slowly mellowing culture — whatever the rea- son, it would be found that the work- ing out, the weaving and detail, was less adequate than elsewhere and com- paratively mediocre."
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Commenting on the so-called Palest- ine Sacrifice Bonds, w^hich the Zionists are selling for the purpose of rehabili- tating the Holy Land, and which are described as "bearing no interest in this world and only to be collected in the life hereafter," the Mt. Angel Magazine (Vol. XXni, No. 29) says: "Let us hope that the promises of the salesmen are more reliable than those of the hyper-patriotic lads who palmed off the famous Liberty Bonds on a susceptible pubHc, with the assurance that they would 'never fall below par.' Hundreds of thousands of citizens, who were compelled to sell their bonds during the past three years, have lost heavily. They may derive consolation from the news that the bonds 'are now above par' and that 'the ultimate holders' — the capitalists — 'will not lose a cent on them.' True patriotism is a virtue that vvill undoubtedly be rewarded in Heav- en, but it would considerably increase the love of the multitude for their country if the earthly rewards of that same virtue would not aU go to the rich, but be somewhat more evenly distributed among poor and rich alike."
A noteworthy feature of Franciscan tertiary activity in this country is
"Resort Different" at St. Francis Springs, about seventy miles south of San Francisco, Cal., where Catholic vacationists in need of rest and recrea- tion are offered every advantage of a first-class resort where they can recu- perate spiritually as well as bodily. Resort Different is under the direction of the Franciscan Fathers in matters spiritual, while the material end is managed by members of the Third Or- der. We need a thousand places of recreation like this one at St. Francis Springs, where city folk of limited means can go for a week or two and find good companionship, clean recrea- tion, and wholesome quiet. The F. R. cordially endorses the suggestion made hy the Franciscan Herald, that Tertia- ries the country over get together and supply this crying need.
English Catholic papers are warning the public against "Harmsworth's Uni- versal Encyclopedia," and as this refer- ence work is pretty sure to be adver- tised in this country before long, we deem it our duty to echo the warning. "Harmsworth's Universal Encyclope- dia" is honeycombed with infidelity. The article on "Jesus Christ, His Life and Work," for example, is full of offensive and blasphemous statements. Under the head of "Jesuits" is rehashed the old, old calumny that the disciples of Loyola teach that the end justifies the means. We hope Catholics will not be misled into buying such an offensive and inaccurate work, which may do great harm to the uninstructed.
Apropos of the remarks of Father P. H. Forde, quoted in No. 11 of the F. R., page 202, the Rev. Raymond Vernimont writes us from Denton, Tex. : "Father Forde is right in saying that usurers, financiers, shylocks, and money-lenders are destructive parasites on the social system. Would there were more such outspoken critics among us ! Is there no way to remove these para- sites? Why have the people the ballot? The reign of Mammon must end, else our country with many others will drift
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into slavery and barbarism. Do we prefer slavery and barbarism to Chris- tian civilization?"
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The mission to the Zuni Indians (which was abandoned towards the end of the 17th century) has been entrusted by Archbishop Daeger to the Francis- can Fathers of the Cincinnati Province, who have now about forty priests working in New Mexico and Arizona. Father Anthony Kroeger, O.F.M., who has been assigned to the Zuni mission, writes to St. Anthony's Messenger (Vol. XXX, No. 2) that he is living temporarily at Gallup, thirty-eight miles away, but visits the Zunis every week. There are about 1,800 of them, mostly baptized Catholics, and they ardent'y desire to have a resident priest. The old mission church, however, is in ruins. The Christian Reformed Church has a mission chapel and a day school at Zuiii and the Y. ^l. C. A. is actively proselytizing among the Indians.
Pearson's for June publishes a sen- sational article from the pen of Mr. tJpton Sinclair, the novelist, wherein he tells of the alleged discoveries of a San Francisco physician, Dr. Albert Abrams. Dr. Abrams's principal dis- covery is that we are practically all syphilitic in various degrees of dilution, in consequence of being vaccinated with impure lymph, and that this poison in the blood causes most of the diseases with which we are afflicted. One should suppose from this that Dr. Abrams opposes vaccination, as the F. R. has always done. But by a queer inconsistency he does not. Dr. Abrams claims to have discovered a method of desyphilizing vaccination virus and of curing all. or nearly all diseases by radioactivity, but the way Air. Sinclair and Pearson's magazine are exploiting him does not inspire confidence.
Father Lucian Johnston (Truth, Vol. XXVI, No. 6) says that the armchair philosophers, both clerical and lay, who think that the Catholic press is merely a medium for the vaporing of "intel- lectuals" or the simple piety of good
old ladies, are living in a fool's para- dise. "I venture to say," he adds, "that ideas are more lasting than churches of stone and brick, and that a fine Catholic press is sometimes of more value than the paying off of a debt. People can hear Mass in the fields or catacombs, but a fine Gothic church can eventually house an anti-Catholic con- gregation, like Westminster, when false ideas have corrupted faith — nor are centuries always required to cause the change." It is a pity that so few Cath- olics perceive these truths. Some fine day there is going to be a rude awaken- ing.
T. A. T. writes in Truth (Vol. XXVI, No. 6) that in many K. of C. clubrooms which he visited no reading matter was available except some be- draggled copies of the Saturday Eve- ning Post, Life, or other magazines noted for their anti-CathoHc proclivi- ties, or at least purely secular in tone and tendency. In others, Catholic reading matter was available, but ap- parently neglected by the members, who showed themselves inexcusably ignorant of Catholic questions and af- fairs. The writer, who is himself a K. of C, says : "Too few of our mem- bers are able to enter into an intelligent discussion on the Church in its attitude towards Protestantism, Socialism, or other mass movements. There is too much leaning towards the secular and towards indifference." There can be no doubt that the Knights of Columbus, as a body, and a very large number of individual members, grievously neglect their duty towards the Catholic press. We should not emphasize this neglect, which is charged also against other Catholic societies, or societies of Cath- olics, were it not for the fact that the K. of C. pose as "the premier lay or- ganization of Catholics .in the country" and as "the creme de la creme of American Catholicity."
Mr. Evon Z. Vogt, in El Palacio (Vol. XII, No. 12) gives a good account of the "El Morro National Monument," of which he is the custo-
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dian. This government reservation, comprising 240 acres in Western New Mexico, is considered by some "the most historical spot in America." On the smooth sandstone surfaces of what is known as "Inscription Rock" are the "escrituras" of five of the early Spanish governors of New Mexico, as well as many inscriptions of intrepid padres and soldiers who were among the first Europeans to visit this part of the world. Mr. Vogt has carefully copied all these inscriptions on the great bluff and they are printed in his article. The National Park Service, which has charge of this reserve, is now trying to devise a means for permanently protecting these valuable historical in- scriptions. Besides the Spanish inscrip- tions there are hundreds of Indian glyphs, which were carved on the rock many years before the Spaniards came. Some scholars think that these picto- graphs may be deciphered, while others believe that the bear, turkey tracks, male and female figures, etc., are mere- ly the symbols of various clans of Pueblo Indians. The El Morro National Monument is fifty miles from Gallup, N. Mex., and can be reached from there by automobile. It is well worth
a visit.
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A papal motu proprio transfers the seat of the Society for the Propagation of the Faith from France to Rome and entrusts the supreme direction of the work of the Society to the Secretary of the S. Congregation of the Propaganda. The superior council will in future be composed of the presidents of the dif- ferent national councils. France will have the right to two seats in the superior council, and one of the French members will be ex officio vice-presi- dent. This measure will strengthen the confidence of the faithful in the Society and, we have no doubt, inaugurate a new era in its history. The Society for the- Propagation of the Faith is now in every sense of the word a truly Cath- olic organization.
A correspondent of the London Times writes of Pope Pius XI : *Tn
his study there is a large writing table with a crucifix. No books or reviews are to be seen. Generally His Holiness writes in the library on the second floor, and when he takes reviews or books from there into the private apart- ment, after he has finished with them he brings them back himself to their places wath the methodical care of an old librarian. He does not like to see anything on his writing table, and on every hand there is evidence of his love for tidiness and order." The principle of the clear table might well be adopted by all of us, with great advantage both to ourselves and to our work. Litter means muddle, and muddle means in- efficiency.
We see from the Postseitimg, of Augsburg (No. 135), that the Bavarian Congregation of the Order of St. Ben- edict has obtained permission from the Holy See to receive into its pale, in addition to Fathers and lay Brothers, so-called Choir Brothers (Chorfratres), who are trained together with the cler- ical novices and take simple vows after one and perpetual vows after the lapse of three years. They do not receive holy orders or chapter rights, but participate in the common prayers of the monks and form a sort of middle class between the Fathers and the lay Brothers. The object of this innova- tion is to give cultured Catholic laymen who have no vocation either for the
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July 15
priesthood or for the lay brotherhood a chance to devote themselves to the religious life. Besides these Choir Brothers the Bavarian Congregation will receive laymen or priests as "Ob- lates," as heretofore. These Oblates take no vows and may leave the mon- astery at any time if they wish. Their temporal affairs are regulated by mutu- al agreement between themselves and the community.
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A million dollar "drive'' is being conducted in Illinois for a Catholic college to be erected in connection with the State University. The Western JVatclmian, while admitting that some- thing should be done to provide for the Catholic students who are drawn to the State universities either through the carelessness of their parents or because certain technical courses cannot be ob- tained in Catholic institutions of learn- ing, objects to the proposed plan, w^hich, it thinks, cannot be carried out without harming Catholic education. "Catholic education," says our contem- porary (Sunday ed., Vol. 57, No. 12), "is going to be harmed by staging a public drive for funds and by publish- ing statistics likely to give ill-instructed Catholics the impression that a State university is the only place for any kind of education. Let a few societies raise the necessary funds in a quiet way, — a million dollars seems excessive, — and let the impression be sent forth that a Catholic student has no business going to any but a Catholic college or university for a liberal arts course or the ordinary professional courses." -•-.•-■•--•-
The Watchman is entirely right. Un- less we entrust our boys and girls to schools and colleges which recognize God's prior claims upon his children, they wall be lost to the faith and, con- sequently, miss their final destiny. We have many such institutions at present ; but how long shall we be able to main- tain them? "From the parish school to the tmiversity," writes Father P. L. Blakely, S.J.. in the America (Vol. 27, No. 9), our educational institutions "are in danger," first, "from "the civil
power, with its lust for encroachment in the field of education," and, second- ly and worst of all, from "the indiffer- ence of Catholics to the importance of education and to the needs of those brave men and women who labor year in and year out to keep alight the lamp of learning and the fame that brightens the path of the young generation to God." That Illinois drive is one of the greatest dangers that have yet arisen to Catholic education in America, and we sincerely hope it will fail. ,~^^,^
Correspondence
More ''Beastly" Arithmetic
To the Editor: —
Reading "Beastly" Arithmetic in No. 13 of the F. R. reminds me of another "Beast of Revelations" — Mar- tin Luther, who in a book I read years ago is called from the country of his birth, in Greek, "Saxoneios." If we give these letters their numerical values we get 666. Hence another "incontro- vertible argument" !
(Rev.) James Walcher St. Cloud, Minn.
For a Negro Priesthood
To the Editor : —
Father Ph. L. Keller, the Negro Apostle, is highly honored in No. 12 of the F. R. This apostolic missionary is at last receiving his due. Few were wath him, when he began to walk to the top of Calvary twenty-five years ago. More should be with him to-day and help him in the unpopular but noble cause he has espoused. He is now mak- ing an appeal for more negro priests. Will that appeal be heard? Does God bar the negro brother from the altar.
The F. R. and some other Catholic papers and magazines are valiantly agi- tating the cause of a colored priesthood for the negro missions. Father Keller and the Fathers of the Divine Word are pioneers in this movement. God bless all those who are working for more negro priests !
(Rev.) Raymond Vernimont
Denton, Tex.
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Forty Years of Missionary Life in Arkansas
By the Rev. John Eugene Weibel, V.F. (36th Installment)
The weather continued beautiful, but ex- tremely hot. Saturday, September 22nd, we landed at Almeria. a Spanish city with a good port. It is the seat of a bishop. Its first bishop is said to have been a disciple of the Apostles. Here they loaded grapes o-i our steamer. We went to the cathedral. It is a beautiful building with a cupola, two towers and many altars. The canons are dressed in red, like cardinals, with the exception of a small green tassel sticking out from the red birretta like a bunch of radish leaves. The surplices worn by the priests and acolytes have no sleeves, but wings in- stead, as I have seen them also in France, Switzerland, and Belgium. The choir for the canons was in the center of the church, somewhat elevated and walled in, just like a church inside a church. On both ends of the cathedral were altars, so that an ignorant Swiss could not tell which was meant to be the front and which the rear. Another fine church which we visited was that of the Dominicans. I do not think that many strangers visit this city; a whole crowd of boys and men followed us through the town as if we were a circus. The boys laughed at my gold-filled teeth. One remarked, he thought a man who kept so much gold in liis mouth had probably very little else of value in his head. Most people in Almeria have sore, red eyes, and many are blind. It is sad to see healthy looking, handsome young men and women blear-eyed.
I never saw such an abundance of beauti- ful grapes as here. For two cents you could get a basketful of grapes, pomegranates, peaches, etc. I tried to get a German book for Mr. Wigger, who had nothing to read. I went into a number of stores, but nowhere did they have any German books or papers. How thankful we Swiss should be that we learn not only to read and write our mother-tongue, but are given every oppor- tunity to acquire also the principal foreign languages !
On Sunday we passed Gibraltar. One morning I found at the door of some cabins written in Italian: "Death to the priests!" Repeatedly I found groups of Italians sitting together, talking about the Church, cursing the priests, and expressing a wish that they liad a government like that of France. They published on the steamer a paper called Pnpa^olln, of the Asiyio type.
I think if the Italians were not taxed so ■heavily, and if property w^s more equally divided, so that every industrious family could acquire a little home, they would be the happiest and most contented people in lhe world. Every evening after work, twenty
or thirty sailors sat together singing songs, and they seemed very happy and friendly.
On the 26th of September we came in sight of the Azores. We landed at Ponta Delgada on the island Sao Miguel. The climate here is delightful and the volcanic soil very rich and fertile. The wonderful climate produces all kinds of crops. The houses are generally red or white and contrast very pleasantly with the fresh green of the gardens. The fields and mountains look green and the parks and gardens, with their tropical plants, are beautiful beyond description. I saw magnolia trees as big as our tallest oaks. The city of Ponta Delgada is so clean that you could imagine you were in Holland. A fellow-traveler from South Africa told me that the Portuguese towns in South Africa are just as clean. The ladies are, it seems, all dressed in black and heavily veiled like nuns. Everywhere you behold four-armed windmills as in Holland. It seems rather strange that the Portuguese should be so very clean, which cannot be said of the Spaniards and Italians.
About 200 young men from the Azores took passage with us in Ponta Delgada. They were all neatly dressed and clean. We found also the churches were clean and a total absence of beggars.
(To be continued)
Three classics on the Third Order
The Great Reform
An English translation of the encyclicals of Leo XIII and Benedict XV with marginal notes. The encyclical of Leo XIII embodies the full text of the Third Order Rule and the privileges of the Order.
36 pages — Price 15 cents
1433
West SIst St.
Chicago. III.
274
THE FOBTNIGHTLY REVIEW
July 15
Literary Briefs
A Story About School-Boys
"The Knight's Promise", by A. E. Whit- tington (P. J. Kenedy & Sons), is a story about school-boys, with all that one could desire in the way cf sports and adventures. Incidentally the English organization known as the Knights of the Blessed Sacrament is described and its purpose explained. The book would interest boys up to the age of twelve or thirteen.
The Missale Romanum in 12mo.
Marietti's "Missale Romanum" can now be had in what the publisher calls a 24mo, but what according to American notions is a small i2mo edition, printed, like the larger ones, in legible black type, on thin India paper, in every way complete and supplied with an appendix containing the Missae Propriae for the United States. Any priest needing a small, cheap edition of the "Mis- sale" will do well to examine the merits of this one. (Turin: Pietro Marietti).
The Capuchin Lay-Brother
In a little pamphlet bearing this title, Fr. Theodosius, O. M. Cap., escorts the reader in spirit through a Capuchin monastery, shows him how a lay-brother of the Order works and rests, lives and dies. The object is to stir up in the hearts of some young readers the holy ambition of embracing this life, "hidden with Christ in God." The book- let is neatly printed and illustrated. Copies may be had from the V. Rev. Provincial, O. M. Cap., 1740 Mt. Elliott Ave., Detroit, Mich. A Book for Girls
Under the title, "Gildersleeves" (B. Her- der Book Co.), E. M. Wilmot-Buxton has written an interesting novel of school-life. "Gildersleeves" is a typical girl's book by an able Catholic vvriter. The heroine. Miss Alison, is the daughter of a Protestant minister, and a graduate of the Secondary Teachers" Training College. She receives a position at the Gildersleeves School and there meets the "Boy," also a teacher, whom she tries to avoid. After a while they become fast friends. The story is told in an easy style and will be appreciated by Catholic girls. "Moral Problems in Hospital Practice"
Father P. A. Finney, C. M., of the Uni- versity of Dallas, has prepared a manual of 208 pages under the above title. It is in- tended chiefly for hospital Sisters. The
book consists of two parts. The first em- bodies an effort to cover a wide field of operations and kindred medical cases in the simple form of questions and answers, while the second states the principles upon which the answers are based. The manual will prove useful not only to Sisters engaged in hospital work, but likewise to Catholic physicians and lay nurses. The author is a little too radical on the question of "twi- light sleep" parturition. There is a useful medical vocabulary at the end, and a good alphabetical index. (B. Herder Book Co.) Teaching Literature
"Teaching the Drama and the Essay," by Brother Leo, of the Brothers of the Christian Schools, is a little book made up of talks to tea::hers and of papers that originally appeared in the Catholic School Journal. The author advocates the vital, as opposed to the purely formal or merely esthetic, appreciation of literature, and in the concluding chapter lays down "some prirciples in the teaching of literature" l!;at are often lost sight of, for instance : "Great books should be read indefinitely," "True cnticism is mainly appreciative," "The .su- preme excellency [of style] is simplicity," etc. Brother Leo is a worthy successor to the talented Brother Azarias, and this little work proves that the noble Azarian tradi- tion has not yet died out amongst the Brother:? of the Christian Schools. (Schwartz, Kirvvin & Fauss).
"The Church in England"
Under this title, Fr. Geo. Stebbing, C. SS. R., author of the "Story of the Catholic Church," has written, along similar lines, a lirief account of the fortunes of that Church in Ertgland, from the earliest times to the present day. He has gathered together information not easily accessible to the gen- neral reader, and has presented this in- formation as one continuous whole, in a readable style, with appropriate side titles and a number of helpful tables, indices, and bibliographical data. The book has been criticized as unfair to Ireland, but the charge strikes us as unfounded. The author evidently tries to be fair and just to every- body and has condensed a vast amount of information into 620 compact pages. (B. Herder Book Co.). Life of St. John Berchmans
Several interesting attempts have been made of late years to present the "human" side of the Saints, and, in almost every case has the picture gained in distinctness and
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
275
found greater favor among readers. To this desire of bringing the Saints "closer to us" we owe the latest two lives of St. John Berchmans. The recent tercentenary of the Saint's death lends special significance to the biographies. In Fr. Hippolyte Delehaye's, SJ., sketch ("St. John Berchmans," tr. by H. C. Semple, S.J. ; Benziger Bros.), we have the work of a master biographer who can write on a theme in his favorite field even without the aid of the vast equipment generally gathered by one who wants to set forth an * authentic account of a famous character. For Fr. Delehaye wrote the first sketch of his biography "in the prison of
St. Giles (Brussels) during the war
almost without any aid of books, amid the grave cares which such a situation en- tailed." Yet in seven short chapters he gives a remarkably lucid, though compressed, ac- count of the life of the Saint of Brabant, and of the secret of his sanctity. The in- troduction contains reflections which no biographer of the sainted youth can afford to overlook. To those who want a sane, readable story of the Saint we say: "Tolle, lege!" In Fr. James Daly's "St. John Berch- mans, The Story of the Saint of Innocence" (P. J. Kenedy & Sons), there is more in- sistence on details which at first flash seem to be forbidding traits in the life of the Saint. But they turn out to be the legitimate: results of John's high ideals of true saint- hood, and, on deeper study, make him more worthy of our esteem. Instead of entering into minute and uninteresting details, Fr. Daly interprets Jolm's simple story with a skill and insight that are charming. No young man can read it without being cap- tivated and feeling himself more of a man. The book will be appreciated by those with- out as well as within the cloister.
Books Received
Prayers at Mass for School Children. Ar- ranged by Rev. E. P. Graham, hU D. 5th Edition, :}2 pp. in prayerbook form. Canton, O. : St. Joseph's Church.
The Rockefeller Foundation. A Review for 1921. By George E. Vincent, President of the Foundation. 50 pp. 8 vo. New York: The Rockefeller Foundation.
Good English. A Practical Manual of Cor- rect Speaking and Writing by John L. Haney, Ph.D. Revised Edition, xi & 244 p. i2mo. Philadelphia: Peter Reilly.
Christian Science and the Catholic Faith. Including a Brief Account of New Thought and Other Modern Mental Healing Move- ments. By A. M. Bellwald, S.M., S.T.L., Marist College, Washington, D. C. xvi & 269 pp. 8vo. The Macmillan Co. $2.50 net.
Toiirscher's Christian Classics. Four fasci- cles comprising the following treatises by St. Augustine: {i) De Beata Vita, 39 PP-;
(2) Soliloqiiiorum Libri Duo, 72 pp. ;
(3) De Immortalitate Animae, 43 pp.;
(4) De Magistro, 56 pp. AH adapted for school use and issued in substantial paste- board wrappers. Philadelphia: Peter Reilly.
The Catholic University of America Studies in American Church History. Vol. I: Etat de I'Eglise Catholique ou Diocese des Etats-Unis de I'Amerique Septentrionale par Jean Dilhct. Translated and Anno- tated by Rev. Patrick W. Browne, xxii & 261 pp. — Vol. II: Thomas Cormvaleys, Commissioner and Counsellor of Mary- land. By George B. Stratemeier, O.P. x & 140 pp. — Vol. Ill : The Society for the Propagation of the Faith, its Foundation, Organization, and Success (188-199). By Edw. J. Hickey, S.T.B., M.B.A. x & 196 pp. _ Vol. I V : The Catholic Hierarchy of the United States {1790-1922). By John Hugh O'Donnell, C.S.C. xiv & 223 pp. All in paper covers, published by the Catholic University of America, Washing- ton, D. C.
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276
THE FORTNIGHTLY BEVIEW
July IB
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The Fortnightly Review
VOL. XXIX, NO. 15
ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
August 1, 1922
International
Mr. Leon M. Abbott, Sovereign Grand Commander of the Supreme Council of the 33rd Degree, An- cient and Accepted Scottish Rite, Northern Masonic Jurisdiction of the U. S., left Boston on May 3rd at the head of a delegation from the Supreme Council to the Inter- national Conference of Supreme Councils of the World, at Laus- anne, Switzerland, May 29 ff. In a letter written by him to the Christian Science Monitor, of Bos- ton, and published in that paper's issue of July 10th, Mr. Abbott gives a short account of the jour- ney and the Conference.
The delegation first went to Edinburgh, where they had "an informal conference" with the Supreme Council of Scotland, at which "various matters of Ma- sonic _ interest were discussed. ' ' Mr. Abbott does not say what these matters were.
From Scotland the delegation went directly to London, where a conference was held with the Su- preme Councils of England, Ire- land, and Scotland, at which con- ference the Southern Jurisdiction of the A. & A. S. E. of the U. S. was also represented. "At this conference," Mr. Abbott tells us, "matters of Masonic and world interest were discussed and the most cordial and friendly relations were manifest. . . . While the Su- preme Councils of England, Scot- land, and Ireland will not be rep- resented at the conference to be held at Lausanne," he adds (this
Freemasonry
part of the letter was evidently written before that conference), "they are in hearty s^nnpathy with us and the ideas and ideals for which we stand. ' '
The "International Conference of Supreme Councils of the World" was called to order at Lausanne on May 29, by 111. Bro. Albert Junod, 33rd degree, Sover- eign Grand Commander of Switz- erland. The official languages of the conference were French and English. There were about 75 de- legates present, representing 22 countries or jurisdictions. "Vari- ous committees were appointed and many matters of Masonic in- terest were discussed and passed upon." Again we are not told what these matters were. An inter- esting part of the proceedings was the reading, by Mr. Abbott him- self, of a letter addressed to him, under date of May 2, by President Harding. It is as follows :
"I am writing to express to you and your fellow delegates who will repre- sent the Supreme Council of the Northern Jurisdiction at the Inter- national Conference of Supreme Coun- cils of the World, at Lausanne, a few weeks hence, my deep interest in the mission on which you are going abroad. I understand that you will meet representatives of most of the Supreme Councils of the world, and I feel that the acquaintance and asso- ciation is certain to be productive of increased cordiality and understand- ing in the relations among nations. Your noble organization has tradition- ally stood for the best of human ideals
278
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
August 1
and aspirations, and it is not too much, I think, to hope that its in- fluence may be potent in behalf of peace and the wider acceptances of the splendid principles to which Masonry has always been devoted."
The following cablegram in reply, signed by M. Junod, was sent to President Harding :
"Conference of Supreme Councils of Scottish Rite Masons of world sends fraternal greetings and hearty appre- ciation for your inspiring message."
One of the really commendable
things the Lausanne Conference did, and which Mr. Abbott reports in detail, is to adopt a resolution pledging the delegates *'to use every lawful and legitimate effort and influence within their power to establish universal and perma- nent peace among nations," though how this pledge is to be reconciled with the notorious activity of Freemasons in bring- ing on the AVorld War, is hard to understand.
Limpias and the Science of Apologetics
Msgr. Arnold Rademacher, D.D., professor in the University of Bonn, in No. 314 of the Theologi- sche Revile (col. QQ f.) reviews the second edition of the late Prof. C. Isenkrahe 's ' ' Experimental-Theo- logie," with special reference to the author's treatment of the Limpias problem (see F. R., XXIX, 8, 137 ff.)
*'It is with repugnance," he says, ''that the apologist tackles such topics as the Limpias prod- igy. What saddens him is not so much the rampant credulity in regard to extraordinary phenom- ena, but still more the observation that religious interest to-day, as in the past, is deflected to that which is non-essential and external, sen- sational and emotional in religion. Isenkrahe attributes greater im- portance to miracles in their rela- tion to the faith than the theolo- gian can concede. He quotes, ap- parently with approval, the words of a correspondent: 'What a powerful argument would we have in the Christ statue at Limpias to prove the reality of the supernat- ural, if the reported phenomena were demonstrated so as to ex- clude all reasonable doubt!' I reply that the science of apologet-
ics would be deserving of pity if it had to depend on such argu- ments. Miracles have not the im- portance here attributed to them
Isenkrahe 's gentle reproach to the apologists that "they should have long since attacked the prob- lem and ascertained the facts, so far as this was possible by the superabundant means furnished by modern science, ' ' his complaint about the obvious "failure of a mere book-apologetic" in our un- believing age, and his demand of an "Apologetik der Tat," i. e., one which goes to the bottom of all alleged miracles and supernatural manifestations, — show that he is favorably inclined towards mira- cles and would like to see them well established, contrary to the belief of some who have accused him of a want of faith and of a desire to recall apologetics from the wrong and put it back on the right track. But it must be ad- mitted that his criticism shoots beyond the mark. The science of apologetics has quite other things to worry about ; it does not depend for the attainment of its end on accidental historical events, or the knowledge of them, but is charged
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
279
with demonstrating the internal justification and worth of Chris- tianity. So long, of course, as miracles play the exaggerated role they do in popular piety (and apologetics), scientists are per- fectly justified in demanding stringent arguments for them. ' '
Isenkrahe "justly deems it strange that Baron von Kleist, in his widely read book on Limpias, throws out mysterious hints re- garding still other things which some witnesses claim to have seen, or words of Christ which cannot yet be made public. These hints serve to vitiate still more the un- healthy atmosphere with which the reader is surrounded. Where a miracle is to be sought cannot remain doubtful to the psycholo- gist when he learns that the phe- nomena at Limpias, while seen by some, remain invisible to the majority of those present. . . . Isenkrahe at once raises the ques- tion whether the supernatural power believed to be at work there makes a selection also among photographic plates, or influences them all alike, and demands that the subjective element be elimi- nated by substituting the photo- graphic plate for the eye. We on our part prefer the attitude of King St.Louis, who, when told that the Infant Jesus could be seen bodily in a neighboring church, is said to have declared: 'I shall not go; let those whose faith is weak run to see the miracle.' There is a sort of childishness in the mental process of those who, as Cicero says, are persuaded that 'no vitas magis quam magnitudo rerum de- beat ad exquirendam causa s exci- tare.' (De Nat. Deor., II. 37)."
— -^H.-.^
— Piety may be called the art of right growing.
K. of C. Fraternizing with Freemasons The Boonville, N. Y., Council of the Knights of Columbus sent a beautiful floral offering for the dedication of the new Masonic temple of Boonville Lodge Xo. 165 the other day. Most Worshipful Arthur S. Tompkins, Grand Mas- ter of Masons in the State of New York, in acknowledging the gift, said in an address made at the dedication exercises, as reported in the Utica Daily Press, June 27 : "There is nothing antagonistic in Masonry to the Knights of Colum- bus, and nothing in the Knights of Columbus antagonistic to Ma- sonry. We are all working toward the same ends."
If the latter portion of this statement were true, savs the Buf- falo Echo (A^ol. VIII, No. 24), the K. of C. of Boonville would be apostates from the Church, which emphatically condemns Freema- sonry as a sect. Of course, the statement is as untrue in its sec- ond part as it is in its first. The Knights of Columbus, as an organ- ization of supposedly loyal Cath- olics, must be and is opposed to Freemasonry, just as Freemason- ry, being a religious sect, must be and is opposed to the Catholic Church. If floral and other gifts tend to obscure this antagonism in the eyes of Catholics, the prac- tice of making them should be dis- continued. No loyal Catholic can 'work towards the same ends' with Freemasonry.
,^,^s>^^
By what he omits the master of style is known. — Schiller.
No man can make a habit in a mo- ment or break it in a moment. It is a matter of development, of growth. But at any moment one may begin to make or begin to break any habit. — IVilliavn G. Jordan.
278
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
August 1
and aspirations, and it is not too much, I think, to hope that its in- fluence may be potent in behalf of peace and the wider acceptances of the splendid principles to which Masonry has always been devoted."
The following cablegram in reply, signed by M. Junod, was sent to President Harding :
"Conference of Supreme Councils of Scottish Rite Masons of world sends fraternal greetings and hearty appre- ciation for your inspiring message."
One of the really connnendable
things the Lausanne Conference did, and which Mr. Abbott reports in detail, is to adopt a resolution pledging the delegates "to use every lawful and legitimate effort and influence within their power to establish universal and perma- nent peace among nations," though how this pledge is to be reconciled with the notorious activity of Freemasons in bring- ing on the World War, is hard to understand.
Limpias and the Science of Apologetics
Msgr. Arnold Rademacher, D.D., professor in the University of Bonn, in No. 314 of the Tlieologi- sche Revue (col. 66 f.) reviews the second edition of the late Prof. C. Isenkrahe 's ' ' Experimental-Theo- logie," with special reference to the author's treatment of the Limpias problem (see F. R., XXIX, 8, L37 ff.)
*'It is with repugnance," he says, "that the apologist tackles such topics as the Limpias prod- igy. Wliat saddens him is not so much the rampant credulity in regard to extraordinary phenom- ena, but still more the observation that religious interest to-day, as in the past, is deflected to that w^hich is non-essential and external, sen- sational and emotional in religion. Isenkrahe attributes greater im- portance to miracles in their rela- tion to the faith than the theolo- gian can concede. He quotes, ap- parently with approval, the words of a correspondent: 'What a powerful argument would we have in the Christ statue at Limpias to prove the reality of the supernat- ural, if the reported phenomena were demonstrated so as to ex- clude all reasonable doubt!' I reply that the science of apologet-
ics would be deserving of pity if it had to depend on such argu- ments. Miracles have not the im- portance here attributed to them
Isenkrahe 's gentle reproach to the apologists that "they should have long since attacked the prob- lem and ascertained the facts, so far as this was possible by the superabundant means furnished by modern science, ' ' his complaint about the obvious "failure of a mere book-apologetic" in our un- believing age, and his demand of an "Apologetik der Tat," i. e., one w^hich goes to the bottom of all alleged miracles and supernatural manifestations, — show that he is favorably inclined towards mira- cles and would like to see them well established, contrary to the belief of some who have accused him of a want of faith and of a desire to recall apologetics from the wrong and put it back on the right track. But it must be ad- mitted that his criticism shoots beyond the mark. The science of apologetics has quite other things to worry about ; it does not depend for the attainment of its end on accidental historical events, or the knowledge of them, but is charged
I
hpst 1
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
:i7y
with demonstrating the internal justification and worth of Chris- tianity. So long, of course, as miracles play the exaggerated role they do in popular piety (and apologetics), scientists are per- fectly justified in demanding stringent arguments for them."
Isenkrahe "justly deems it strange that Baron von Kleist, in his widely read book on Limpias, throws out mysterious hints re- garding still other things which some witnesses claim to have seen, or words of Christ which cannot yet be made public. These hints serve to vitiate still more the un- healthy atmosphere with which the reader is surrounded. Where a miracle is to be sought cannot remain doubtful to the psycholo- gist when he learns that the phe- nomena at Limpias, while seen by some, remain invisible to the majority of those present. . . . Isenkrahe at once raises the ques- tion whether the supernatural power believed to be at work there makes a selection also among photographic plates, or influences them all alike, and demands that the subjective element be elimi- nated by substituting the photo- graphic plate for the eye. We on our part prefer the attitude of King St.Louis, who, when told that the Infant Jesus could be seen bodily in a neighboring church, is said to have declared : ' I shall not go; let those whose faith is weak run to see the miracle.' There is a sort of childishness in the mental process of those who, as Cicero says, are persuaded that 'novitas magis quam magnitudo rerum de- beat ad exquirendam causas exci- tare.' (De Nat. Deor., II. 37)."
— Piety may be called the art of right growing.
K. of C. Fraternizing with Freemasons
The Boonville, N. Y., Council of the Knights of Columbus sent a beautiful floral offering for the dedication of the new Masonic temple of Boonville Lodge No. 165 the other day. Most W^orshipful Arthur S. Tompkins, Grand Mas- ter of Masons in the State of New York, in acknowledging the gift, said in an address made at the dedication exercises, as reported in the Utica Daily Press, June 27 : "There is nothing antagonistic in Masonry to the Knights of Colum- bus, and nothing in the Knights of Columbus antagonistic to Ma- sonry. We are all working toward the same ends."
If the latter portion of this statement were true, says the Buf- falo Echo (Vol. VIII, No. 24), the K. of C. of Boonville would be apostates from the Church, which emphatically condemns Freema- sonry as a sect. Of course, the statement is as untrue in its sec- ond part as it is in its first. The Knights of Columbus, as an organ- ization of supposedly loyal Cath- olics, must be and is opposed to Freemasonry, just as Freemason- ry, being a religious sect, must be and is opposed to the Catholic Church. If floral and other gifts tend to obscure this antagonism in the eyes of Catholics, the prac- tice of making them should be dis- continued. No loyal Catholic can 'work towards the same ends' with Freemasonry.
.^,^$>-*^
By what he omits the master of style is known. — Schiller.
No man can make a habit in a mo- ment or break it in a moment. It is a matter of development, of growth. But at any moment one may begin to make or begin to break any habit. — IVilliam G. Jordati.
280
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
August 1
Father Husslein's Mistake Dr. Edwin Auweiler, 0. F. M., who reviews Father Husslein's "Work, Wealth, and Wages" in >S'^. Anthony's Messenger (Vol. XXX, Xo. 2), agrees with our * ' Catholic Laboringman ' ' and other critics that the book is wo- fully inadequate. The author, he says, addresses "a full-grow^l giant as if he were a naughty and ignorant schoolboy. ' '
"We wonder," says Fr. Edwin, "whether our Catholic authors are really aware and take into con- sideration the exceedingly thor- ough, though often insidious train- ing in economics purveyed to the workingman through his own or- gans, particularly to the foreign element, in its respective language press. It is exactly this assump- tion of ignorance among our labor population, this air of bland, magisterial superiority which fills so many of our Catholic workers and farmers with distrust and dis- gust towards their own priests, as soon as they assume the office of experts on the economic problems of the day. Little good can and will be done by indiscriminate invectives against Socialism and Bolshevism.
"One fundamental mistake lies in the attitude assumed towards Capitalism. It is on the shoulders of a brutal, paganized, entirely de- Christianized Capitalism that the blame for the present-day social evils is to be laid sternly and un- compromisingly. The excesses of labor are merely the natural reac- tion. It will not do to distribute this guilt timidly and cowardly over the irhole social structure, shifting whatever preponderance of crime there may exist on to the masses instead of the classes. But
this is exactly the impression one gains from reading [Fr. Huss- lein's] book. The rights of Capital, of wealth; the sacrosanctity of private property seems to us un- duly stressed ; inadequate condem- nation is meted out to the outrages against the modern wage slave that crv to Heaven."
A Simple Statement of the "Sex Problem"
In a notice of Mr. Kenneth In- gram's "Outline of Sexual Moral- ity," which tries to uphold the "Catholic" view by arguments taken from the psycho-analysts, v. ho, "with all their acuteness of observation and accumulation of instances, have not really prog- ressed beyond the old diagnosis announced bv St. Paul," the Month says (Xo. 696) :
"The sex-problem is fundamen- tally simple. The propagation of the race is secured by the working of a God-given instinct, which can be lawfully employed only for the purpose for which it is given, and in the God-ordained condition of matrimony. Hence, outside such purpose and occasion, it should be held in restraint or, if you like, sublimated. This is the real Cath- olic view, elaborated in many a moral treatise, and excellentl}* presented in such books as the late I'ather T. Gerrard's 'Marriage and Parenthood ' and ' The Church and Eugenics.' However, within his limits, conscious and uncon- scious, [Mr. Ingram) is o?i the side of the angels, and though he ex- cludes the deepest and strongest motive from sex-education, that drawn from religion, his book is a welcome contrast to the many immoral treatises nowadays put forth in the name of Eugenics."
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1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
281
A World War Scandal
President Harding's demand that the AHen Property Custodian shall take steps to secure the re- turn of German patents purchased by the American Chemical Foun- dation from the Alien Property Custodian is a belated step in pur- suit of the war profiteers. Among the major scandals of the war the conduct of the office of Alien Prop- erty Custodian by A. Mitchell Palmer and Francis P. Garvan must be accounted the worst. A review of their behavior by a com- petent legal authority was pub- lished in The New Republic for September 21, 1921. Not only did their proceedings involve the seiz- ure of private property in defiance of the law of nations, of specific treaties, and of the tradition of the United States, but the illicit enrichment of individuals. Such concerns as the Bosch Magneto and the Bayer Company were turned over to private profiteers at a fraction of their real value. But the most monstrous of such transactions was the sale of 4700 German patents, one of them ad- mittedly worth $10,000,000, by Mr. Garvan for $250,000 to a group of five men headed by himself.
Referring to the President's recent letter to Mr. Garvan 's suc- cessor, the same journal says (No. 397) : "Irony is not a sufiicient punishment for those Avho were guilty of the meanest of all crimes and the basest of all treacheries known in war. Mr. Garvan defends his proceeding on the ground that the control of German patents is necessary to the development of the American dye industry and the manufacture of munitions. James Russell Lowell once point- ed out that our desire for light does not constitute a right to
steal our neighbor's candles. Mr. Garvan protests that he never re- ceived a cent of salary or profit from the Chemical Foundation, but he admits that the Duponts have invested $15,000,000 in plants and research for the development of certain of the patents. Does Job fear God for nought? He characterizes the President's ac- tion as 'utterly rediculous' and attributes it to German propagan- da, in which hypothesis he is sus- tained by that eminent authority on the subject, A. Mitchell Palmer. According to the latter 'the Presi- dent 's action was the greatest vic- tory Germany has won since Pershing [sic] turned back her legions at Chateau-Thierry.' All of which reminds us that a na- tion's worst foes may be those of its own household, and of Dr. Johnson's remark, that patriotism is the last refuge of a scoundrel."
The Ludwig-Missionsverein In No. 1 of Vol. II of the new series of the Catliolic Historical Uevieiv, the Rev. Joseph A. Scha- bert gives some welcome informa- tion with regard to the_ Ludwig- Missionsverein, a Bavarian Cath- olic society which for many years generously aided the Catholic missions in America, but of which no history exists.
The Ludwig-Missionsverein was established at Munich, in 1838, and from that year up to 1914, but especially during the first quarter- century of its existence, contrib- uted liberally to the American missions. Help was sent to mis- sions in two archdioceses, eight dioceses, and one vicariate Apos- tolic in the U. S. and to one arch- diocese, two dioceses, and one vic- ariate Apostolic in Canada. What this help amounted to has not yet
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
August 1
Father Husslein's Mistake Dr. Edwin Auweiler, 0. F. M., who reviews Father Husslein's "Work, Wealth, and Wages" in St. Antliony's Messenger (Vol. XXX, No. 2), agrees with our "Catholic Laboringman" and other critics that the book is wo- fuUy inadequate. The author, he says, addresses "a full-grown giant as if he were a naughty and ignorant schoolboy."
"We wonder," says Fr. Edwin, "whether our Catholic authors are really aware and take into con- sideration the exceedingly thor- ough, though often insidious train- ing in economics purveyed to the workingman through his own or- gans, particularly to the foreign element, in its respective language press. It is exactly this assump- tion of ignorance among our labor population, this air of bland, magisterial superiority which fills so many of our Catholic workers and farmers with distrust and dis- gust towards their own priests, as soon as they assume the office of experts on the economic problems of the day. Little good can and will be done by indiscriminate invectives against Socialism and Bolshevism.
"One fundamental mistake lies in the attitude assumed towards Capitalism. It is on the shoulders of a brutal, paganized, entirely de- Christianized Capitalism that the blame for the present-day social evils is to be laid sternly and un- compromisingly. The excesses of labor are merely the natural reac- tion. It will not do to distribute this guilt timidly and cowardl}" over the whole social structure, shifting whatever preponderance of crime there may exist on to the masses instead of the classes. But
this is exactly the impression one gains from reading [Fr. Huss- lein's] book. The rights of Capital, of wealth; the sacrosanctity of private property seems to us un- duly stressed ; inadequate condem- nation is meted out to the outrages against the modern wage slave that crv to Heaven."
A Simple Statement of the "Sex Problem"
In a notice of Mr. Kenneth In- gram's "Outline of Sexual Moral- ity," which tries to uphold the "Catholic" view by arguments taken from the psycho-analysts, vho, "with all their acuteness of observation and accumulation of instances, have not really prog- ressed beyond the old diagnosis announced by St. Paul," the Month says (No. 696) :
"The sex-problem is fundamen- tally simple. The propagation of the race is secured by the working of a God-given instinct, which can be lawfully employed only for the lourpose for which it is given, and in the God-ordained condition of matrimony. Hence, outside such purpose and occasion, it should be held in restraint or, if you like, sublimated. This is the real Cath- olic view, elaborated in many a moral treatise, and excellently presented in such books as the late I'ather T. Gerrard's 'Marriage and Parenthood' and 'The Church and Eugenics.' However, within his limits, conscious and uncon- scious, [Mr. Ingram! is on the side of the angels, and though he ex- cludes the deepest and strongest motive from sex-education, that draAvn from religion, his book is a welcome contrast to the many immoral treatises nowadays put forth in the name of Eusrenics."
liiii
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
281
A World War Scandal
President Harding's demand that the Alien Property Custodian shall take steps to secure the re- turn of German patents purchased by the American Chemical Foun- dation from the Alien Property Custodian is a belated step in pur- suit of the war profiteers. Among the major scandals of the war the conduct of the office of Alien Prop- erty Custodian by A. Mitchell Palmer and Francis P. Garvan must be accounted the worst. A review of their behavior by a com- petent legal authority was pub- lished in The Netv Repuhlic for September 21, 1921. Not only did their proceedings involve the seiz- ure of private property in defiance of the law of nations, of specific treaties, and of the tradition of the United States, but the illicit enrichment of individuals. Such concerns as the Bosch Magneto and the Bayer Company w^ere turned over to private profiteers at a fraction of their real value. But the most monstrous of such transactions was the sale of 4700 German patents, one of them ad- mittedly worth $10,000,000, by Mr. Garvan for $250,000 to a group of five men headed by himself.
Referring to the President's recent letter to Mr. Garvan 's suc- cessor, the same journal says (No. 397) : "Irony is not a sufficient punishment for those Avho were guilty of the meanest of all crimes and the basest of all treacheries known in war. Mr. Garvan defends his proceeding on the ground that the control of German patents is necessary to the development of the American dye industry and the manufacture of munitions. James Russell Lowell once point- ed out that our desire for light does not constitute a right to
steal our neighbor's candles. Mr. Garvan protests that he never re- ceived a cent of salary or profit from the Chemical Foundation, but he admits that the Duponts have invested $15,000,000 in plants and research for the development of certain of the patents. Does Job fear God for nought? He characterizes the President's ac- tion as 'utterly rediculous' and attributes it to German propagan- da, in which hypothesis he is sus- tained by that eminent authority on the subject, A. Mitchell Palmer. According to the latter 'the Presi- dent's action was the greatest vic- tory Germany has won since Pershing [sic] turned back her legions at Chateau-Thierry.' All of which reminds us that a na- tion's worst foes may be those of its own household, and of Dr. Johnson's remark, that patriotism is the last refuge of a scoundrel."
The Ludwig-Missionsverein In No. 1 of Vol. II of the new series of the CatJioUc Historical Review, the Rev. Joseph A. Scha- bert gives some welcome informa- tion with regard to the Ludwig- Missionsverein, a Bavarian Cath- olic society which for many years generously aided the Catholic missions in America, but of which no history exists.
The Ludwig-Missionsverein was established at Munich, in 1838, and from that 3^ear up to 1914, but especially during the first quarter- century of its existence, contrib- uted liberally to the American missions. Help was sent to mis- sions in two archdioceses, eight dioceses, and one vicariate Apos- tolic in the U. S. and to one arch- diocese, two dioceses, and one vic- ariate Apostolic in Canada. What this help amounted to has not yet
282
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
August 1
been worked out, but Dr. Schabert estimates the total sum at many million marks. Already in 1863, 3,339,343 marks had been expend- ed, and this represents but the first twenty-five years of the so- ciety's activity. It is agreeable to learn that a Bavarian priest is at the present time analysing the an- nual'reports of the Ludwig-Mis- sionsverein in order to ascertain all that this excellent societ}' did for the Church in America. The Verein is still in existence, but of late years has turned its helping hand to the German diaspora and to pagan lands. Its Aunalen have, since 1918, been succeeded by a monthly publication, called Die Weltmission der katholischen Kirche. Let us hope that Dr. Schabert will be able to complete his researches later and devote to the work of this excellent society a worthy monograph in book form. * * *
This little article was already in type when we received No. 12 of the Historisch-politische Blatter, of Munich, with a paper, by W. Winkler, on ''King Louis I of Bavaria and the German Catholics, in North America." This King was the founder of the Ludwig- Missions verein, which was named after him, and besides supporting- its aims with royal munificence, took a personal interest in Arch- abbot Wimmer and the American missions. We are pleased to learn that those of his letters which bear on the Church history of this coun- iry are being edited for publica- tion by the Rev. Fr. Schuhmann of Weilbach (Unterfranken).
— Few can utter words of wisdom, but opportunity to speak kind words is offered to everyone, and they are always helpful.
Does the Volstead Law Bind in Con- science?
The question as to the possibil- ity and existence of purely penal laws is discussed in the Irish Ec- clesiastical Record, No. 654, pages 642 to 647, with special reference to our American prohibition en- forcement law, commonly known as the Volstead act.
Is the Volstead law purely pe- nal, or does it bind in conscience? asks Dr. J. Kinane, and he an- swers as follows :
*'0f course, we cannot speak with all the authority of one who is a resident in the United States, and who is intimately acquainted with all the circumstances which influence a decision on this mat- ter; for example, we can apply only in a very imperfect way the criterion of public estimation. In so far, however, as our knowledge goes, we are of opinion that this law is not a purely penal one, that it binds directly in conscience. The purpose of the legislators was to abolish the evils connected with the drink traffic, as exemplified especially in the saloon system, in other words, *to promote the good morals of the Republic and to repress crime'; it is, therefore, eminently a law demanding an ob- ligation in conscience. Moreover, those who w^ere instrumental in having this laAv enacted — many of them the legislators themselves — were influenced very considerably in their action by religious ideas; if we understand the matter aright, the Volstead law is largely the work of the Methodist body, with whom Prohibition is practi- cally a religious question. This constitutes another argument for presuming- in the legislators the intention of imposing an absolute moral obligation; and, in the ab-
1924
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seiice of any convincing argument to the contrary, I think we must presume that such an obligation exists."
Not ail Catholic moralists agree with this view. The ques- tion is of sufficient importance to he discussed thoroughly in, for instance, the Ecclesiastical Review or the Homiletic and Pastoral Review. There can be no doubt that the obligation or non-obliga- tion of obeying this odious law is troubling the consciences of thou- sands of Catholics.
F. W. Foerster and His Attitude towards the Catholic Church
The merits and demerits of the writings of Prof. F. W. Foerster (see F. R., Vol. XXVII, pp. 259, 305, 344) have long been a subject of controversy in Catholic Ger- many. Dr. Martin Fassbender sums up the controversy very judiciously in No. 6 of the Litera- rischer Handiveiser, that famous old literary review founded by Msgr. Hiilskamp and now pub- lished by B. Herder, of Freiburg, under the editorial direction of Dr. Gustav Keckeis.
Msgr. Kiefl, says Dr. Fassben- der, clearly pointed out the bound- ary lines that divide Foerster 's views from the teaching of the Catholic Church. This has had the good eifect of leading Foerster to express himself more clearly and definitely than he had done before on his attitude towards Christ, Christianity, and the Catholic Church. If there was any danger (as there undoubtedly was) that Catholic educationists might be led by Foerster 's arguments to lose sight of the theocentric char- acter of Catholic pedagogics and the important role played in edu-
cation by the supernatural motive and the influence of grace, Kiefl 's strictures revealed this danger to everybody. Catholics should accustom themselves to regard Foerster not as a Catholic, but as that which he wishes to be and declares himself to be in his writ- ings. Though he discourses ever so beautifully on the pedagogic wisdom of the Catholic Church and on the Person of Jesus, he has no conception of the Church as the mystical body of Christ. Nevertheless he deserves great credit for doing more than any other recent non-Catholic writer to combat and to remove anti- Catholic prejudice. It is owing to his writings that many non-Cath- olics, in Germany and elsewhere, are devoting serious attention to the Catholic world-view, which they had been accustomed to dis- regard as obsolete. If we constant- ly keep in mind the differences that divide this eminent philos- opher and pedagogue from the Catholic Church, we can learn a great deal from him as to the most effective method of treating philosophical and pedagogical problems, and especially how to put the ancient truths of our religion into language which will appeal to the modern non-Catholic thinker.
To see the good in others is not per- haps so much a matter of charity, as of justice. Our judgments of others fail oftenest through lack of perspicacity. We fail to see all the facts ; we see one or two very clearly, and at once form an opinion. To survey the whole range of a human character involves an in- tellectual and spiritual quality which few of us possess. There is so little justice among us because most of us possess too little intelligence.
THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
August 1
A Meeting in Heaven
By Charles J. Ql-irk, S.J.
Weary and worn he had left the strife
Of that long journey which men call life, And won at last the Hills of Prayer,
Tranquil with beauty and truth every- where. And a.s he rested, unto his side,
A lady approached froni the glorified, Smiling with love like only one other ;
And he rushed to her arms with the cry of, "Alother I"
The Folly of Keeping up the War Mentality
The London Times lias not been able to rid itself of the war men- tality. It is still steeped in fear and hatred of Germany. With its satellite press it does all it can to keep alive suspicion and resent- ment. Every legitimate effort Ger- many makes to improve her condi- tion is interpreted in a sinister light. Every rumor that in one way or another she is evading the stipulations of Versailles is seized upon and stressed and scattered broadcast. The militarist declara- tions of the defeated army officers, sentiments which could easily be paralleled amongst the fighting men of every nation, are taken as a sign of her fixed determination to renew the fight in times to come.
''All this," says the Jesuit Month (No. 696) editorially, '4s very short-sighted, not to say fool- ish and misguided. The Times and the belligerent press should real- ize that the war is over, and that peace cannot be enforced but must be freely accepted. The pretence that Germany alone was respon- sible for the war, that Germany alone committed atrocities, that every German is instinct with 'Prussianism,' that the whole na- tion, including the women and the babies, was consciously guilty of
unjust aggression, that the prin- ciples and conduct of the Allies were always and everywhere be- yond suspicion — all these assump- tions, that in greater or less de- gree inspire the anti-German jour- nalists, should be discarded once for all.
"The war was the result of the rottenness of international moral- ity, the blind struggle for com- mercial advantages — even Genoa, one observer reports, 'stank with oil' — the unchecked competition in armaments, the denial of a com- mon world-interest in peace and harmony, the worship of force rather than of right and justice. We may grant that this evil phi- losophy was most highly devel- oped in Germany [fj, but all the great nations were more or less infected with it, and the only way to a cure is to get rid of it alto- gether. Unfortunately it dominat- ed Versailles, with the result that all attempts to restore peace in Europe have hitherto failed. ' '
Dr. Le Bee's Book on Lourdes
How the Catholic literature on Lourdes impresses fair-minded Protestants may be seen from a notice which the renowned Lon- don S at II r day Revieiv (No. 3477) devotes to the English translation of Dr. E. Le Bee's book. This translation is by Dom H. E. Izard and bears the title, "Medical Proof of the Miraculous."
Dr. Le Bee, says the critic, "as president of the Bureau des Con- statations attached to the shrine, in an atmosphere peculiarly un- favorable to dispassionate judg- ment, is pleading from the bar rather than summing up from the bench. Concerned to prove that such physical alleviations as few
1922
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285
can deny have occurred at Lour- des, and are neither due, in mod- ern pliraseology, to auto- or mass- suggestion nor confined to what are familiarly knowai as functional or hysterical affections, he has divided his book into tw^o chief parts. In the first he briefly de- scribes the pathology of certain definitely organic disabilities, of which in the second he quotes examples as having been miracu- lously cured. Frequently couched in a curiously archaic terminology, much of his pathology seems frankly at variance with the ac- cepted views of most contempo- rary authorities. And none of his twelve examples is sufficiently documented to compel credence in the invited explanation.
''While he makes a claim, too, for Lourdes of some 900,000 an- nual visitors, he has apparently been obliged to go back to the years 1875 and 1878 for tw^o of his selected instances — one the sud- den uniting of an obstinate frac- ture, the other the healing of an extensive ulcer. And of the twelve cases he has apparently had per- sonal knowledge of only three. Of these three, in only one does he record personal observations made immediately before and after the alleged cure at Lourdes. This w^as in a severe case of varicose veins observed in the year 1908, and it is certainly so remarkable, as it stands, as to compel surprise that of his 195 pages he should have devoted less than seven to it, and that he should have omitted the far fuller details obviously requi- site to the acceptance of a theory of miraculous intervention.
"Not so easily, as his great and religious countryman, Louis Pas- tour, would have reminded him, is truth to bo apprehended, or being
apprehended made impossible of denial by reasonable persons. But the cold light in which that devout mind tested the ardor of its imagi- native faith, and ultimately forged benefits for suffering human flesh surely not less than those confer- red at Lourdes, is a demand too great, perhaps, for present fulfil- ment at the Bureau of Constata- tions on the Gave. Dr. Le Bee may indeed have a case. Few^ w^ould be dogmatic enough to assert the con- trary. But it is not to be proved after the fashion he has attempt- ed, nor upon such testimony as that of his chosen witnesses."
There are not a few Catholics who feel the full w^eight of these objections and who consequently wdsh that something more con- vincing were advanced by the champions of Lourdes than what has hitherto been published.
A pocket encyclopedia of Franciscan lore
Glories of the Franciscan Order
By FR. FRANCIS BORGIA STECK
Author of "Franciscans and the Protestant Revolution."
This book of 80 pages re- counts the contributions of the Franciscans to litera- ture, art, science, and* dis- covery. The chief merit of the work is the great amount of information con- densed into such compact form.
80 pages — Price 15 cents
1433 West 51st St. Chicago, III.
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
August 1
Correspondence
Concerning Liberty Bonds
To the Editor: —
The note on Liberty bonds in No. 14 (page 269) of the F. R. is timely. When these bonds were sold, many citizens (especially of German descent or known to have sympathized with the German cause prior to America's entry into the World War) were fairly com- pelled to buy, regardless of their ability. I know several German priests who had to borrow the money to buy bonds in order to avoid violence to themselves. These bonds were sold by some at a loss of twenty-five per cent. Who profited by these transactions? Where is the money thus taken from the poor man's pocket? Will the robbers be fer- retted out and punished? It seems to me that the government should give this matter a thorough examination. The country is apparently on the verge of an abyss, and a tragedy is sure to hap- pen unless the masses regain confidence in our government.
(Rev.) Raymond Vernimont
Den toil. Texas
Catholic Population Statistics
To the Editor: —
From time to time a discussion arises as to the number of Catholics in the United States, and the question is asked whether the increase of Catholics is in proportion to that of the general popu- lation. The question is a serious and a vital one. But what value can such a discussion have if based on the sta- tistics published in the Catholic Direc- tory when we find the Archdiocese of Boston, for example, giving to-dav the same figure of 900,000 for its Catholic population that it gave twelve years ago? To add to the absurdity, we find the Pilot, the "Official Organ" of the archdiocese, printing weekly at the head of its first page: "Archdiocese -of Boston. Catholic Population over 1,000;000"!
If the Boston parishes do as is done elsewhere and make a report each year of the number of their parishioners, it
is hard to see why a fairly accurate total of the archdiocese could not be published every year. In any case if the "Official Organ" has inside infor- mation that the Catholic population of the Boston Archdiocese is over 1,000,- 000, it seems curious that the Chancery Office would not have the same infor- mation and let the Church of America have the credit for the full population.
V.
Responsibility for the World War
To the Editor: —
Having been interested in your recent comments anent recent works on "the causes of the World War," I am en- closing a clipping from the Paris daily, La Croix. The section marked oflf in red ink will be interesting to your readers.
Despite contributing my bit to "make the world safe for the Democrats," I have always contended that one side was about as guilty as the other. Both prepared for war and received what they were expecting. In the final analysis one will be pronounced almost, if not equallv guilty as the other.
F. J. M.
The clipping from La Croix quotes Gen. de Castelnau as saying in an inter- view with the Echo de Paris on the occasion of the assassination of Field Marshal Wilson:
"L'assassinat du marechal Wilson m'affecte douloureusement ; ce n'est pas seulement la perte d'un camarade que je deplore, mais celle d'un tres fidele ami de la France; il le fut avant et pendant la guerre, aux bons comme aux mauvais jours. De ces senti- ments, une collaboration qui fut tres etroite m'en a donne I'absolue garantie. Des 1912, le marechal, alors general Wilson, etant chef du bureau des operations militaires a I'etat-major britannique, et moi-meme, pre- mier sous-chef a nctre etat-major general, nous eumes, en dehors de toute preoccupa- tion d'alliance, a etudier et a preparer les mesures de cooperation eventuelle des ar- mees franco-britanniques en cas de con- flit europeen."
The man who is not content where he is would never have been content anywhere, though he might have liked it better.
I92;i
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
Notes and Gleanings
It is with sincere pleasure that we chronicle the elevation to the episcopate of the Rev. Francis Giltillan, rector of the New Cathedral Parish, St. Louis, Mo. Fr. GilfiUan has been appointed coadjutor to the Bishop of St. Joseph, Mo., with the right of succession. Though he has rarely figured in the public prints, Fr. GilfiUan is one of the most scholarly and hardest working priests of this diocese. He is fifty years old, a native of Ireland, and an alumnus of the Catholic University of America. The Fortnightly Review has num- bered him among its subscribers and friends for a long time and hopes that the days of his episcopate will be many and signally blessed.
We are glad to see from the Michi- gan Catholic (Vol. XXXVIII, No. 28) that the school amendment petition, which threatened the existence of the parochial schools in that State, has failed to receive a sufficient number of signatures and will therefore not be proposed to the voters at the com.ing fall election. This is a victory for the champions of educational liberty, com- ing only two years after 353,000 citizens of Michigan voted for a similar pro- posal. Nevertheless, the menace to the private and parochial schools of Mich- igan continues, since the advocates of the amendment are still at work and hope to bring up their proposal at the spring election. "Vigilance is the price of liberty," justly says our esteemed contemporary, "and while the bigots continue their attack, we must be ready
for the defense."
-•--•--•-■•■
France's co-responsibility for the World War seems clearly established by Gen. de Castelnau's utterance, quoted in the Correspondence department of this issue of the F. R. In addition, the Indiana Catholic of July 7 qviotes from a recent speech of Rene Viviani in the French Chamber of Deputies this pas- sage: "If anyone is responsible for the Avar, it is I. I was head of the govern- ment ; I took whatever action was
taken, and I acted in perfect accord with M. Poincare [then president]. I was in touch with him and in agree- ment with him when he was in St. Petersburg." Our Indiana contemporary comments on this utterance as follows : "M. Viviani, the agent of the Franco- British money-changers, the foe of Christianity, now admits it was he who sent Poincare to see the Czar months before the war started. Then followed the war loan to the Czar, then the kill- ing of the Austrian prince by hired assassins, then the mobiHzation by the Czar, and then the war. No wonder the purchased press is trying to shut off the discussion. But it will go on." -••-•■-♦■-•- The standard Hebrew grammar, that of Gesenius, is from time to time re- edited and brought up to date by the best German Hebraists. The introduc- tion to the twenty-sixth edition (1896) still maintained that no kinship could be traced between the Indo-Germanic and the Semitic groups of languages. The twenty-ninth edition, of which Part I has just appeared, says that it has lately been shown that the two groups are probably akin in their ori- gins (un'erzvandt). Recent publications favorab^.e to this view are enumerated.
When an alleged grammatical error in the terms of the four-power treaty was exhibited with considerable bom- bast in the U. S. Senate, the word
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
August
"between" having been employed, where, it was said, the word "among"' should have been used, it might have been well if someone had taken the trouble to look up the disputed point in Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. Had this been done it would have been found that the word "between" in the particular instance quoted was at least as correct as would have been the word "among," for: "When used of more than two objects, it [the word "be- tween'"] brings them severally and in- dividually into the relation expressed; as, a treaty between three powers."
In the (Catholic World for July (p. 536) a reviewer of the tirst volume of Fr. Felix ]M. Kirsch's English transla- tion of Willmann"s "Didaktik" (cfr. F. R., Vol. XXIX, No. 7, p. 136) shows how useful this work is as an antidote to the exaggerated Herbartism cham- pioned by many American educators. ■'Herbart,'" says the reviewer, "has ex- ercised a great influence on American education, and is chiefly responsible for its present sociological trend. This pro- cess of educational socialization, under the leadership of men like Professor Dewey, has reached such a pass that public education has now become a mere machine for turning out citizens. Willmann points out the defects in this theory. He accepts the necessity of a more highly developed social efficiency as one of the end results of the modern school, but very vigorously protests against making this the only result. Man is something more than a creature of the State. He has a soul; he has religious, moral, and esthetic impulses which must be educated and satisfied. 'J"o ignore their existence is to bring disaster to the individual, and to the .State as well."
A note on recent bibliographical dis- coveries and events and a temperate comment on the passage of valuable Shakcspeariana to the United States ends the preface of the recently pub- lished, third and revised edition of Sir Sidncv Lee's standard "Life of William
Shakespeare" (Murray). "It is narrow- minded," says Sir Sidney, "to grudge the transfer to the other side of the Atlantic of books that may well be regarded as heirlooms of all English- speaking peoples"' ; but he would like to see it made compulsory that photo- graphs of unique books and manu- scripts should be deposited in English libraries before the originals left the country.
Professor Stephen Leacock, the well- known Canadian author and humorist, gives his impressions of the English in his latest book, "My Discovery of Eng- land." We are particularly interested in what he says about Oxford. He in- quires about the lectures, and is assured by some that they are rotten, by others that nobody takes them, by a few that "they do you no harm." It is the col- lege-tutor, he is told, who really does the teaching; all the undergraduates agree on this, and one of them explains how it is done: "We go over to his room, and he just lights a pipe and talks to us." So the ingenuous Cana- dian, always with that ironic gleam in his eye which warns us that he is not as ingenuous as he seems, begins to discern the secret of Oxford : "Smoked at by his tutor, fed in Henry VIII's kitchen, and sleeping in a tangle of ivy, the student evidently gets something not easily obtained in America. And the more I reflect on the matter, the more I am convinced that it is the sleeping in the ivy that does it."
On March 1 we announced that Dr. 'Nivard Schlcigl's German translation of the New Testament had been placed on the Index of Forbidden Books. In doing so we predicted that Dr. Schlogl's translation of the Old Testament, too, of which we had received the first vol- ume for review, would be proscribed (F. R., Vol. XXIX, No. 5, p. 86). This has been done by a decree of the Holy Office, dated May 19, and printed in No. 10 of the official Acta Apostolicac Scdis. The reasons are not given in either case, but one is safe in saying that the principal ones are Dr. Schlogl's
1922
THE FOBTNIGHTLY REVIEW
neglect of the Latin Vulgate, the official version of the Church, and the freedom with which he sets aside as spurious or doubtful many texts which the Church has always regarded as genuine. We may repeat here what we said on a prevous occasion {loco citato) : "It is too bad that so much honest labor and profound erudition should go to waste ; but the Catholic Church has her inex- orable rules with regard to the text of S. Scripture, and the Schlogl incident once again proves that now, as before, she watches with never ceasing care over its integrity and over the transla- tions and versions through which it is made accessible to the faithful."'
The foolish charge about the "immur- ing of nuns" has been given a new lease of life in England by the publication of a pamphlet on nunneries by an anti- Catholic society. Few people are wor- ried by these absurd allegations, which are rejected by every person who knows anything about convents, past and pres- ent. Happily there are not a sufficient number of gullible ninnies to justify another impression of the reprint from the Archaeological Journal of March, 1894, of the learned article by iSlr. Ed- ward Peacock, in which the question is examined from the unbiased standpoint of the archaeologist. Needless to say, the anti-Catholic charge is thoroughly demolished by Mr. Peacock. Father Thurston's C. T. S. Pamphlet, "The Myth of the Walled-up Nun," gives all
the information which the ordinary Catholic apologist needs.
In the Revue Neoscolastiquc de Pliilo- sopliie, of Louvain, edited bv Prof. M. de Wulf (1921, pp. 41 sqq.), P. Mar- mignie defends the system of Proba- bilism in moral theology against the strictures of a recent probabiliorist, P. janssens. P. Alarmigme emphasizes the thought that it is not right to declare a more probable opinion to be nearer to the truth than a merely probable one, as long as the latter is solidly probable. St. Thomas, he says, was practically a tutiorist, like all of his contemporaries ; but his teaching is not opposed to Piobabilism.
In the same review (,1921, pp. 140 sqq.) Prof. D. Nys discusses "the homogeneity of space.'' He says that the various systems of geometry are all of the same logical value. Experience tells us that space, as we know it, is Euclidic, and Euclidic space is homo- geneous in so far as in it the form of geometrical figures is independent of their magnitude. Space of four and more dimensions is a purely mathe- matical concept without real import- ance.
"Daughters of the Nile" is the name of a new secret society consisting ex- clusively of wives, daughters, mothers, sisters, and widows of Shriners (/. e., members of the "Ancient Arabic Order
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THE FOETNIGHTLY REVIEW
August )
■'between" having been employed, where, it was said, the word "among" should have been used, it might have been well if someone had taken the trouble to look up the disputed point in Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. Had this been done it would have been found that the word "between" in the particular instance quoted was at least as correct as would have been the word ''among," for: "When used of more than two objects, it [the word "be- tween"] brings them severally and in- dividually into the relation expressed; as, a treaty between three powers."
In the (Catholic World for July (p. 536) a reviewer of the tirst volume of Fr, Felix M. Kirsch's English transla- tion of Willmann"s "Didaktik" (cfr. F. R., Vol. XXIX, No. 7, p. 136) shows how useful this work is as an antidote to the exaggerated Herbartism cham- pioned by many American educators. "Herbart," says the reviewer, "has ex- ercised a great influence on American education, and is chiefly responsible for its present sociological trend. This pro- cess of educational socialization, under the leadership of men like Professor Dewey, has reached such a pass that public education has now become a mere machine for turning out citizens. Willmann points out the defects in this theory. He accepts the necessity of a more highly developed social efficiency as one of the end results of the modern school, but very vigorously protests against making this the only result. Man is something more than a creature of the State. He has a soul ; he has religious, moral, and esthetic impulses which must be educated and satisfied. To ignore their existence is to bring disaster to the individual, and to the State as well."
A note on recent bibliographical dis- coveries and events and a temperate comment on the passage of valuable Shakcspeariana to the United States ends the preface of the recently pub- lished, third and revised edition of Sir Sidnev Lee's standard "Life of W'illiam
Shakespeare" (Murray). "It is narrow- minded," says Sir Sidney, "to grudge the transfer to the other side of the Atlantic of books that may well be regarded as heirlooms of all English- speaking peoples" ; but he would like to see it made compulsory that photo- graphs of unique books and manu- scripts should be deposited in English libraries before the originals left the country.
Professor Stephen Leacock, the well- known Canadian author and humorist, gives his impressions of the English in his latest book, "My Discovery of Eng- land." We are particularly interested in what he says about Oxford. He in- quires about the lectures, and is assured by some that they are rotten, by others that nobody takes them, by a few that "they do you no harm." It is the col- lege-tutor, he is told, who really does the teaching; all the undergraduates agree on this, and one of them explains how it is done : "We go over to his room, and he just lights a pipe and talks to us." So the ingenuous Cana- dian, always with that ironic gleam in his eye which warns us that he is not as ingenuous as he seems, begins to discern the secret of Oxford : "Smoked at by his tutor, fed in Henry VIITs kitchen, and sleeping in a tangle of ivy, the student evidently gets something not easily obtained in America. And the more I reflect on the matter, the more I am convinced that it is the sleeping in the ivy that does it." -•■-•--•--•-
On IMarch 1 we announced that Dr. "Nivard Schlogl's German translation of the New Testament had been placed on the Index of Forbidden Books. In doing so we predicted that Dr. Schlogl's translation of the Old Testament, too, of which we had received the first vol- ume for review, would be proscribed (F. R., Vol. XXIX, No. 5, p. 86). This has been done by a decree of the Holy Office, dated May 19, and printed in No. 10 of the official Acta Apostolicac Sedis. The reasons are not given in 'either case, but one is safe in saying that the principal ones are Dr. Schlogl's
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
neglect of the Latin Vulgate, the official version of the Church, and the freedom with which he sets aside as spurious or doubtful many texts which the Church has always regarded as genuine. \\ e may repeat here what we said on a prevous occasion {loco citato) : "It is too bad that so much honest labor and profound erudition should go to waste ; but the Catholic Church has her inex- orable rules with regard to the text of S. Scripture, and the Schlogl incident once again proves that now, as before, she watches with never ceasing care over its integrity and over the transla- tions and versions through which it is made accessible to the faithful.''
The foolish charge about the '"immur- ing of nuns" has been given a new lease of life in England by the publication of a pamphlet on nunneries by an anti- Catholic society. Few people are wor- ried by these absurd allegations, which are rejected by every person who knows anything about convents, past and pres- ent. Happily there are not a sufficient number of gullible ninnies to justify another impression of the reprint from the Archaeological Journal of March, 1894, of the learned article by Mr. Ed- ward Peacock, in which the question is examined from the unbiased standpoint of the archaeologist. Needless to say, the anti-Catholic charge is thoroughly demolished by Mr. Peacock. Father Thurston's C. T. S. Pamphlet, "The ^^•.h'th of the Walled-up Nun," gives all
the information which the ordinary Catholic apologist needs.
In the Revue Ncoscolastique de Philo-
sopliie, of Lou vain, edited by Prof. M.
de W'ulf (1921, pp. 41 sqq.j, P. Mar-
mignie defends the system of Proba-
bilism in moral theology against the
strictures of a recent probabiliorist, P.
Janssens. P. Marmigme emphasizes the
thought that it is not right to declare
a more probable opinion to be nearer
to the truth than a merely probable one,
as long as the latter is solidly probable.
St. Thomas, he says, was practically a
tutiorist, like all of his contemporaries ;
but his teaching is not opposed to
Probabilism.
-•--•--•-•♦-
In the same review (1921, pp. 140 sqq.) Prof. D. Nys discusses "the homogeneity of space.'" He says that the various systems of geometry are all of the same logical value. Experience tells us that space, as we know it, is Euclidic, and Euclidic space is homo- geneous in so far as in it the form of geometrical figures is independent of their magnitude. Space of four and more dimensions is a purely mathe- matical concept without real import- ance.
"Daughters of the Nile" is the name of a new secret society consisting ex- clusively of wives, daughters, mothers, sisters, "^and widows of Shriners (/. e., members of the "Ancient Arabic Order
eTDACCDCDfiCD CONSERVATORY OF 0 I n AOODCIfa Clf MUSIC and EXPRESSION
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290
THE FOETNIGHTLY REVIEW
August 1
of the Mystic Shrine"), who, in turn, are all Freemasons. The branches are called "temples." There are ten of them at the present time, mostly in the Northwest. Among the members of the "Daughters of the Nile" is Mrs. Warren G. Harding, the wife of President Harding. The "Supreme Queen" of the Order is Mrs. Edith E. Gattis, 317 W. Blain Str., Seattle, Wash. A letter from her giving information about the "Daughters of the Nile" is printed in the July issue of the Masonic Builder, l)ublished at Anamosa, Iowa.
-♦•-••.♦•-•• The Builder, by the way, in the same issue (Vol. VHI, No. 7, p. 214) edi- torially admits that "universal Masonic support" is being given to the Sterling- Towner Bill. It does not tell us why the Masons are all in favor of this bill, but announces a "public school num- ber" for August, with contributions by a majority of the Grand Masters of the U. S. and articles by Brother Horace Towner, father of the Sterling-Towner Bill, Brother Samuel Gompers, and others.
-♦•-•--•--•-
In Vol. XXXV, No. 2 of the Philo- sophisches Jahrbiich of the Gorres So- ciety, Msgr. C. Gutberlet devotes a brief necrologue to the late Msgr. Jo- seph Pohle, Ph.D., D.D., who was one of the founders and for many years co-editor of that scholarly periodical. Dr. Gutberlet brings out the interesting fact that Dr. Pohle accepted the profes- sorship in the Catholic University of America against the advice of his friend, Msgr. Hettinger, who said : "Wenn es sich um Geld handelt. sind die Amerikaner bei der Hand ; aber fiir eine Universitat bedarf es mehr." Dr. Pohle, he says, was a most lovable and conciliatory character, yet he could not get along at Washington and spoke bit- terly of conditions there upon his return
to Europe.
■•■■•■■•■■*■
The average American reader will be
surprised to learn from Msgr. Gutber-
let's obituary that Dr. Pohle was not
only a great theologian and a famous
astronomer, but likewise an eminent
philosopher. Indeed philosophy was his "first love," and one of the last things he promised to write was. a paper for the Philosophisches Jahrbuch on "the infinitely small," a subject he had treat- ed years before in the same review.
The Philosophisches Jahrbuch, which is one of the two or three leading Catholic philosophical magazines of the world, will be continued by the venera- ble Msgr. Gutberlet, with the assistance of Dr. A. DyrolT and Prof. E. Hart- mann. It is published quarterly at Fulda, under the auspices and with the aid of the Gorres Society for the Culti- vation of Scholarship in Catholic Ger- many, which also has members — unfor- tunately but too few — in the United States.
No. 1 of the current volume of the Catholic Historical Review contains a pathetic reference, by the Rev. Dr, Peter Guilday, to "the untoward acci- dent in the old Borgo in Rome, which [last winter] resulted in the death of the gran maestro, Alfred Canon Cau- chie." Canon Cauchie was Louvain's great teacher of the historical sciences, and his place can hardly be taken by another. Fortunately, he "has left be- hind him as a legacy to the advancing interests of Catholic historical scholar- ship trained students in every part of the world." "The Church can well re- joice," concludes Dr. Guilday, "that in the work being done by Dr. Lamott, at the Seminary of Cincinnati, by Dr. Zwierlein, at Rochester, and by Father Busch, at St. Paul" — and, it is but just to add, by Dr. Guilday him- self at the Catholic University of America — "the Louvain ideal [of his- torical scholarship] is being given con- stant life and vigor."
♦ -•••♦-•♦■
At the "Semaine des ificrivains Catholiques," held in Paris from June 12 to 18, according to a report of the London Universe, of June 23, a discus- sion arose as to whether a Catholic newspaper can, with a clear conscience, publish a financial page. The general opinion was that it can not. It seems
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
291
fen^-aii:
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Quincy College
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290
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
August 1
of the Aiystic Shrine"), who, in turn, are all Freemasons. The branches are called "temples." There are ten of them at the present time, mostly in the Northwest. Among the members of the "Daughters of the Nile" is Mrs. Warren G. Harding, the wife of President Harding. The "Supreme Queen" of the Order is Mrs. Edith E. Gattis, 317 W. Blain Str., Seattle, Wash. A letter from her giving information about the "Daughters of the Nile" is printed in the July issue of the Masonic Builder, jmblished at Anamosa, Iowa.
The Builder, bv the way, in the same issue (Vol. Vni, No. 7, p. 214) edi- torially admits that "universal Masonic support" is being given to the Sterling- Towner Bill. It does not tell us why the Masons are all in favor of this bill, but announces a "public school num- ber" for August, with contributions by a majority of the Grand Masters of the U. S. and articles by Brother Horace Towner, father of the Sterling-Towner Bill, Brother Samuel Gompers, and others.
In Vol. XXXV, No. 2 of the Philo- sophisches Jahrbuch of the Gorres So- ciety, Msgr. C. Gutberlet devotes a brief necrologue to the late Msgr. Jo- seph Pohle, Ph.D., D.D., who was one of the founders and for many years co-editor of that scholarly periodical. Dr. Gutberlet brings out the interesting fact that Dr. Pohle accepted the profes- sorship in the Catholic University of America against the advice of his friend, Msgr. Hettinger, who said : "Wenn es sich um Geld handelt, sind die Amerikaner bei der Hand ; aber fiir eine Universitat bedarf es mehr." Dr. Pohle, he says, was a most lovable and conciliatory character, yet he could not get along at Washington and spoke bit- terly of conditions there upon his return
to Europe.
-••-••-••■•■
The average American reader will be surprised to learn from Msgr. Gutber- let's obituary that Dr. Pohle was not only a great theologian and a famous astronomer, but likewise an eminent
philosopher. Indeed philosophy was his "first love," and one of the last things he promised to write was. a paper for the Philosophisches Jahrbuch on ",the infinitely small," a subject he had treat- ed years before in the same review.
The Philosophisches Jahrbuch, which is one of the two or three leading Catholic philosophical magazines of the world, will be continued by the venera- ble Msgr. Gutberlet, with the assistance of Dr. A. DyrolT and Prof. E. Hart- mann. It is published quarterly at Fulda, under the auspices and with the aid of the Gorres Society for the Culti- vation of Scholarship in Catholic Ger- many, which also has members — unfor- tunately but too few — in the United States.
No. 1 of the current volume of the Catholic Historical Review contains a pathetic reference, by the Rev. Dr. Peter Guilday, to "the untoward acci- dent in the old Borgo in Rome, which [last winter] resulted in the death of the gran maestro, Alfred Canon Cau- chie." Canon Cauchie was Louvain's great teacher of the historical sciences, and his place can hardly be taken by another. Fortunately, he "has left be- hind him as a legacy to the advancing interests of Catholic historical scholar- ship trained students in every part of the world." "The Church can well re- joice," concludes Dr. Guilday, "that in the work being done by Dr. Lamott, at the Seminary of Cincinnati, by Dr. Zwierlein, at Rochester, and by Father Busch, at St. Paul"— and, it is but , just to add, by Dr. Guilday him- 4 self at the Catholic University of l America — "the Louvain ideal [of his- torical scholarship] is being given con- stant life and vigor."
•»-•■-•--•-
At the "Semaine des ficrivains Catholiques," held in Paris from June 12 to 18, according to a report of the London Universe, of June 23, a discus- sion arose as to whether a Catholic newspaper can, with a clear conscience, publish a financial page. The general opinion was that it can not. It seems
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
291
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Quincy College
QUINCY, ILLINOIS
CONDUCTED BY FRANCISCAN FATHERS
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THE REV. RECTOR
Conception, Mo.
ST. LOUIS BELL FOUNDRY
STUCKSTEDE BROS.
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
Aujiust 1
that La Croix, the well-known Paris daily, has forfeited large profits by refusing to print such a page. In this country the question has not yet be- come acute, as we have only one Cath- olic daily, and that is printed in a small city and circulates mostly among farm- ers. Were we to get a metropolitan Catholic daily press, the question of how to handle financial news and affairs would be one of its most difficult problems.
At the same Congress of Catholic Writers, J\I. Martin Chauffier read a paper on the secularized novel. In the debate that followed, j\I. Henri Massis declared that the Catholic novel, as it should be written, does not yet exist : that Paul Bourget, for instance, in his ■'Demon du Midi," does not present the psychology of a Catholic, but makes him yield to temptation in a manner as stereotyped and vulgar as the hero of any secular romance. This statement, according to the Universe's report, gave rise to a storm, and "the meeting broke up in a fine battle of words." There is undoubtedly a grain of truth in M. Massis's charge, and it applies to many English Catholic novels no less than to those of Bourget and other French writers.
Forty Years of Missionary Life in Arkansas
By the Rev. John EuGEne Weibel. V.F {57th Installment)
It took us three days to pass the Azores, which are on a line 650 kilometres long, and we were so much in sight of these beautiful green mountainous isles that the time was considerably shortened. This trip back to Boston was as pleasant a vacation as I ever had. Whilst I had noticed almost nothing going to Europe, I now felt well and alert, and enjoyed myself immensely.
On the 3rd of October the "Canopic" landed in Boston. There I was the guest of tlie Jesuit Fathers of Holy Trinity Church. From Boston I made a visit to Gloucester, to see my friend. Rev. F. Healy. In New York and Philadelphia I visited clerical friends, and then I was anxious to return to my beloved Jonesboro.
On the 21 St Sunday after Pentecost I was back in Jonesboro and preached on the need
of union and peace for the welfare and prosperity of every congregation. I had been informed that nationality quarrels had broken out and divided the parish into Irish and German camps, as they were called. The first Sunday service always being for the German parishioners in German, I told them that I felt ashamed of them after all I had told them, that they should, in so short a time, allow dissensions to arise. I declared that I would not and could not tolerate such things. After the service, they com- plained and remarked that, while I had been away, I had evidently gotten under the in- fluence of the Irish. At the second service, I made similar remarks to the English- speaking portion, and told them that I was the pastor of all my people and that lan- guage and nationality should make no dif- ference to us as Catholics. I pointed out in both sermons how the old republic of Switzerland was quietly ruling her varie- gated people — -Germans. French, Italians, and Latins. — and that all were united as patriotic citizens and brethren in Christ, as much as, if not more than, any other nation. The two factions, hearing one another re- primanded, patched up their quarrels, and I did not hear of any more trouble on that score.
After my return, one of my first visits was to Hot Springs, to see Bishop Fitzgerald. He was very friendly and affable; but felt the misery of his position. He told me that we should not pray for him to live longer, for, he added, it is no life to be sitting all day near a window, unable to walk and to work. He inquired about the Higgins and McCabe families, the Masons and others in Jonesboro, in fact about every Catholic settlement in Northeast Arkansas. And as he could not recall some of the names, he complained about his failing memory. He told me that he thought at one time he knew every Catholic family in the diocese by name, and that he was acquainted personally with most of them. In fact, even in the "Irish Wilderness", over in Missouri, he knew almost every Catholic family. He had visited that settlement with Father O'Kean. *I could not but admire the wonderful mem- ory of the venerable prelate and the keen interest he took in every part and every family of his diocese. I also paid my re- spects to his coadjutor, the Rt. Rev. John B. ^Morris.
On the 2ist of February the telegraph brought us the sad news of the death of Bishop Fitzgerald. All the diocesan priests who were able to leave home, hurried to Little Rock, to which place the remains of the deoarted prelate had been brought from Hot Springs for interment. His successor, the Rt. Rev. John B. Morris, celebrated a pontifical requiem. Bishop Gallagher, of Galveston, preached the funeral sermon. The final absolution was given by the bishops
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
293
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294
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
August
of the province and Bishop Jansen of Belleville, III.
Afterwards, the new Bishop invited the priests to visit him. He showed himself on that occasion a patient listener, anxious and glad to hear what every priest had to say about his people and his work. And this is a great quality in a Bishop.
Before entering upon the new era under Bishop Morris. I consider it a duty of gratitude to Bishop Fitzgerald to say fa few words about his life. I expected that some able writer would have given us a biography of the grand old man ere this, but this has not been done, and hence I insert here a biographical sketch. (To be continued)
-^>^
Literary Briefs
A Catholic Physician on Birth Control
In No. ID (p. 178) of this Review we cited the Month's high opinion of "Birth Control: a Statement of Christian Doctrine against the Neo-Malthusians" by Dr. H. G. Sutherland. We have since examined this book and cheerfully add our recommenda- tion to that of our esteemed English con- temporary. The author demonstrates that artificial birth restriction has no sound basis in reason or experience, and refutes the main contentions of its advocates, whose figures he shows to be contradictory. The most valuable part of the book is that de- voted to proving that birth control, even were it blameless, is unnecessary, since na- ture provides a check .upon the productivity of the human race with every advance in civilization. The volume is supplemented by a valuable bibliography. (P. J. Kenedy & Sons).
Illustrations of the Lutheran Bible
No. 3 of P. Hartmann Grisar's "Luther- Studien" treats of the manner in which the warfare against the Catholic Church was waged by means of illustrations accompany- ing the text of Luther's Bible ("Der Bilder- kampf der deutschen Bibel. 1522 ff."). Some of the pictures appearing in the 1522 edition are faithfully reproduced. They represent the Pope as the apocalyptic whore and Rome as Babylon in process of destruction. In some form or other these caricatures found their way into a number of other Protestant bibles, nay even into some Catholic ones ! The author's explanation of this latter aber- ration is unsatisfactory. There can be no doubt that some of the prejudices still ex- {.■-ting a.gainst the Church in Protestant
circles had their origin in these anti-Catho- lic Bible pictures, and from this point of view alone it was worth while to trace them to their source. (B. Herder Book Co.).
Highly Recommended Spiritual Conferences
The spiritual conferences by Abbot Co- lumba Marmion, O. S. B., of Maredsous, now published in English unter the title,. "Christ, the Life of the Soul," have been praised by no less an authority than the late Pope Benedict XV, as "singularly con- ducive to excite and maintain the flame of divine love in the soul." Cardinal Mercier says of them that "they are restful to the soul/' and "simplify Christian life." Cardinal Bourne recommends the English editiori most cordially to all who "seek in the Eng- lish language a work that will surely help and guide them on the path of closer union with their Maker." The book is wonderfully simple in its spirituality ;and breathes the perfume of S. Scripture so strongly that one can well imagine that it was conceived and prerared at the foot of the altar. The trans- lation, made by a mm of Tyburn Convent, is smooth and idiomatic. We have nothing to criticize except certain typographical ineptitudes resulting from the fact that the book was set up in Belgium. (Sands & Co. and B. ?Ierder Book Co.).
St. Alphonsus' "Treatise on Prayer
"Prayer, The Great Means of Salvation, by St. Alphonsus de' Liguori," edited by Rev. John B. Coyle, C. SS. R., is a neat English edition of St. Alphonsus' famous book on prayer, which this great "Doctor of Prayer" deemed his most useful spiritual work. "All the Blessed (except infants) have been saved by prayer," he says; "all the damned have been lost through not praying. If they liad prayed, they would not have been lost" (p. 32). "By praying, our salvation is made secure and very easy" (p. 47). "Even sin- ners have tlie means of prayer, a grace not refused to any man while he lives, . . . whereby they can afterwards obtain help for placing themselves in a state of salva- tion" (p. 144). "The worst of the matter is- that so few preachers and so few confes- sors recommend prayer to their hearers and penitents, without which it is impossible to observe the law of God and to obtain per- severance in His grace." St. Alphonsus would fain have given a copy of this work to every Catholic. We hope that a goodly number cf preachers will avail themselves of this English translation in preparing their sermons. (P.. Herder Book Co.)
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
295
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296
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
August 1
Luther's Famous Hynui
Prof. H. Grisar, S. J., devotes the fourth heft of his "Luther-Studien" (cfr. F. R., XXIX, 7, I35J to "Luthers Trutzlied 'Ein feste Burg' in Vergangenheit und Gegen- wart." This hymn ("A safe stronghold our God is still") is regarded by Protestants as "the great hymn of the evangelical com- nmnity." In it Luther proclaims God as the strong bulwark of his cause against the Pope and the Devil. All the more surprising was the report that it had been adopted as ihe German national hymn during the World War and sung by Catholics and Protestants alike. This, Fr. Grisar shows, is not true. tie also shows how and when the hymn originated, and that present-day Protestants who no longer believe in the divinity of Christ, cannot sing it with conviction. Even among the Protestant soldiers many were unacquainted with both the words and the melody of tliis song. Grisar's "Luther-Stu- dien"' supplement the author's work on "I.nther" (of which there is an English translation, by Laniond, in six volumes) in a number of interesting and important de- tails, and everyone who has read that great work, ought to subscribe for these supple- mentary booklets. (B. Herder Book Co.).
A New Handbook of Scripture Study
The Rev. Henry Schumacher, D. D., pro- fessor of New Testament exegesis in the Catholic University of America, has pub- lished the first volume of a new "Handbook of Scripture Study" (B. Herder Book Co.). It is really the third in the series and deals with the New Testament. The general intro- duction and that to the Old Testament will follow. The subject is treated with that mastery which long familiarity alone can give, and with a precision and brevity that makes the work invaluable, not only to the student, but also to the mature reader who wishes to refresh his memory. A character- istic feature of this "Handbook" — one often missed in Catholic text-books — is its up- do-dateness and its constant references, in each chapter, to the "special problems" that remain to be solved by Catholic exegesis. ( These "special problems" will receive a fuller and systematic study in a forthcoming "Dictionary of New Testament Difficulties" by the same author). The biographic refer- ences are copious and accurate, and the use of the book is facilitated by two indices, one of authors and another of subjects. The appendix contains two maps, illustrating ( i ) Palestine at the lime of Christ and (2) the
missionary journeys of St. Paul. Dr. Schu- macher has lived up to his high reputation for biblical scholarship in this volume. May the remaining two appear soon. If, as we do not doubt, they will equal the first, this "Handbook" will take rank as the best of its kind in English.
Books Received
Adorable Jack. By M. De L. Kennedy, Author of "\Villie Frank of Stedley." 206 pp. i2mo. Columbus and Cleveland, Ohio: John W. Winterich.
Comynentariiim in Codicem Juris Canonici ad Usuiii Scholarum. Lectiones quas Alum- nis Collegii Brignole-Sale pro Missionibus Exteris Habuit Sac. Guidus Cocchi, C. M. Liber II; De Personis. Pars ii : De Re- ligiosis ; Pars iii : De Laicis. vi & m pp. i2mo. Turin: Pietro Marietti, 8 francs 2, plus postage.
Mariquita. A Novel by John Ayscough. 269 pp. 8vo. Benziger Bros. $2 net.
The "Summa Theologica" of St. Tfwmas Aquinas. Part II (Second Part), QQ. CI— CXL. Literallj- translated by Fathers of the Englisli Dominican Province, vi & 337 PP- 8 vo. Benziger Bros. $3 net.
A Sintt^lc J.ifc of Jesus for JJis Little Ones. By a Sister of Notre Dame. 89 pp. i2mo. Illustrated. B. Herder Book Co. 85 cts. net.
Thomas von Ketnpcns J'ier Bilcher von der Kachfolge Christi. Nach dem von Karl Hirsche auf Grund der Selbstschrift des Thomas herausgegebenen Wortlaut iiber- setzt von Dr. Heinrich Clementz. Mit dem Bilde des Verfassers und einer Probe sei- ner Selbstschrift. xvi & 429 pp. pocket format M. Gladbach : Volksvereinsver- lag. M. 150.
Health and IJappiiiess. An Elementary Text Book of Personal Hygiene and Physiology Based on Catholic Principles. By the Rev. Francis J. Dore, S. J., Ph. D., M. D. xviii & ^33 PP- i2nio. Joseph F. Wagner, Inc.
Comnientarii in Hymnos Breiiarii. Adnota- tionibus Etymologicis, Grammaticis, Asce- ticis, Dogmaticis Exornati et Aptati Usui Clericorum et luvenum Sacerdotii Can- didatorum a P. Hermanno ^Mengwasser, O. S. B. Opusculum Primum : Hymni ad Priniam et Completorium. 20 pp. 121110. Atchison. Kans. : Abbey Press.
Das osterreichisihc Financprobleni und sei- ne Sanierung. Von Dr. Johann Ude, Uni- versitatsprofessor, Graz. 46 pp. Graz : Oesterreichische Volkerwacht.
Fray Junipero Serra and the Military Heads 0} California. By Francis Borgia Steck, O. F. M. Reprinted from the Fortnightly Review. 51 pp. 321110. Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press.
The Ni
VOL XXIX V '
uccrte ^>." ■ ilemned (.'ai":. "Une Mystiqu' being k iliar. Beniier. a \<h negation of S".
:,.Fr..,.,-
Iwyfiiait,.
Irelaud, ainl k... Englisli trabaiiv^ " DoDiBedeCamnOiil, throQgli [m edttitM a inal. ItboRtWdU ' Ik a
.1 ^
later ■■ taiiih! . 'Peai:
The Fortnightly Review
VOL. XXIX, NO. IH
ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
August In, 1922
A Mystic of Our Own Days and Her Condemned Diary
Xot a few of our readers will have been surprised at the news (cfr. F. E., Vol. XXIX, No. 14, p. 267) that the Holy Office, by a decree dated March 15, 1922, con- demned Canon Legueu's book, "Une Mystique de nos Jours," being the diary of Sister Mary Bemier, a religieuse of the Con- gregation of St. Charles of An- gers, France, who died in the odor of sanctity. May 24, 1908. This book, well known in Great Britain, Ireland, and America through its English translation, edited by Dom Bede Camm, O.S.B., had gone through four editions in the orig- inal. It bore the nihil ohstat of Canon Saudreau, the imprimatur of the Bishop of Angers, a letter of acknowledgement from Cardi- nal Merry del Yal, papal Secre- tary of State when the book was first published, commendatory let- ters from two archbishops, one bishop, and several abbots and eminent theologians (Poulain, Jou- in, Hugon). The English transla- tion, in the second edition (Lon- don: Burns, Gates & Washburne, A', a.) bears the nihil ohstat of Dom Thomas Bergh, O.S.B., and the imprimatur of Canon Surmont, Vicar-General of Westminster, and has an enthusiastic preface by the editor, Dom Bede Camm, O.S. B. As we noted in our No. 14, the book was highly praised by the late William Doyle, S. J., and at- tained its popularity in English- speaking countries mainly as a
result of the enthusiastic recom- mendations, contained in his let- ters as published in his biography by Alfred O'EahiUy.
Quite naturally the question arises : Why has this book been condemned by the Holy See ?
The S. Congregation of the Holy Office seldom if ever publishes its reasons for the condemnation of a book. We cannot but regret this rule in a case like the present, where a work recommended by high ecclesiastical dig-nitaries and read widely and enthusiastically by the faithful, is formally ''re- probated. ' '
From what we have been able to gather from French, German, and Swiss Catholic reviews, the proba- ble reasons for the condemnation of ''Une Mystique de nos Jours" are the follo^ring:
1. Sister Gertrude Mary, in her diary, ascribes all her thoughts and aspirations, even the most trivial, directly to God or to Jesus Christ, and regards every voice she hears, or believes she hears, as inspired. This involves great dan- ger of self-deception. The rules which St. Igiiatius Loyola has given for the discernment of spir- its enable us to understand how difficult it is to recognize any or all of the innumerable pious thoughts, feelings, sentiments, and aspirations that pass through the soul in the course of a single day as immediate inspirations from above. Justlv does Dr. E.
296
THE FORTNIGHTLY BEVIEW
August 1
Luther's Famous Hymn
Prof. H. Grisar, S. J., devotes the fourth heft of his "Luther-Studien" (cfr. F. R., XXIX, 7, I35J to "Luthers Trutzlied 'Em feste Burg' in Vergangenheit und Gegen- wart." This hymn ("A safe stronghold our God is still") is regarded by Protestants as '"the great hymn of the evangelical com- numity." In it Luther proclaims God as the strong bulwark of his cause against the Pope and the Devil. All the more surprising was the report that it had been adopted as the German national hymn during the World War and sung by Catholics and Protestants alike. This, Fr. Grisar shows, is not true. Me also shows how and when the hymn originated, and that present-day Protestants who no longer believe in the divinity of Christ, cannot sing it with conviction. Even among the Protestant soldiers many were unacquainted with both the words and the melody of this song. Grisar's "Luther-Stu- dien"' supplement the author's work on "Luther" (of which there is an English translation, by Lamond, in six volumes) in a number of interesting and important de- tails, and everyone who has read that great work, ought to subscribe for these supple- mentary booklets. (B. Herder Book Co.).
A New Handbook of Scripture Study
The Rev. Henry Schumacher, D. D., pro- fessor of New Testament exegesis in the Catholic University of America, has pub- lished the first volume of a new "Handbook of Scripture Study" (B. Herder Book Co.). It is really the third in the series and deals with the New Testament. The general intro- duction and that to the Old Testament will follow. The subject is treated with that mastery which long familiarity alone can give, and with a precision and brevity that makes the work invaluable, not only to the student, but also to the mature reader who wishes to refresh his memory. A character- istic feature of this "Handbook" — one often missed in Catholic text-books — is its up- d(i-dateness and its constant references, in each chapter, to the "special problems" that remain to be solved by Catholic exegesis. (These "special problems" will receive a fuller and systematic study in a forthcoming "Dictionary of New Testament Difficulties" by the same author). The biographic refer- ences are copious and accurate, and the use of the book is facilitated by two indices, one of authors and another of subjects. The appendix contains two maps, illustrating (i) Palestine at the time of Christ and (2) the
missionary journeys of St. Paul. Dr. Schu- macher has lived up to his high reputation for biblical scholarship in this volume. May the remaining two appear soon. If, as we do not doubt, they will equal the first, this "Handbook" will take rank as the best of its kind in English.
Books Received
Adorable Jack. By AI. De L. Kennedy, Author of "vVillie Frank of Stedley." 206 pp. i2mo. Columbus and Cleveland, Ohio: John W. Winterich.
CommentariiDii in Codicem Juris Canonici ad Usuin Scholaruiii. Lectiones quas Alum- nis Collegii Brignole-Sale pro Missionibus Exteris Habuit Sac. Guidus Cocchi, C. M. Liber II: De Personis. Pars ii : De Re- ligiosis ; Pars iii : De Laicis. vi & 333 pp. i2mo. Turin: Pietro Marietti, 8 francs 2, plus postage.
Mariquita. A Novel by John Ayscough. 269 pp. 8vo. Bi^nziger Bros. $2 net.
The "Suinma Thcologica" of St. Tlwmas Aquinas. Part II (Second Part), QQ. CI— CXL. Literally translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province, vi & 32,y pp. 8 vo. Benziger Bros. $3 net.
A Simple Life of Jesus for His Little Ones. By a Sister of Notre Dame. 89 pp. i2mo. Ihustrated. B. Herder Book Co. 85 cts. net.
Thomas von Kempcns I'ier Biichcr von dcr Kachfolge Christi. Nach dem von Karl Hirsche auf Grund der Selbstschrift des Thomas herausgegebenen Wortlaut iiber- setzt von Dr. Heinrich Clementz. Mit dem Bilde des Verfassers und einer Probe sei- ner Selbstschrift. xvi & 429 pp. pocket format M. Gladbach : Volksvereinsver- lag. M. 150.
Health and Happiness. An Elementary Text Book of Personal Hygiene and Physiology Based on Catholic Principles. By the Rev. Francis J. Dore, S. J., Ph. D., M. D. xviii & 233 PP- i2mo. Joseph F. Wagner, Inc.
Commentarii in Hymiios Breiiarii. Adnota- tionibus Etymologicis, Grammaticis, Asce- ticis. Dogmaticis Exornati et Aptati Usui Clericorum et luvenum Sacerdotii Can- didatorum a P. Hcrmanno Mengwasser. O. S. B. Opusculum Primum : Hymni ad Primam et Completorium. 20 pp. i2mo. Atchison. Kans. : Abbey Press.
Das ostcrreichisehc Finanzproblem und sei- ne Sanierung. Von Dr. Johann Ude, Uni- versitatsprofessor, Graz. 46 pp. Graz : Oesterreichische Volkerwacht.
Fray Junipero Scrra and the Military Heads of California. By Francis Borgia Steck. O. F. M. Reprinted from tlie Fortnightly Review. 51 pp. 32mo. Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press.
The Fortnightly Review
VOL. XXIX, NO. lei
ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
August Ih, 1922
A Mystic of Our Own Days and Her Condemned Diary
Xot a few of our readers will have been surprised at the news (cfr. F. K., Vol. XXIX, No. 14, p. 267) that the Holy Office, by a decree dated March 15, 1922, con- demned Canon Legueu's book, "XJne Mystique de nos Jours," being the diary of Sister Mary Bernier, a reUgieuse of the Con- gregation of St. Charles of An- gers, France, who died in the odor of sanctity, May 24, 1908. This book, well known in Great Britain, Ireland, and America through its English translation, edited by Dom Bede Camm, O.S.B., had gone through four editions in the orig- inal. It bore the nihil ohstat of Canon Saudreau, the imprimatur of the Bishop of Angers, a letter of acknowledgement from Cardi- nal Merry del Val, papal Secre- tary of State when the book was first published, commendatory let- ters from two archbishops, one bishop, and several abbots and eminent theologians (Poulain, Jou- in, Hugon). The English transla- tion, in the second edition (Lon- don: Burns, Gates & Washburne, 6'. a.) bears the nihil ohstat of Dom Thomas Bergh, O.S.B., and the imprimatur of Canon Surmont, Vicar-General of Westminster, and has an enthusiastic preface by the editor, Dom Bede Camm, O.S. B. As we noted in our No. 14, the book was highly praised by the late William Doyle, S. J., and at- tained its popularity in English- speaking countries mainly as a
result of the enthusiastic recom- mendations, contained in his let- ters as published in his biography by Alfred O'EahiUy.
Quite naturally the question arises: Why has this book been condemned by the Holy See f
The S. Congregation of the Holy Office seldom if ever publishes its reasons for the condemnation of a book. We cannot but regret this rule in a case like the present, where a work recommended by high ecclesiastical dignitaries and read widely and enthusiastically by the faithful, is formally ''re- probated. ' '
From what we have been able to gather from French, German, and Swiss Catholic review^s, the proba- ble reasons for the condemnation of "Une Mystique de nos Jours" are the follo\dng:
1. Sister Gertrude Mary, in her diary, ascribes all her thoughts and aspirations, even the most trivial, directly to God or to Jesus Christ, and regards every voice she hears, or believes she hears, as inspired. This involves great dan- ger of self-deception. The rules which St. Ig-natius Loyola has given for the discernment of spir- its enable us to understand how difficult it is to recognize any or all of the innumerable pious thoughts, feelings, sentiments, and aspirations that pass through the soul in the course of a single day as immediate inspirations from above. Justlv does Dr. E.
298
THE FOETNIGHTLY REVIEW
August 15
Krebs, in his recently published work, * * Grundf ragen der kirchli- chen Mystik," warn against over- estimating mystical experiences and recall the fundamental rule of St. John of the Cross, that we should not attribute any import- ance to such things, but always allow ourselves to be guided hy reason and by those truths which the Church has taught and teaches daily (p. 244). This rule is neg- lected in the diary of the saintly French nun, as Canon Legueu him- self seems to have felt, for he adds a foot-note saying that Sister Ger- trude Mary 's diary should be taken as a whole, without attributing too much importance to the details. But it is surely not without danger to publish a book in which such a saintly person ascribes all her thoughts and feelings directly to God and His audible advice. Professor de Chastonay, in the Schiveizenschp Kirclienzeitung (No. 26), is inclined to blame Canon Legueu, who was Sister Mary's spiritual director, for urging, nay commanding her to write down her mystical experiences and rep- resenting them as divinely in- spired.
2. Sister Gertrude Mary's con- verse with God and Christ, as described by herself, will impress many as unduly familiar. There is no reason to doubt that she was a saintly person, and no Catholic theologian would adopt the opin- ion of certain modern psychia- trists that the mystical effusions of a pious woman must invariably be attributed to the sex instinct. But it must be admitted that the intimate manner in which Sister Gertrude Mary communes with God and Christ exceeds the limits of the permissible and strikes the average reader as unduly familiar.
nay well nigh irreverent. When human affections and their expres- sions are transferred to the Deity, there is need of an extremely deli- cate sense of discrimination and propriety to prevent the impres- sion of an undue admixture. There is danger in trying to popularize such familiarity because it may easily undermine the respect w^hich men owe to God and His Saints.
3. The assertions of Sister Ger- trude Mary are not all theological- ly sound. She says, for instance: "The Three Divine Persons are present in my soul, not with that habitual presence ordinary to ev- j ery soul in a state of grace, but by ' an 'altogether special presence.' So Jesus said to me. . . . My soul is, therefore, the abode of the Adorable Trinity. ... I act with Them and for Them." (English ed., pp. 137, 138, 139). She asserts that she received the extraordi- nary grace of being made dis- penser of the infinite merits of Christ (English ed., p. 87). Sim- ilar " saint es audaces" are found scattered through the pages of her diary.
The condemnation of Canon Legueu 's book does not, of course, imply an adverse judgment con- cerning the personal holiness of Sister Gertrude Mary, whose good faith and piety seem to be beyond doubt. Nor does the decree of March 15th mean that her diary is unacceptable or deserves re- probation in all its parts. There are in it many beautiful passages from which genuine edification can be draw^n. But the condemnation embodies a distinct and unmistak- able warning. Mysticism is ex- periencing a revival in our day, and the market is flooded with writings on this subject, not all of
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
which comply with the criteria laid down by the Church. ''AMio- ever decides to publish mystical experiences," says Dr. Chastonay, ** should heed the admonition of St. Teresa, that in the domain of mysticism there is need of expert guides, who not only have unlimit- ed good will, but profound theo- logical knowledge and, if possible, some mystical experience of their ow^l. The pious curiosity that leads many to swallow all such books, entails the danger of being- lured upon i)atlis which do not
lead to the centre of religious life, but lose themselves in flowery meadows and shadowy valleys. Women in particular are inclined to absorb uncritically everything that is published, not only in the line of novels, but unfortunately also in the far more delicate and difficult sphere of piety. There- fore let us be thankful when our holy Mother the Church raises her voice in Avarning and let us obe- diently follow the path of sound and solid piety which she points out to us."
What Freudism Leads To
Like so many movements and theories w^hich are based on half- truths and contain some rational suggestions, Freudism is being- worked to death by a band of sex- crazed camp-followers of the au- thor of psycho-analysis.
The literary supplement of the Augsburger Postzeitung (Nos. 22, 23, and 24, 1922) contains an ex- haustive criticism of the abomina- l)le work of a German writer who develops Freud's theories along new channels and makes sex, or rather sex-perversion, the end-all and crow^n and perfection of life.
This writer is Hans Bliiher, who actually introduced some of his theories among the pupils of the Gymnasium of Stegiitz", until the authorities intervened to check the malpractice of this debaucher of >outh. The review in question is written by Professor Dr. von Xott- haft, of the University of Munich.
Briefly described, this sex-mad German writer pleads for the in- troduction of the worst form of unnatural vice as practiced by the pagans of ancient Greece.
Bliiher pours out his wrath upon the Church and Christian families
which oppose his revolting teach- ing. "The first purpose of his 'works' is a fight against bour- geois morality, and the moral pre- cept of the churches, the school and the states, in as far as they con- cern the domain of sex."
Li accordance Avith Freud, Blii- her asserts that man is tainted with sexuality throughout life, and perhaps even in the womb of his mother, and that sex-life does not tend to one purpose only. But, as Dr. Xotthafft says, such an asser- tion can only stand if the concept of sex is without reason extended to things which have absoluteh' no sex aspect whatever. Bliiher finds a sex element, though perhaps of "mild form," in all that a pre- Freudian psychology conventional- ly called love of parents and broth- er or sister, friendship and piety.
This absurd and baseless exag- geration of sex-influence takes its origin from the Freudian psycho- analysis, and especially the expla- nation of dreams as "repressions" and "unfulfilled wishes." But the cardinal error of this theory is that the domain of "unfulfilled v.-ish dreams" has been falselv ex-
300
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
August 15
tended and that only sexual desires are recognized as present in dreams.
Bliilier rejects the most solidly established principles and methods of modern psychiatry, which justly characterizes persons of depraved sex-habits as perverts, sex neurot- ics, and '^ abnormal." He will not accept this verdict, but looks upon the most vicious victim of perverted sexuality as entirely normal.
The main weapon with which Bliiher attacks those who oppose his paganism is "calling names." They are ' ' narrow-minded pedants, defenders of outworn codes," etc. He swears by "modern sexology," especially the principles of the Freudian school, without taking note of the fact that several of Freud's main pillars have been re- jected by modern science. Bliiher holds tenaciously to Freud's dic- tum that man is nothing less than a sex-ridden being, at everv stage of Ufe.
Freud is, according to Bliiher, llie greatest master of scientific lesearch in "the psychology of subjective experience." Psycho- analysis ought to be counted among important discoveries like those of Copernicus and Newton. The reason of this childishly exag- gerated praise is found in the fact that it was the Freudian method which helped Bliiher to spin out Lis own horried "mannmannliche Gesellschaf t ' ' — homo-sexual socie- ty. It is easy indeed to construct almost anything from dreams.
But Bliiher goes much farther than his adored master — farther, no doubt, than the master ever in- tended anyone to go — in applying his theories. The whole filthy busi- ness is only another, and a very striking, proof of the words of St.
Paul, who scored similar excesses in the world of Greek paganism: "For, professing themselves to be wise, they became fools."
The Ku Klux Klan
Despite the New York World's recent exposure of the Ku Klux Klan (now available in book form —"The Modern Ku Klux Klan" l)y Henry P. Fry ; Boston : Small, Maynard & Co.), which was pub- lished by a large group of influen- tial newspapers throughout the eountr}', that nefarious secret so- ciety is very much alive. Its power has just been put forth in a Texas election, and its influence in Geor- gia, as well as in many other parts oi the country, is admitted, even though, following a threat by Governor Hardwick, its Imperial Grand Wizard announced on July 22 that the Knights had been or- dered to discard their masks, robes and other regalia, except when in their lodge rooms.
Whatever the secret of the Klan's "pulling power," even its enemies admit that it is spreading rapidly. Reports of huge initia- tion ceremonies, weird and pictur- esque, come from such widely sep- arated parts of the country as Los Angeles, Chicago, "somewhere in Massachusetts," and Lockland, Ohio, near Cincinnati, as well as from numerous places throughout the South, where the movement originated. While various editors indulge in long and carefully C07i- sidered explanations of the Klan's power, the Seattle Spokesman- Review speaks for a large element in announcing that the vigor of the movement is explicable only on the theory that a considerable number of the American people like mum- mery, are fascinated by mystery, and dearly love to be humbugged.
19-22
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
301
Combatting Secret Societies
Bishop Vincent Wehrle, O.S.B., of Bismarck, in a letter published in the Volksfreimd, of Richard- ton, X. Dak., says :
*'I find it necessary to warn the faithful earnestly against joining the Royal Neighbors, the Modern AVoodmen, and all other organiza- tions that are either affiliated with the Freemasons or imitate them. A Catholic Avho really cherishes his faith, will keep aloof not only from such societies as are express- ly forbidden by the Church, but also from such as are connected more or less with the latter. We have plenty of Catholic mutual benefit associations, and hence there is no need of joining suspect organizations which are more or less related to the Freemasons; particularly in our day, when cer- tain Masonic societies are ener- getically at work, on the one hand, to combat the Catholic Church and her denominational schools, and to create suspicion against them among the American people, and, on the other hand, to gain as many members as possible for their own societies and also for such as, in the words a certain Freemason employed in my presence, are the 'play-fellows' of the Masonry.
"It is not proper to use Catholic society halls for the meetings of the above-mentioned societies, who like this ijractice because it enables them to make believe that they are favored by the Catholic Church.''
This letter appeared in Der Volksfreund of July 6th and 13th. It was originally written in Ger- man. We have translated it into English and now publish it in the F. R. because it places another of our bishops squarely on record against Catholic fraternizing with
semi-Masonic and other secret societies.
The Volksfreund for July 6th also contained an article in Eng- lish on the subject of secret socie- ties, from which we reproduce the following passages :
"The Royal Neighbors of Amer- ica, [whose propaganda evoked Bishop Wehrle 's warning] accord- ing to the American Cyclopedia of Fraternities (2nd ed., p. 159), is an 'auxiliary branch of the Mod- ern Woodmen, to which members of the latter and women relatives are eligible.' It pays death bene- fits. The membership is of two varieties, beneficiary and frater- nal.
"Not having any definite infor- mation regarding the character and inner workings of this organ- ization, we shall have to judge it in the light thrown upon it by the parent organization. The Modern Woodmen of America was estab- lished under Masonic auspices, in- volves its proceedings in consider- able secrecy, and employs a ritual and chaplains. These features suffice to render the society sus- pect in the eyes of every good Catholic, though, of course, the final judgment regarding all secret societies in the United States is, under the provisions of the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore, re- served to the archbishops acting- together, and they have not yet taken any action with regard to any of the numerous secret socie- ties resembling the Freemasons, the Knights of Pythias, the Odd Fellows, and the Sons of Temper- ance, all of which are nominally and expresslv condemned bv the Holy See.
"I have seen but one reference
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
August 15
to the 'Royal Neighbors of Amer- ica' in the Catholic press, and that was a letter from a Missouri pas- tor printed in the Fortnightly Review, St. Louis, of March 1, 1908. This pastor said that he had investigated the organization men- tioned and come to the conclusion that 'it certainly is not Catholic, either in tone or principle. '
' ' Our good Catholic people need to be reminded from time to time, that it is with societies as it is with books. Only a few books are nomi- nally condemned by being placed on the Index. But there is a set of rules laid down by the Holy See, ly which all doubtful books must be judged, and if these rules are applied, a vast number of books not listed on the Roman Index are found to be positively forbidden to ordinary Catholics, who lack special faculties. So it is with societies. Only a few are nominal- ly and expressly condemned; but all must be judged by certain well- defined instructions issued at vari- ous times and on different occa- sions by the Roman Congregation, and by applying these rules we find that not a few American so- called fraternal societies are for- bidden, or at least suspect, because dangerous to faith and morals. Any society that is established by, or under the auspices of, Freema- sonry, or that is governed by Free- masons; any society that has dis- tinctively religious features such as a chaplain and a ritual; any society that wraps itself in secre- cy, is by that very fact under sus- picion, and even though the eccle- siastical authorities for one reason (,r another have not directl}^ for- bidden the faithful to join it, con- scientious CUitholics will avoid it as an evil thing that imperils their faith or morals, or both."
An Incredible Miscarriage of Justice
President Harding has com- muted the sentences of two mem- bers of the I. W. W. who were convicted of conspiracy under the espionage act and were serving- terms at Leavenworth. They are Vincent St. John and Clyde Hough. The facts in connection ^^ith these men should be cited for their com- laent on the whole proceedings be- fore Judge Landis at Chicago, as a result of which nearly one hun- dred men are still in prison. They are as follows :
Vincent St. John was at one time secretary-treasurer of the I. W. W. In 1915 he severed connection en- tirely with the organization and took up mining in Arizona. Never- theless, he was among those ar- rested in 1917, tried, convicted, and sentenced to ten years at Leavenworth.
Clyde Hough was secretary of the I. W. W. local at Rockf ord. 111. He was a conscientious objector and as such surrendered to the authorities and was sentenced to one year in prison, where he was when the espionage act was passed, and the alleged conspiracy took place. Nevertheless, he was placed on trial with his alleged fel- low conspirators. He was given no opportunity to testify in his own behalf, and among the four hun- dred verdicts rendered by the jury in less than a half hour, were four against Hough.
"It seems incredible," observes the New Repuhlic (No. 398), "that such miscarriage of justice could have taken place before a federal judge. Were Shelly to write his Masque of Anarchy to-day Judge Landis would deserve a place in that sorry procession with Eldon and Castlereagh. "
1922
THE FOETNIGHTLY REVIEW
A New Life of Archbishop Carroll
The Eev. Dr. Peter Guilday's ' ' Life and Times of John Carroll ' ' (New York: The Encyclopedia Press) is more than a biography of our first bishop; it is a com- plete history of the Catholic Church of America from the eve of the Kevolution (1774) up to the time of Carroll's demise (1815). We may add that it is the first work of its kind written according to the modern critical method and with a full command of all the available sources, edited and in- edited, many of which, of course, were not accessible to Dr. Guil- day's predecessors.
The scholarly Professor of Church History in the Catholic University of America traces the life of Carroll and the incidents of his career with a wealth of detail and a critical acumen that leave nothing to be desired. The result is a massive volume of nearly nine hundred octavo pages, closely ])acked with interesting and valua- ble facts and documents. It is a monument of patient industry and with the London Times' reviewer (Literary Supplement, No. 1,068) we feel that it is ''not likely to be superseded," but will always "be indispensable to the Church histo- rians of America."
The author's love for the truth manifests itself on innumerable pages, especially where he ruth- lessly brushes aside the many legends which have been inter- woven with the general history of Catholic co-operation in the Revo- lution, e. g., that it was through Father Carroll that the Pope used his influence to induce King Louis of France to aid America; that Father Carroll took an active part in the struggle, so much so that George III of England re-
fused to sign the Catholic Eman- cipation Bill (1829) because of his hatred for him ; etc., etc.
We are pleased to learn (p. 835) that the members of Dr. Guilday's American Church History Semi- nar at the Catholic University have in preparation a "Guide to the Printed Sources of American Church History" from 1492 to 1920. It also affords us a certain gratification that the learned au- thor shares our oft expressed view of John Gilmary Shea's bias and inaccuracy. Only too often, as Dr. G. rightly says, "the former Jesuit scholastic prevails" in Shea "over the historian."
Since the publication of Shea's Life of Archbishop Carroll, Cath- olic historical writers have simply been copying his pages. This will no longer be the case. Catholic his- torical scholarship is at last com- ing into its own. We hope Dr. Guilday will live to give us a com- plete history of the Catholic Church in the United States, or at least to inaugurate and direct such a work through his Church His- tory Seminar.
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August 15
Wanted, a Fact-Finding Agency The public must pay in the long run for the multiplied wastes in the production and distribution of coal, and for the more than occa- sional gouging that results from a condition of industrial anarchy. The New Republic's demand for **a continuous fact-finding agen- C3^," therefore, is both just and timely. For, as our contemporary says (No. 400), every consumer has a right to know how much it costs to mine coal, transport it, and handle it locally. He has a right to know what this cost is composed of; royalties, interest on capital actually used or sunk in speculative land holdings ; legit- imate profits or monopoly extor- tion. At present he is solemnly informed that if fifty cents a ton is added to the labor cost of min- ing coal, two dollars will be added
to the price he will have to pay. And he would like to know why. What becomes of that additional dollar and a half?
That is the sort of information we need from a fact-finding agen- cy. And this determines the char- acter of the agency. There is no place here for representatives of labor, capital and the general public, but only for experts of known integrity, economists, sta- tisticians, accountants, engineers. It is not a '* tribunal" that is wanted, to settle disputes off hand, nor an arbitration commission, but a body of scientists whose findings would have only the value of scien- tific facts. It would have to be endowed with extensive powers of investigation. The things it w^ould be required to bring to light are precisely the things that private employers try hardest to conceal.
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To create such an agency in a purely private industry would be unwarranted under our scheme of economic relations. But coal is not a purely private industry. It is affected with a public interest of vital character.
A thorough-going investigation of the coal industry by a commis- sion of three men with orders to report the facts and submit recom- mendations relative to the reor- ganization of the coal industry and methods of securing a decent liv- ing to miners is proposed in a bill introduced into the U. S. Senate by W. E. Borah, Chairman of the Senate Committee on Education and Labor.
Any settlement of the coal strike can be temporary only because of the disorganization of the indus- try. It is hoped that out of a com- plete study and the ensuing gei)- eral discussion will be forthcoming a plan which will place the coal industry on a sound footing.
Freemasonry and the Public Schools
The Builder, a * 'journal for the Masonic Student," published at Anamosa, la., by the National Masonic Eesearch Society, devotes the whole of its August issue to the public schools. It is quite ap- parent that the Masons generally favor the Towner-Sterling Bill, for not only do a number of Masonic Grand Masters openly say so in their contributions to this ''Public School Number" of the Builder, but the place of honor is given to "Brother" Horace M. Towner, co- author of the bill and its sponsor in the national House of Eepre- SMutatives. Mr. Towner sets forth v.'hat he conceives to be the neces- sity and the advantages of federal ,'iid 1o the public scIjooIs and denies
that the Sterling-Towner Bill will lead to the control of education by the federal government. He is very emphatic in asserting that his bill is not designed to take the control of education from the individual States and that no one favors such a proposal. Mr. Towner is either disingenuous or blind, that is, either he does not mean what he says, or he cannot
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
Aujjust 15
see that federal aid will neces- sarily and inevitabl}' lead to fed- eral control.
So far as we have noticed, there is no directly anti-Catholic utter- ance in the "Public School Num- ber" of the Builder, but there are several intimations, on the part of the contributing- Masonic grand masters, that Masonry is opposed to all private and denominational schools and favors their abolition. Thus Grand Master Spearman of Arizona says that private schools may be good enough for countries with a so-called aristocracy, but practical America must maintain the democratic public school. Grand Master Robinson of New York calls the public schools the only means whereby our free in- stitutions, and, incidentally. Free- masonry, can be safeguarded. Grand Master Kirby of Arkansas speaks of ''antagonism of the Church to the public schools." Grand Master Smith of Nebraska says that those who oppose the l^ublic schools are "the vicious, the penurious, and the ignorant," classing Catholics and Lutherans in the first-mentioned category. Grand Master Gibson of Utah ad- mits that the "parochial or secta- rian schools" did useful pioneer work in their day, but says "their j/eriod of usefulness is at an end." Several of the worthy grand mas- ters do not mention the parochial schools expressly, but indicate their feelings towards them by in- sisting that instruction in all schools should be in the English language only. Two (Jeter of Idaho and Murphy of Mississippi) express themselves in favor of reading the Bible in the public schools. One (Harriman of Ver- mont) protests "ag-ainst the use of
the public school for propaganda purposes."
There is a distinct inclination on the part of all the contributing grand masters to identify the pub- lic school system with Freemason- ry. "Our present public school system," says, e.g., Wilder of Con- necticut, "originated with and was flowered and protected by Ma- sons." "The history of public school education," says Baillie of Oregon, "is closel}^ interwoven with the history of Masonic prog- ress, and to these we owe in a great measure the wonderful progress of our country."
The Super-Philosopher
By J. Corson Miller
When dawn's blue pinions brush the cheek Of rosy-lidded, sleeping day, I know a man whose two eyes burn With the joy of a faun on a forest-way. He laughs with the fields, like a babe at play — The hill-brook chuckles to see him run ; Love's compass points the way he goes, With Nature he is one.
To him each loafing lark in the grass. Each leaf that peers from a faithful tree, Is part of a world-wide serenade. Which the mountains lead with their
symphony, f-le fondles the fire and mystery Of life, whose rumblings shake the soul. For love is in the draught he drinks — It makes him whole.
With merry hands he bids adieu
To orchard-meads where wild things flower;
For him the workday of the world
Is but a fleeting banquet-hour.
And every task is as a tower
That he must batter to its fall; ■
The love that courses through his veins, —
Through it he conquers all.
To men he seems to be all things That bear a universal name : A star — a seed — a force that drives Earth's dust to leap to living flame. He paints God's work in beauty's frame, For beauty holds immortal themes ; But always Love, the architect. Designs his dreams.
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Correspondence
Edgar Lee Masters
To the Editor: —
On page 247, No. 13 of the F. R., quoting from the Ave Maria, Edgar Lee Masters is described as a "fanatical anti-CathoHc, and a rehgion and priest- hater." How is this to be reconciled with his ardent tribute of veneration for the shade of Father Malloy, in the Spoon River Anthology, and through him for the "great Church of Peter"?
M. B.
For an Improved English Prayer Book
To the Editor: —
A notice appeared in a late number of the F. R. about an improved English prayer book, soon to appear. I ask you to allow me to suggest a few improve- ments. Beginning with the "Our Fa- ther," would it not be better to read "Give us to-day our daily bread" in- stead of "this day"? The phrase "Give us this day," is possibly understood as a petition for the day itself with all its blessings. Are not the usual forms of the invocations beginning the Lit- anies misleading translations? As, for instance, "God, the Father of Heaven." This form may be understood as limit- ing God's paternity to heaven, and it is often read thus. A dash or sign of delay should separate the clause, "God, the Father," ff-om the other words. Or put it thus : "Father of Heaven, God," or "Heavenly Father, God." Also better read: "Son, Redeemer of the world, God." The invocation to the Holy Trinity alone is given right.
Would not the invocation, "Jesus most admirable," appear better as "Jesus most wonderful"? The group of titles is taken from Isaias IX, 6 (Septuagint version) and the Douay gives the title as "wonderful."
Most of our English prayer books, among them the Baltimore Manual of Players, have omitted from the Litany of Saints the petition, "from pestilence, fi^mine, and war" and "from the * scourge of earthquakes, deliver us." Why? Clericus
Notes and Gleanings
The Acta Apostolicae Scdis for July 1st contains a letter of the S. Congrega- tion of the Consistory to the bishops of the United States, informing them that 3klsgr. Bonzano, the Apostolic Delegate, will perform an Apostolic visitation of all the dioceses in the country. This is a very unusual measure and, in the words of Cardinal De Lai, Secretary of the S. Congregation, shows the par- ticular interest taken by His Holiness ill the affairs of the Church in America ( "Ostendit quanto studio et amore Summus Pontifex oculos intendat in banc catholicae Ecclesiae partem, quae adeo insignis est et in dies magis flo- ret, ut idcirco maiore quotidie studio sit excolenda"). It is a probable as- sumption that this visitation, which is already under way, is not unrelated to the controversy that has arisen among the bishops regarding the merits and demerits of the National Catholic Wel- fare Council. Need we add that for the important and delicate office of ;\postolic visitator no better choice could have been made than that of .Archbishop Bonzano, who not only has a thorough knowledge of ecclesiastical conditions in this country, but is emi- nently fair, prudent, and just.
At Sherburne, N. Y., early in July, members of the local Masonic Lodge, at the invitation of the pastor, Rev. D.
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
August 15
J. Dooling, attended in a body the lay- ing of the cornerstone of St. Malachy's Church. The Utica Observer-Dispatch of July 7 prints the Lodge's cordial reply to Fr. Dooling's invitation and adds that "Fr. Dooling was so pleased with this letter that he read it to his people at the masses in the church last Sunday." The Observer-Dispatch is so elated over the incident that it com- ments upon it editorially under the caption, "'Dwelling Together in Unity." The editor says in somewhat ungram- matical English : ''The incident is but an indication of the trend of the times. . . . The disposition to be fair and to accord to the other man some right to his opinions and beliefs, and not being too insistent upon cramming down an- other's throat our favorite dogmas and creeds is broadening and strengthening here in America.'' Alasons and non- Catholics generally cannot distinguish between civic and dogmatic tolerance, and the fact that they interpret every manifestation of the former as an in- dication that we Catholics no longer lake the dogmatic teaching of the (.hurch seriously, ought to make us extremely cautious in our dealings with them.
The author of "Nearer, my God, to Thee" was Sarah Flower Adams, born 1805, died 1848. In a biographical sketch of her (''The Author of 'Nearer, my God, to Thee' " ; London : Lindsey Press) H. W. Stephenson shows her as the friend (in early years) of Robert Browning and as a woman of consider- able literary attainments, whose mind was continually troubled by religious doubts. The original manuscript of the famous hymn is given in facsimile. -•--••-•--♦■
Those who say that the Fortnightly Review is too much addicted to criti- cism and not sufficiently "constructive," should kindly ponder the following wonls of G. k. Chesterton in the Nczv Witness (No. 505): "When the prac- tical man tells us that it is useless to criticize without proposing a cure, we can tell him at the start that he has only proved for the liundredth time how
very unpractical a practical man can be." We cannot correct our faults until we realize them.
-•--••-•■-•■
While Father De Heredia, S.J., is exposing the tricks of the Spiritistic mediums in this country, Capt. Clive Maskelyne is showing in England how so-called spirit photographs can be taken and spirit faces and masks pro- duced by perfectly natural means. His "manifestations'' are made under the strictest test conditions, though Capt. Alaskelyne does not betray the means he employs. "While the plate is being developed," says the London Universe (No. 526), "a medium is introduced and placed in a cabinet. A spirit materializes and leaves a wax mould of its face before dematerialization, as is done at seances." The fact that a num- ber of Spiritistic phenomena can be shown to be fraudulent does not, of course, necessarily disprove the claims of Spiritism ; but it tends to discount the evidence alleged on its behalf and should make us cautious in weighing its claims. We must admit that there is more than chicanery in Spiritism ; its danger as a false system of religious belief alone makes it worthy of serious consideration; but the existence of fraud must be stressed, and Fr. De Heredia and Capt. Maskelyne deserve praise for doing this in a most etYective manner.
The Very Rev. J. Eugene Weibel, whose reminiscences have been running for some time in the F. R., has returned to Switzerland and requests us to inform his friends that his present address is 11 Bundesplatz, Lucerne.
The xA.merican Negro is not irrelig- ious. He has a keen spiritual sense ; but he wants religion, not were social service. As Dr. C. G. Woodson — him- self a Negro — caustically remarks in his "History of the Negro Church" (Washington. D. C. : The Associated Publishers) : "The Negro in his relig- ious development has not yet gone so far as the white man in divesting Chris- tian duty of spiritual ministration and
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
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reducing it to a mere service for social uplift" (p. 273). This, observes Mr. Floyd Keeler in a review of Woodson's book in the Catholic Historical Rcvicij (1922, No. 1, p. 94), "is a keen analysis of the failure of Protestantism to meet the fundamental needs of a race."'
Dr. Woodson, whose work is valua- ble, not so much as history but as a piece of Negro psychology, says (p. 98) that the "appeal of the evangelical rather than the ritualistic explains . . . the slow progress of the Catholic work among the Negroes.'' This, observes Mr. Keeler, "is a more charitable view of our failure than we can possibly take of it.'' and adds : "The devotion to our comparatively few Negro congrega- tions, and the fact, which Dr. Woodson notes, that they lead all denominations in the large percentage of male mem- lycrs ('with 47,5 per cent,' p. 293), shows that it is more our fault than his that the Negro has become largely Methodist and Baptist."
Not many physicians are as frank as Dr. A. H. Waterman of Chicago, who, in an address before the American In- scitute of Homeopathy recently de- clared that it is difficult for the drug- gist of to-day to keep up with the latest pharmaceutical fads, and added that "every drug-store is loaded with dead material of the fads of a few years ago, with the result that the average druggist would rather sell soda-water and sta-
tionery than drugs." One need not be a Christian Scientist to feel that it would be much better for all parties concerned if the druggists did this very thing.
The New York Public Library has a rile of the Fortnightly Review, be- ginning Jan. 1, 1915, but lacks all the preceding volumes. As the magazine is preserved there for the benefit of pres- ent and future students, the director would Hke to complete the set, if pos- sible. We are not able to furnish com- plete volumes of the years 1893-1915, but perhaps some subscriber has a set that he does not care to keep and would Ije inclined to donate to the New York Public Library for the good of .tlae cause. Correspondence in regard to t)"ie matter should be addressed to Mr. E. H. Anderson, Director, 476 Filth Ave, New York City.
Father Francis Borgia Steck's paper on "Fray Junipero Serra and the Mili- tary Heads of California," which ran seriallv in the Fortnightly Review from Dec. 15, 1921, to March 1, 1922, has been reprinted in pamphlet form. l)y the Franciscan Herald Press, of Chicago. This paper, as our readers may remember, is a defense of tl^e "Apostle of California" against Dr. Chapman's charge that he was inces- santly at outs with the Spanish gov- ernors. Fr. Steck has the temper and method of a true historian and his
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
August 15
paper gives evidence of an enviable knowledge of the original sources of California mission history.
P. Boissonnade, in "Le Travail dans "Europe Chretienne au Moyen Age"' (Paris: Alcan), which is rather a gen- eral economic history of the period dealt with (5th to 15th century) than a mere history of labor, falls into the error of assuming that the basis of dis- tinction between legitimate and illegit- imate interest-taking in Canon Law was the purpose for which the loan was made. He believes that interest was ])ermitted in the case of loans for pro- ductive purposes and forbidden in the case of loans for consumption. This, however, was not the true foundation upon which the canonist permitted interest to be taken in some cases. The purpose for which the loan was de- signed was immaterial. The true ground of distinction was whether or not the lender suffered, or might be presumed to suffer, any loss in addition to part- ing with the possession of his money. This distinction must be carefully kept in m.ind in studying the difficult prob- lem of interest-taking and the Church's attitude towards this practice.
]\Ir. Galsworthy's play "Loyalties" focuses attention on a larger question : What is loyalty? Can we honestly call the "sticking together" of classes and professions by so fine a name? Is it not rather self-interest, or the mutual sharing of prides and prejudices, or an unwillingness to face facts which might seem to be derogatory to our class or profession? Many an abuse is tolerated because those who know of it will not speak, for fear of appearing disloyal to the class, club, society, in- stitution, or organization in which the abuse exists. This kind of loyalty is merely a lack of courage, an unwilling- ness to share in the odium of belonging to the class or society in which the
abuse had been allowed to continue. -♦■-•--•--♦•
When Louis IX of France met
Brother Giles, he did not know Italian
and Brother Giles did not know French.
They embraced each other in silence, and after a short time "St. Louis went his way on his journey and Brother Giles returned to his cell ; and when the other brothers wondered at the un- mannerly attitude of Giles, he reassured them, saying: 'As soon as we embraced each other, the light of wisdom revealed and manifested the King's heart to me and mine to him ; and thus ... we knew much better what I would have said to him and he would have said to me, than if we had spoken it with the mouth, and with more consolation than if we had gone about to explain with the voice that which we felt in our hearts.' " In this way did the saintly King of France and the humble Italian monk solve all the difficulties arising from difference of languages, transla- tions, and international misunderstand- ings, for the "light of wisdom" shone in their eyes.
The Catholic Citizen (Vol. 52, No. 36) asks this pertinent question: "Has the National Catholic War Council ever made a report on the several million dollars it had on hand at the end of the >var?" and adds: "Such a report would seem due at least to the contributing Catholic public."
The Catholic Sun of Syracuse, N. Y., questions the advisability of the publi- cation in one city of several Catholic weeklies that contain duplication of matter. But, as the Echo, of Buffalo in the same State, points out, "there is room for more than one Catholic week- ly, if distinct fields are covered, and the" papers appeal to a wide circle of readers outside of any particular local- ity." The Echo itself is the best argu- ment for the truth of this proposition.
"Fiat iustitia, mat coelmn" voices a duty infinitely above any sectional, selfish loyalty. Justice should be con- sidered as one with mercy and charity, with tenderness and love. "The greatest of these" should bind us all. There is no need to criticise unduly, to adver- tise mere weaknesses and shortcom- ings ; yet, on the other hand, to take an
1922 THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW 311
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2735-2737 Lyon Street, cor. Lynch Church Bells and Chimes of Best Quality
Ui
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
August 15
unjust view of anyone or anything or to acquiesce in something unworthy, through personal regard for a profes- sion or a class, an institution or a cause, cannot but be contrary to conscience and righteousness, and cannot ultimate- ly be otherwise than subversive of morality and antagonistic to the spread of God's kingdom on earth. -»-•--•■-•-
Figures gathered l)y the Federal Der partment of Labor in nineteen cities of the United States show that more than one-third of the average American's in- come (38 2 per cent.) is spent for food. The second largest fraction goes for recreation and incidental expenditures. This amounts to 21.3 per cent., cloth- ing takes up 16.6 per cent., housing. 13.5 per cent., fuel. 5.3 per cent., and furniture 5.1 per cent. -•--•■ -^ -♦■
In "My Discovery of England," Stephen Leacock writes : "It is my can- did opinion that no man ought to be allowed to tell a funny story or anecdote without a license. We insist rightly enough that every taxi-driver must have a license, and the same principle should ai)p!y to anybody who proposes to act as a raconteur. Telling a story is a dif- ficult thing — quite as difficult as driving a taxi. . . . This is a point of view not generally appreciated. A man is apt to think that just because he has heard a good story he is able to repeat it. He might as well attempt a snake-dance merely because he has seen Madame Pavlowa do one."' There is a deal of common sense in this paragraph, and the humor of it should not obscure the lesson it contains for the insistent story- teller.
A writer in the London Saturday Review (No. 3471) says that a series of experiments recently took place at the Sorbonne, Paris, in order to test the reality of certain ectoplasmic mani- festations which were said to have made their appearance on the body of a celebrated medium known by the name Eva, and that, as a result, the professors who took part in these ex- periments came to the conclusion that
an attempt had been made to perpetrate upon them a somewhat clumsy hoax, j
The N. C. W. C. News Service credits one of our bishops with the as- sertion that no decree of the Holy See is binding until it has been promulgated through the Acta Apostolicae Sedis. We refuse to believe that any bishop is so ignorant of Canon Law as not to ^know that while publication in the Acta is the ordinary method of promulgat- ing Roman laws and decrees, distinct provision is made in the Code for par- ticular modes of promulgation. Canon 9 says : "Leges ah Apostolica Sede latae pronmlgantur per editionem in Actorum Apostolicae Sedis commentario officiali. nisi in casibns particularibiis alius pro- nnilgandi modus fnerit praescriptus." .Such a particular method was evidently chosen when the decree of the S. Con- sistorial Congregation dissolving the N. C. W. C. was sent to all American bishops through the Apostolic Delega- tion. It is childish to suppose that that decree has not been promulgated be- cause for some reason it has not hither- to been published in the Acta. And it is false to assert that the decree, exe- cuted in optima forma and approved by Pius XI, has been revoked because the Holy Father has graciously consented to reconsider the whole matter. Future developments will show in what man- ner His Holiness will modify the decree of dissolution, if he decides to modify it at all. which is by no means certain. -•■-•--•--♦• Following a custom established in 1916. and observed whenever possible since that time, the Central Bureau of the Catholic Central Society has ar- ranged a social study course in connec- tion with the annual convention of the Central Society, which will meet at Detroit, Aug. 2bth to 23rd. The course will open in the evening of Wednesday, Aug. 20th. and close Fridav, Aug. 25th. The V. Rev. Dr. Joseph Och, Rector of tlie Josephinum, Columbus, Ohio, will deliver four lectures on sovereignty. State power. State law or right, and the Constitution of the United States and its influence on American life and insti-
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
313
Havana Filled
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Imported Sumatra Wrapper 100 _ $1, 80 {Smoked in 47 States) 50 — $4. 00
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(Catalogue and Prices of Other Brands mailed on request)
Just published :
The Preacher's Vademecum
Sermon Plans for Sundays, Feasts of Our Lord, of the Blessed Virgin and the Saints, Advent and
Liuten Courses, Forty Hours', Sacred Heart Devotions, Retreats, Conferences, May and October
Devotions, Special Occasions, etc.
By Two Missionaries Translated from the French
Cloth, net, ^3.00
This unique work will prove a boon for the preacher, particularly jon account of the great variety of its material for many different occasions.
The qualitv of the material may be judged from the fact that in its French original the work is already in its Fifth Edition, and has been favored with many flattering commendations by the episcopate.
Story-Sermonettes for the Children's Mass
FOR ALL SUNDAYS OF THE YEAR By the Rev. Frederick Reuter
Cloth, net, $1.50
Previously published by the same author:
Short Sermons for the Children's Mass
On the Gospels of all the Sundays of the Year Amply Illustrated by Example and Anecdote
Cloth, net, p. 30
"They are the products of long vears of work and should prove welcome to many less experienced than the author.'' ' — Catholic Book Notes.
JOSEPH F. WAGNER (Inc.), Publishers 23 Barclay Street NEW YORK
.SV. Louis: B. Herder Book Co.
America Press
iJ JOB PRINTING si done with neatness and dispatch
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314
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
August ]5
tutions. An additional lecture, of no less timely import, will be delivered by Dr. Joseph F. Goeke, of Manistee, Mich., who has made a special study of the question of sterilization of the feeble-minded and of criminals, and will submit his conclusions in his lec- ture. The course of lectures will be held in the University of Detroit. A fee of $5 will be asked. Inquiries and registrations are to be sent to the Cen- tral Bureau, 3835 \\'estminster PL, St. Louis, Mo.
Forty Years of Missionary Life
in Arkansas
By the Rev. John Eugene Weibel, V.F.
{j,Sth Iiistalliiient)
A Biographical Sketch of Bishop Fitzgerald
For live years after Bishop Byrne's death tlie Diocese of Little Rock was vacant. The V. Rev. Patrick O'Reilly, for years pastor ol St. Andrew's Cathedral, was administra- tor. He was assisted by the Rev. Father Lawrence Smythe, pastor of the Catholic church in Fort Smith from i86i up to the time of his death in 1900. They were good and zealous missionaries and administered the diocese with great prudence and care dur- ing the terrible time of the four years' Civil War and saved as much out of the ruins as was possible. In 1867 Rome named Edward Fitzgerald, pastor of St. Patrick's church, Columbus. Ohio, Bishop of Little Rock.
Bishop Fitzgerald reached Little Rock, March 17th, 1867, by steamboat. At that time there was no railroad in Arkansas ex- cept a short line of fortv miles from Little Rock to DeVall's Bh\ff', on White River, where connection was made with the Memphis boats. The outlook for the new Bishop was not encouraging. The Civil War, which had raged from i86r to 1865 and resulted disastrously to the South, had left the State completely impoverished. The old settlers, owing to the influx of the N^orthern carpet-baggers, soon found themselves rele- gated to the rear and Negroes, just released from slavery, united with hostile strangers, were placed in the front rank of all political and commercial affairs. The lamented assas- sination of President Lincoln, who could and would have done justice to the South, greatly increased the weight of the yoke now pressed on the neck of the Southern people. Dis- franchised as voters, though compelled to perform every duty of citizenship, dispos- sessed gradually of their real estate holdings through stress of poverty and new systems of finance, the Southern people, in this re- construction period, esperienced a debase-
ment that is without a parallel in the records of Christian civilization. It is only in recent years, when a new South is springing up and a giant's strength disclosed, that the ordinary amenities of civilized life have beea restored. Arkansas suffered almost forty years from this blighting influence. Under such circumstances immigration was impeded and property values depreciated.
At Bishop Fitzgerald's consecration the Rev. P. J. Ryan, D.D., later Archbishop of Philadelphia, then a parish priest in St. Louis, preached the sermon and considering the ruined diocese, the poor wooden structure called Cathedral, not much better than the stable of Bethlehem, he saw nothing to con- gratulate the new Bishop except upon his apostolic poverty. However, the new Bishop, only thirty-three years old, was strong and energetic and determined to do all the good he could.
Traveling on horseback and by stage he visited during the very first year of his administration all the more prominent towns and settlements of Arkansas and the Indian Territory, and found about 1,600 souls all told. There were then but two Catholic schools, one in Little Rock, the other in Fort Smith, both taught by the Sisters of Mercy. There were only five priests in the Diocese. The Very Rev. P. O'Reilly, V. G. ; Rev. Lawrence Smythe; Rev. McGowan, who was infirm and unable to do missionary work ; Rev. Shanahan, who soon afterwards left Helena to go to Iowa, and Rev. Cogan, who went to Texas. Such a condition was apt to discourage the most courageous man. But undaunted, the Bishop went wherever he thought he could do some good. Repeatedly he described to me how people used to in- form him about some Catholic families liv- ing here or there and how he would start off and travel for miles to visit them, only to find that instead of a dozen Catholic families, there was but one Catholic family at the place, or perhaps none at all. but just peo- ple who had expressed some sympathy for Catholics. The lamented Father Charles Ziegler of St. Louis, who had been a school- mate and a life-long friend of Bishop Fitz- gerald, told me of the .great zeal of the }-oung Bishop and how for the first few years of his administration he rode on horse- back all over the State of Arkansas, from Memphis to Pocahontas, from there to Fort Smith, from Fort Smith to Rocky Comfort, etc., and how he announced lectures in school houses and public places — only to be disap- pointed, for very few came. Many of the best people had left the State: the war had disorganized everj'tliing, and the people with their property and civil rights seemingly lost all ambition and interest.
(To he continued)
Please favor us by patronizing our adver- it?ers.
posltlo*
m
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andO*
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CatM
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1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
315
Position Wanted
by
Organist and Choirmaster
All Organist and Choirniastei with A I references and plenty of experience is looking for a position. Address: O. A. M.,care of the fortnightly Review, 5851 Etzel Av., St. I,onis, Mo.
CLERGYMEN, COLLEGES and ACADEMIES will find it to their advantage to consult
THE
Jos. Berning Printing Co.
212-214 East Eiglith Street
CINCINNATI, OHIO RELIABLE SERVICE AT REASONABLE PRICES Its facilities for quick delivery of line- or monotyped, printed in first -class manner books, booklets, pamphlets, folders etc. are unexcelled .
Help the Foreign Missions by Buying Postage Stamps
Catholic stamp purchasers are urged to patronize the Mission Stamp Company, now located at 36S4Park Boulevard, San Diego, California. All of the profits of this company are devoted to the Catholic missions.
St. Louis Pipe Organ Co.
Electro, Tubular Pneumatic,
and Tracker Organs for Church and Concert Hall
Prompt attention given to Repairs and Rebuilding
of every description
Blowrers attached
Office, 2200-1 1 Lynch Street
Phone Sidney Ml ^T. I.OUIS. MO.
Chaminade College ciayton, mo.
Catholic Boarding and Day School for Boys and Young IVSen
In Charge of the Society of Mary
Accredited by the Missouri University
Preparatory Department — Third Grade Up — Complete High School Courses
-Spacious Grounds, Carefully Supervised Studies
Spicidl attention to the moral training of the students
For particulars address: THE PRESIDENT
Bell: Clayton 12« Kiiiloch: Clayton 168 1- Chaminade College, Clayton, Mo.
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Mail Orders Promptly Filled Phones; Bell I'yler 7S8 Kiuloch Central 4039 L
314
THE FUBTNIGHTLY REVIEW
August ]5
tutions. An additional lecture, of no less timely import, will be delivered by Dr. Joseph F. Goeke, of Manistee, Mich., who has made a special study of the question of sterilization of the feeble-minded and of criminals, and will submit his conclusions in his lec- ture. The course of lectures will be held in the University of Detroit. A fee of $5 will be asked. Inquiries and registrations are to be sent to the Cen- tral Bureau, 3835 Westminster PI., St. Louis, Mo.
Forty Years of Missionary Life
in Arkansas
By the Rev. John Eugene Weibeu, V.F.
(jSth InstaUinent)
A Biographical Sketch of Bishop Fitzgerald
For five years after Bishop Byrne's death the Diocese of Little Rock was vacant. The V. Rev. Patrick O'Reilly, for years pastor of St. Andrew's Cathedral, was administra- tor. He was assisted by the Rev. Father Lawrence Smythe, pastor of the Catholic ciiurch in Fort Smith from i86i up to the time of his death in 1900. They were good and zealous missionaries and administered the diocese with great prudence and care dur- ing the terrible time of the four years' Civil War and saved as much out of the ruins as was possible. In 1867 Rome named Edward Fitzgerald, pastor of St. Patrick's church, Columbus, Ohio, Bishop of Little Rock.
Bishop Fitzgerald reached Little Rock, March 17th, 1867, by steamboat. At that time there was no railroad in Arkansas ex- cept a short line of forty miles from Little Rock to DeVall's Blufif, on White River, where connection was made with the Memphis boats. The outlook for the new Bishop was not encouraging. The Civil War, which had raged from 1861 to 1865 and resulted disastrously to the South, had left the State completely impoverished. The old settlers, owing to the influx of the Northern carpet-baggers, soon found themselves rele- gated to the rear and Negroes, just released from slavery, united with hostile strangers, were placed in the front rank of all political and commercial afifairs. The lamented assas- sination of President Lincoln, who could and would have done justice to the South, greatly increased the weight of the yoke now pressed on the neck of the Southern people. Dis- franchised as voters, though compelled to perform every duty of citizenship, dispos- sessed gradually of their real estate holdings through stress of poverty and new systems of finance, the Southern people, in this re- construction period, esperienced a debase-
ment that is without a parallel in the records of Christian civilization. It is only in recent years, when a new South is springing up and a giant's strength disclosed, that the ordinary amenities of civilized life have beea restored. Arkansas suffered almost forty years from this blighting influence. Under such circumstances immigration was impeded and property values depreciated.
At Bishop Fitzgerald's consecration the Rev. P. J. Ryan, D.D., later Archbishop of Philadelphia, then a parish priest in St. Louis, preached the sermon and considering the ruined diocese, the poor wooden structure called Cathedral, not much better than the stable of Bethlehem, he saw nothing to con- gratulate the new Bishop except upon his apostolic poverty. However, the new Bishop^ only thirty-three years old, was strong and energetic and determined to do all the good he could.
Traveling on horseback and by stage he visited during the very first year of his administration all the more prominent towns and settlements of Arkansas and the Indian Territory, and found about 1,600 souls all told. There were then but two Catholic schools, one in Little Rock, the other in Fort Smith, both taught by the Sisters of Mercy. There were only five priests in the Diocese. The Very Rev. P. O'Reilly, V. G. ; Rev. Lawrence Smythe; Rev. McGowan, who was infirm and unable to do missionary work ; Rev. Shanahan, who soon afterwards left Helena to go to Iowa, and Rev. Cogan, who went to Texas. Such a condition was apt to discourage the most courageous man. But undaunted, the Bishop went wherever he thought he could do some good. Repeatedly he described to me how people used to in- form him about some Catholic families liv- ing here or there and how he would start off and travel for miles to visit them, only to find that instead of a dozen Catholic families, there was but one Catholic family at the place, or perhaps none at all. but just peo- ple who had expressed some sympathy for Catholics. The lamented Father Charles Ziegler of St. Louis, who had been a school- mate and a life-long friend of Bishop Fitz- gerald, told me of the great zeal of the young Bishop and how for the first few years of his administration he rode on horse- back all over the State of Arkansas, from Memphis to Pocahontas, from there to Fort Smith, from Fort Smith to Rocky Comfort, etc., and how he announced lectures in school houses and public places — only to be disap- pointed, for very few came. Many of the best people had left the State: the war had disorganized everything, and the people with their property and civil rights seemingly lost all ambition and interest.
(To he continued)
Please favor us by patronizing our adver- itsers.
l^Zi
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
(15
Position Wanted
by
Organist and Ctioirmaster
All Organist and Choirmaslei with A I references and plenty of experience is looking for a position. Address: O. A. M.,care of the Fortnightly Re%-iew. 5851 Etzel A v.. St. Lonis, Mo.
CLERGYMEN, COLLEGES and ACADEMIES will find it to their advantage to consult
THE
Jos. Berning Printing Co.
212-214 East Eighth Street
CINCINNATI, OHIO RELIABLE SERVICE AT REASONABLE PRICES Its facilities for quick delivery of line- or monotyped, printed in first-class manner books, booklets, pamphlets, folders etc. are unexcelled .
Help the Foreign Missions by Buying Postage Stamps
Catholic stamp pnrchasers arc urged to patronize the Mission Stamp Company, now located at 36S4Park Boulevard, San Diego, California. All of the profits of this company are devoted to the Catholic missions.
St. Louis Pipe Organ Co.
Electro, Tubular Pneumatic,
and Tracker Organs for Church and Concert Hall
Prompt attention given to Repairs and Rebuilding
of every description
Blowers attached
Office, 2209-1 1 Lyiicli Street
lone Sidney Ml ^T. I.OUIS. MO.
Chaminade College ciayton, mo.
Catholic Boarding and Day School for Boys and Young iVSen
In Charge of the Society of Mary
Accredited by the Missouri University
Preparatory Department — Third Grade Up — Complete High vSchool Courses
Spacious (jTounds, Carefully Supervised Studies
Sp;ci<il attention to the moral training of the students
Bell: Clayton 12'<
For partictUars address: THE PRESIDENT iloch: Clayton 168 1. Chaminade College, Clayton, DIo.
FOR QUALITY CIGARS TRY OUR BRANDS
=== They Have Stood the Test Since 1860 ^^^ — ~—^
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Westerheide Tobacco & Cigar Co.
3612 North Broadway, ST. LOUIS, MO.
Mail Orders Promptly Filled Phones; Bell lyler 7S8 Kinloch Central 4039 L
316
THE FOETNIGHTLY REVIEW
August 15
Literary Briefs
An Irish Historical Novel
Richard Ball, in "The Better Part," has chosen for his background the little known period in Irish history in which the Earl of Desmond was held captive in Dublin Castle and hnally escaped. The author displays skill in handling the traditional style in which i6th century stories are wont to be told. A love story, of course, winds its way through the historical matter and has a happy end- ing. A peculiar interest is imparted just now to this story in so much as it deals largely with Dublin Castle. (B. Herder Book Co.) "The Seminarists' Symposium"
We have received the third volume of the richly illustrated year book of St. Vincent's Seminary, Beatty, Fa., published under the above title. It opens with a fine portrait of the new Bishop of Pittsburgh, Msgr. H. C. Boyle, himself an alumnus of the institution, which is the diocesan seminary of the Pitts- burgh Diocese and is empowered by the Holy See to grant ecclesiastical degrees. There are a mimber of well-written articles from the pens of seminarists, on such subjects as "The Postwar Literary Outlook," "Woman's Position in Modern Society," "Cremation," "The Causes and Results of the Crusades," etc., which prove that the standard of scholarship at St. Vincent's is high. Numer- ous historical and biographical notes render this year book a valuable source of church history for the future. (Published by the . St. Thomas Literary and Homiletic Society of St. Vincent's Seminary, Beatty, Pa.)
How to Walk in the Presence of God
St. Ignatius repeatedly recommended the pious practice of frequently reminding one- self of the presence of God, or, to use a more familiar expression, to walk in the presence of God. Jesuit ascetics urge the exercise of this practice. Fr. Francis Arias' treatise on the subject has just been trans- lated into German by our venerable friend and occasional contributor, Fr. Hubert Hart- mann, S.T.: "Die Vergegenwartigung Gottes, von Franz Arias, S. J. Uebertragen von Hu- bert Hartmann, S. J." The practice here recommended (which should not be con- founded with a constant, meticulous visuali- zation of God) enables us to pray at all times (Luke 21, 36) and tends to detach us from the creature, to inflame our hearts with divine love, and to fill our souls with a strong desire for Heaven. This practice
is to he recommended to all Christians. {"Beati qui ambulant in viis Domini"; Ps. CXVIII, i), and Fr. Hartmann deserves thanks from the German-speaking Catholic public for putting within their reach Fr. Arias' splendid treatise. (Leipsic: Vier Quel- len Verlag). New Gregorian Melodies
"Lauda Sion, or Gregorian Melodies for Liturgical and Other Functions." Compiled by the Rev. Thomas Rust, O. F. M. Edited by the Very Rev. Peter Griesbacher. (Chi- cago, 111.: Franciscan Herald Press). From the foreword we learn that "the purpose of this booklet is not to supplant, but to supplement, similar publications already on the market, by presenting in convenient form the antiphons, hymns, litanies, re- sponsories, etc., most commonly used at liturgical and non-liturgical functions." Father Rust's collection will be found of great convenience and usefulness to the choir-master, as it contains fifty-seven num- bers, covering every occasion during the liturgical year. Rubrical directions greatly facilitate the use of the book. Canon Gries- bacher's quasi-mensuralistic ' rythmizations of the melodies may not always coincide with the views and habits of dyed-in-the- wool equalists. There is not the slightest doubt, however, that they are a great aid to the choir director and singers in securing a smooth and clear-cut performance. The book with its accompaniment should find a place in every organ-loft. — JosF.ph Ottex.
Books Received
The Seven-fold Gift. A Study of the Seven Sacraments. By Wm. F. Robison, S.J. xii & 225 pp. i2mo. B. Herder Book Co. $1.50 net.
The Corona Readers. By M. F. Egan, Bro. Leo, and J. H. Fassett. Third Reader. 288 pp. i2mo. Illustrate;!. Boston: Ginn
6 Co.
Lc Peril Judeo-Magonniquc. IV. Les "Pro- tocols" de 1901 de G. Butmi. Par Mgr. Jouin. xix & 336 pp. large 8vo. Paris : Revue Internationale des Societes Secretes.
7 fr. 50. (Wrapper).
Herder's Theologische Grnndrisse. Moral- theologie von Dr. Otto Schilling, xiii & 555 pp. i6mo. B. Herder Book Co. $2.25 net.
Holy Souls Book. Reflections on Purgatory. A Complete Prayer-Book, Including Spe- cial Prayers and Devotions in Behalf of the Poor Souls in Purgatory. Edited by Rev. F. X. Lasance. 443 pp. pocket format. Benziger Bros. Different prices according to bindings.
The Fortnightly Review
VOL. XXIX. NO. 17
.ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
September 1, 1922
Father Husslein's Social Teachings
By the Rev. Joseph Reiner, S. J., Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wis.
No man attaining to any prom- inence in the public eye can rea- sonably expect to satisfy all sides, least of all a writer upon indus- trial questions. The marked favor with w^hich Father Jos. Husslein's w^orks have for years been re- ceived by the Catholic and non- Catholic press, therefore, confers on him no immunity from such criticisms as have from time to time appeared in the Fortnightly Review. But in fairness both to the readers of the Review and to the author certain wrong imiDres- sions must not be allowed to arise. Without challenging controversy a few simple statements of fact are in justice called for in this con- nection.
In view of the not infrequent attacks against him from the cap- italistic side and the friendliness with which he has been quoted in the labor press, Fr. Husslein must be mildly astonished, at least, to find his name associated with the individualism he has been fear- lessly combatting these many years. Even such reviews as the Nation and the New Republic have favorably acknowledged his serv- ices. The Survey has consistently given his books long and f riendh^ reviews. His analysis of existing commercial and industrial evils made Bernard Iddings Bell hail him as a "free-lance Socialist." Needless to say, Fr. Husslein is not a Socialist. Similar state-
ments were for similar reasons made about Pope Leo XIII, Bish- op Ketteler, Dr. John A. Ryan, and others who have interested themselves in social reform meas- ures.
The foremost Catholic authori- ties on social questions have ex- pressed uniformly favorable opin- ions on Fr. Husslein's books. The Central-Blatt and Social Justice (XIV, No. 10) carries an article written by Dr. Chas. Bruehl on Fr. Husslein's most recent work, ''Work, Wealth and Wages" and offers an eloquent appreciation of the ''value of Father Husslein's publications and his indefatigable work in behalf of popular enlight- enment." The Catholic Charities Review has been equally enthusi- astic, and the Fortxightly Re- view in its own set estimate of the work referred to fairly acknowl- edged its utility.
His critics can hardly expect Fr. Husslein to go farther in his de- mands unless they expect him to break completely with Catholic doctrine and Catholic traditions. In his programme, "A Catholic Social Platform," after rejecting Socialism, he with impartial sever- ity declares:
"Individualistic capitalism, un- derstood as a system in which the means of production are in the hands of a few men of wealth, in- spired merely with a passion for the utmost gain and unrestrained
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by due legal restrictions, is equally pernicious."
Constructively Fr. Husslein ad- \'ocates a social system securing the "widest diffusion of the pos- session of productive as well as consumptive property, that as many as possible of the workers can hope, by just means, to become sharers in it." To attain this end he insists on complying with the directions of Pope Pius X, that our efforts should tend towards adapting the guilds of the Middle Ages to our own contemporary needs. In all his writings Father Husslein never intended to pro- duce "scientific" books for the benefit of university professors, l)ut, agreeing with Dr. Bruehl that "the first step towards any better- ment in human affairs is the en- lightenment of the masses" (arti- cle in Social Justice referred to), he restricted himself to merely popularizing his extensive studies. By following the former course he might have had a few hundred readers, but by following the latter he has succeeded in interesting- thousands in social problems. Though Fr. Husslein 's appeal has been mainly to the beginner, still, as Dr. Eyan says in his "Social Reconstruction"" (p. 179), "No one has described better the Guild System, or has drawn more im- portant conclusions from the spir- it of the Guild System with regard to co-operative production than Father Joseph Husslein, S.J." Tn a particular w^ay his full sup- port is given to the co-operative ideal, to trade, credit and produc- tive co-operative societies, wheth- er in cities or on the land.
But he fully realizes that this "new social order" cannot be real- ized over night. Hence he explains (clause 20) : "While keeping clear-
ly in sight this vision of the true city, which is to be constructed after no merely speculative model, we must not forget the intermedi- ate measures that are not, how^- ever, to be confounded with the ultimate goal." In this he shows his common sense as a practical sociologist.
His critics become impatient with Father Husslein because he stresses the next steps, "the inter- mediate measures" which appear to them altogether "inadequate." It seems they would have him adopt the methods of an Arnold of Brescia, of a Wiclif, of the AValdensians. They probably would have been even more impa- tient W'ith St. Paul for not de- nouncing slavery and not fighting for its immediate abolition. They seem to forget that social progress is a slow, gradual process, as slow and gradual as the development of a boy into manhood. The guilds and other institutions of the Mid- dle Ages, which we admire, were the results of a gradual evolution of centuries of toil and effort.
Negative criticism does much harm by unsettling minds, paralys- ing action, and retarding progress. Positive criticism which is coupled with concrete and specific sugges- tions of something better is help- ful. It is this latter type of criti- cism that is offered by such as have actually grappled with exist- ing difficulties and have made some contribution toward social better- ment.
The man who not only does his work superbly well, but adds to it a touch of personality through great zeal, patience, rnd persistence, making it peculiar, unique, individual, distinct, and unfor- gettable, is an artist. And this applies to each and every field of human en- deavor.
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The Newman Movement in Germany
With the exception of a memoir by Lady Blemierhassett, published in {jrerman some 20 years before the war, and sundry articles in various periodicals, nothing much was done in that country to popu- larize the writings of Cardinal Newman. Since the war, however, Newman has been ''discovered" in Germany, and a band of enthu- siastic workers is engaged in spreading abroad the hitherto esoteric knowledge of the high place he occu])ies in the religious and intellectual world. We quote the following details from No. 697 of the Month :
We have before us a copy in German of certain devotional ex- ercises of the Cardinal, published in the course of last year, and it is already in its fifth edition. A more ambitious undertaking is a trans- lation in ten volumes of his chief polemical, didactic, and oratorical works. Two of these volumes have so far appeared: the "Apologia pro Vita sua," published in Mainz, and, issued ])v a Munich tirm, "The Philosophy of Belief," un- der which title no English reader would be likely to recognize ' ' The Grammar of Assent." The other volumes will appear in due cjurs-e, if there be encouragement and support.
Another instance of the newly- aw^akened interest is the popular, but quite interesting and sympa- tlietic memoir written by Dr. M. Laros, of Geichlingen, for the "Religiose Geister" Series, in course of publication by the firm of Matthias Grlinewald, of Mainz. Dr. Laros is evidently a keen ad- mirer of Newman. He does nut fear to compare him with Dante or with Pascal, and sets his work (U
a level with that of St. Augustine. What we are perhaps most spe- cially indebted to Newman for, he tells us, is that he has shown us how to steer clear of the Scylla and Charybdis of modern contro- versies by combining the old and the new, the tradition of primitive times with the spirit of progre;SS of our own era. Before Darwin had appeared, or at least before the "Origin of Species" saw the light, Newman had published his epoch-making Essay on Develop- ment, which, besides illumining many other horizons, was as ar- resting a chapter in evolution as anything written by Darwin or Wallace.
Haecker, another writer in the same series, and the translator of "The Grammar of Assent," draws a comparison between Newman and Bergson, much to the advan- tage of the former.
Dr. Laros is far from allowing that w^e of the twentieth century have outlived Newman's work, and that the w^ritings of the master have to do only with controversies and conditions which are past and forgotten. On the contrary, he contends that the main problems faced by Newman are still mth us. On the one hand, we find the same spirit of unrest, of inquiry, and eager anticipation, the same love of novelty, of daring generaliza- tions, the same expectation that modern progress is on the point of revolutionizing the world of thought as well as the order of Nature. On the other, there are still many religious-minded men in llie Church, who live in the twen- tieth century as if they belonged to the twelfth, who are reluctant to admit the possibility of advance
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on the ideas prevalent in bygone ages, who belittle the effort's and research of their contemporaries, and would choke any attempt ou the part of their co-religionaries to reconcile the old order with the new. Cardinal Newman spent his life in conflict with these two classes of men, and because they are still vigorous and active, he may be said to be a man of our time as well as of his own: " dp- fnnctys adhuc loquitur."
Rome's Coup de Giace to the N. C. W. C.
There is no need of our repro- ducing the decree of the 8. Congr. of the Consistorv of June 22nd, of which the X. C. W. C. News Serv- ice gave out an English transla- tion on August IG. It has already appeared in all the Catholic news- papers of the country.
This decree practically confirms that of last February, dissolving the National Catholic Welfare Council, but says that nothing shall be changed concerning that organization until the bishops meet again in September. At that meeting the following instructions are to be carried out :
1) The name of the N. C. W. C. is to be changed (No. 8).
2) The character of the N. C. W. C. is to changed : it is to be shorn of all pretence of officiality (Nos. 2, 3, 8) and compelled to limit its activity to the two sub- jects mentioned in Benedict 's XV 's Brief, ''Communes," of April 10, 1919 (No. 4).
3) The canonical authority of the bishops, each in his own dio- cese, is to be scrupulously respect- ed (No. 9, 1)), and whatever per- sons or committees may be ap- pointed to undertake definite work
for the bishops, are to be carefully supervised, and if any of them ventures to interfere in the man- agement of any diocese, he is to be ''summarilv dismissed from office" (No. 9, c).
4) The minutes of the bishops' meeting "are to be submitted to the Holy See, so that if there be need, the Holy See may with its authority intervene" (No. 6). This means that the Holy See intends to see to the execution of this decree.
The two subjects to which the N. C. W. C, or, rather, its succes- sor— if it will have a successor, which we deem unlikely in view of this patent disapproval of the whole scheme by the Holy See — as laid down in the Brief "Com- munes" {Ada Apostolicae Sedis, Vol. XI, No. 6) are: the social (piestion {" de re sociali") and education ("^e recta puerorum luvenumque institutione"). This rule clearly excludes the purvey- ing of news to the Catholic press, t'xcept in so far as it may be neces- sary occasionally to supply that press with information regarding tlie measures taken on social and educational problems.
Those Catholic papers that pre- tend to regard this decree as a "splendid triumph for the N. C. AV. C." are either unable to under- stand the tenor of a Boman decree or endeavoring, for some reason, to throw dust into the ej^es of their readers. But no matter how they may conduct themselves, we can assure them that this second decree of the S. Congregation will not be disobeyed as the first one was.
The utmost we can hope for in this life is contentment; if we aim at any- thing higher we shall meet with nothing liut disappointment.
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Was Nestorius a Heretic?
In an appendix to the later edi- tions of Pohle-Preuss ' '^Christol- ogy," is given a brief account of the controversy that has arisen of late in regard to the Christologicai teaching of Nestorius.
The traditional view is that this Syrian priest, who became patri- arch of Constantinople in 428, disseminated the heresies of his teacher Theodore of Mopsuestia, to wit, that Jesus, the son of Mary, is a different person from the Divine Logos or Son of God ; that the two persons in Him were most intimately united, the man Jesus becoming a "God-bearer" by the indwelling of the Logos, and that, consequently, the Logos is united with, the man Jesus, not by way of a physical union, but by a merely external, accidental, moral union. It follows that the Incar- nation was not an assumption of human nature by God, but simply an indwelling of the Logos in the man Jesus, and that Mary is not the Mother of God, but merely the mother of a '* God-bearing man."
This view of Nestorius' teach- ing is based on the writings of his opponents, especially St. Cyril. Recently the publication by Loofs of over 300 fragments of Nestor- ius' own writings, and by M. Bedjan and F. Nau of a hitherto unknown work written by the Patriarch during his exile under the pseudonym of **Heraclides of Damascus," has given rise to a strong defence of the Patriarch's orthodoxy by Bethune-Baker, Har- nack, and even Duchesne.
Jugie, Junglas, and other Cath- olic writers upheld the traditional view. The latest contribution to the subject is a yolume by Father Christian Pesch, S. J., the eminent
dogmatician, entitled, "Nestorius als Irrlehrer: Zur Erlauterung einer wichtigen theologischen Prinzipienf rage ' ' ( Paderborn : Schoningh, 1921).
Fr. Pesch calls the question at issue an important one from the point of view of principle, for the reason that, if Nestorius had been unjustly condemned by the Coun- cil of Ephesus, it would follow that the Church is not infallible in judging dogmatic facts and, con- sequently, erred when she claimed such infallibility against the Jan- senists.
The author shows in fifteen carefully written chapters that the traditional view of Nestorius' teaching is substantially correct. The argument is based on sermons delivered by Nestorius in Constan- tinople, on his attitude towards those who attributed to Mary the title "Mother of God," on his ut- terances concerning Diodorus and Theodore of Mopsuestia, both of whom he exalts as orthodox teach- ers, on his counter-blast to the anathematisms of St. Cyril, on the judgment of his contemporaries, and, finally, on the "Book of Heraclides of Damascus," in which Nestorius distorts the views of his opponents and places his own teaching in the most favora- ble light.
The only correction that need be made in the traditional state- ment of the teaching of Nestorius is that while he taught that there were two distinct persons in Christ, he held that these t^vo physical persons were united in one moral prosopon.
From this investigation it also becomes triumphantly evident that St. Cvril did not teach Mono-
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physitism, as his oppoiieiits assert- ed, but expressly emphasized the diiference of the two natures in Christ even after their hypostatic union. It must be admitted, how- ever, that his terminology is not always clear and that the phrase ''una natiira Verbi incaruata" ( see Pohle-Preuss, ' ' Ohristology, ' ' pp. 108 sqq.), while entirely ortho- dox in the sense in which he used it, was open to misinterpretation, — which fact enabled the Mono- physite heretics to twist it in favor of their false teaching.
Exit Lord Northcliffe The late Lord Xorthclilfe, who v\'as really a German Jew by name of Stern, did nothing to elevate journalistic standards, but debased them and left the jDress in a far worse position than it occupied when he became a newspaper proprietor. The N. Y. Nation (No. 2981) compares him to W. R. Hearst, but in our opinion North- cliffe belongs in a far lower cate- gory than even Hearst. He was a dangerous demagogue who, by playing upon popular prejudices and the petty likes and dislikes of the masses, exercised an enor- mous political and social power, and used that power for evil.
We cordially endorse the epi- taph which our contemporary sug- gests for Lord Northcliif e 's tomb : "Here lies a man who waxed powerful on the pennies of the la- bor and the loAver middle classes by feeding them upon mediocrities and cheap sensations ; who debased the entire English press, including even the famous old 'Thunderer.' He made no contribution to the betterment of mankind; he incited steadily to nationalistic and race hatreds ; he was foremost among those who brought the world's worst calamity upon it, and once
that misfortmie was at hand, he knew no sane way out. He sup- ported the worst treaty in the his- tory of mankind and to the day of his death advocated a foreign policy which can only spell irre- trievable disaster and misery to Europe. For these and other serv- ices he was knighted, ennobled, decorated, honored, and acclaimed. Of such, reader, is the quality of success."
A Dangerous Tendency The Newman Quarterly, a maga- zine published in the interests of the Federation of Catholic College Clubs, in its winter number, 1921- 1922, contains an interesting arti- cle on "Catholic Foundations at State Universities." Mr. John J. Ryan attacks this policy, whereas the latter part of the article, by the Rev. John A. O'Brien, Ph.D., is given over to its defense. The true colors of the latter are shown when he writes: "The time has passed when men like Mr. Ryan can sit back and imply that the State Fniiversity is a godless insti- tution, intent only upon tearing down the fabric of Christian morals." To-day we have not only Catholic organizations like the Knights of Columbus spending money for the furtherance of this policy, and "drives" for Catholic colleges at our State institutions, l)ut Catholic priests speaking fa- vorablv of it and even defending it! '
What this tendency will lead to is not difficult to see. It contains within itself the seeds of a move- ment as destructive as that father- ed by the late Archbishop Ireland in regard to the grammar schools. If the present attempt does not elicit a halting word from Rome, we shall be much surprised.
TI. A. F.
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The Way Out
How much longer shall indus- trial autocrats be given power over a vital public utility I says the Nation (No. 2981), commenting on the coal miners' and the railroad- ers' strikes. Our entire system of private operation of mines and railroads for private profit under a double-headed public regiilation has entirely broken down. But does it follow that government ownership will be better I If the Eailroad Labor Board were a gov- ernmental body empowered to en- force its decisions on govern- mental employees, might not labor be forced either into a sullen serf- dom or revolt against the govern- ment ? The danger is real. So too is the danger of an incompetent political bureaucracy. The con- ventional government ownership and operation will not do.
The only kind of national owner- ship which is hopeful in the opin- ion of our esteemed contemporary, is one in which the government will own the railroads and mines, put its credit behind the hiring of capital at a reasonable rate of interest, and turn them over to democratic management by repre- sentatives of experts, of the work- ers, and of the consuming public. That is the essence of the Plumb Plan and of the tentative plan of the miners' committee, of which John Brophy is chairman. It seems the only programme that affords any hope of substituting for the present strife of o^\mers for profits, consumers for low prices, and workers for high wages, a constructive control of an essential industry for which all parties in interest have a definite responsibility.
It is objected that neither the public nor labor is ready for such
a step. Perhaps not; but a crisis like the present may serve as a rapid and powerful educator. And as far as labor is concerned, with all its faults in organization and philosophy, we need not despair of a large group of human beings who have shown the capacity for solidarity and endurance which 1 he miners have displayed through hunger and persecution during the ])ast summer.
Reminiscences of Longfellow
Mr. Ernest Longfellow, a son of the famous poet, in his lately pub- lished book, ' ' Random Memories ' ' (Houghton, Mifflin Co.), tells many pleasant tales of his father, whom lie describes as having ''rather a large mouth, but finely cut, a slightly aquiline nose, broad and fine forehead, and beautiful blue eyes. His whole expression was benign and sweet and did not belie his character, which was the most perfect imaginable. He had a well set up figure of middle hight, with rather square shoulders and a jauntiness in his walk and bearing which gave rise to the lines in a college doggerel of the period,
"With his hat on one whisker and an air
that says 'go it' You have here the Great American poet."
In the days when professors and even other men in Boston and Cambridge were rather slovenly in their appearance, says the son, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow "was always very carefully dressed, and indeed was consider- ed rather a dandy; and I believe Mrs. Craigie, when he first came to board with her, thought his gloves of much too light a shade to be worn by a strictly virtuous man."
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The Latest Outcropping of "American- ism"
A fine outcropping oi' "Ameri- canism" is contained in a letter to the editor of the N. Y. Nation, pub- lished in that journal's No. 2977, July 26th. It is signed "John Hearly" and complains bitterly that the Eoman Curia taxes Amer- ican Catholics without giving them proper representation in its goverimient.
"American Catholics are taxed in money for the support of the Uni- versal Church, and in blood — priests, nuns, and lay workers — for the irriga- tion of foreign mission fields. This 'taxation without representation' fact shadows the background of the auto- cratic Curia like a gigantic silhouette.
"As a result of the unrepresentative make-up of Curia a committee of for- eign cardinals is now sitting in judg- ment upon a social organization of American Catholics. Several weeks since, the Consistorial Congregation dominated by the reactionary De Lai, made a destructive gesture at the Na- tional Catholic Welfare Council, or- dering its dissolution. Although the Pope subsequently reinterpreted the order, the trial of the council goes on and the verdict decides the nature and the functioning of the council for the
future Dispatches from Rome
carried the list of the judges who will hear and decide the council's case; there is not an American name on it. . . . Gasparri, papal secretary of state. is the ranking judge, and with Merry del Val, Bisleti. Sbarretti, Van Rossum, and Pompili constitutes the court. All are cardinals and Gasparri. Bisleti, Sbarretti, and Pompili are Italians ; Merry del Val is a Spaniard and Van Rossum is a Hollander. Not one of the judges is widely traveled and Merry del Val alone speaks, reads, and understands English intelligently. This so-called revisionary committee is strictly un-American not only in its lack of American representation but also in its undemocratic substance as
a whole. Because its general member- ship is so un-American, if not anti- American, in education and viewpoint, there is a widespread belief in this country that His Holiness will intro- duce representative American judges in the National Catholic Welfare Council's trial before any final verdict
is brought in "
And more to the same effect. We understand the writer of this impudent epistle is a Catholic. If he is, his elucubration proves that the "Americanism" solemnly con- demned by Leo XIII is not yet dead in this country. We should not give this matter so much space did we not know that the ideas expressed "by Mr. Hearly are wide-spread and constitute a grave danger to Catholicity in a country where so many are inclined to put "patriotism" above religion. Videant cons ides!
The New Tariff Bill and the Business Outlook
The "tariff of abominations," as the New Republic calls it, will probably not reach the President's desk before the fall elections, — a plain indication of Republican lack of confidence in the tariff as a vote-getter. "The country has gone through too vigorous an edu- cational process in the last four years," says our contemporary (No. 403), "to take stock in x)rom- ises of prosperity through protec- tion. Everybody now understands that we cannot sell our own prod- ucts unless we take something besides gold in exchange, for we already have about all the gold."
Tariff or no tariff', the business outlook is far from reassuring. The coal strike is settled and the rail strike may be settled soon, but it will take months before coal supply and rail-
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way service can be restored to normal. Manufacturing will be handicapped by high prices and uncertain deliveries. Our foreign trade is likely to suffer a severe shock when the long overdue Ger- man commercial crisis develops. For the last years we have been rolling up large export balances, taking our payment partly in American securities that have been held in foreign hands, partly in foreign securities. Most foreign securities will depreciate if Ger- man industry goes down in a crash. Commercial stagnation, widespread unemployment and universal discontent are likely to characterize the opening of the winter. And the government, so far as we can learn, is making no preparations whatever to meet the
situation.
,^^^^^
Bootlegging and Conscience
The Hev. Dr. P. J. Lydon, writ- ing in the Homiletlc and Pastoral Review (Vol. XXXIII, No. 10) on the moral aspects of bootlegging — a much-controverted question — says :
"Writers of authority maintain that the number of purely penal laws is very limited. When the end of the law cannot be obtained by a fine because the public good is seri- ously menaced the law ought to be considered binding in conscience. It is not difficult to see, for in- stance, that frequent violations of the law against the importation of dangerous drugs like opium, cocaine, etc., are seriously detri- mental to society. (See Catholic World, Oct., 1921, pp. 73-86). Most writers seem to agree, however, that the act of bringing liquor into dry territory is not per se sinful; but smuggling or bootlegging as a regular business is gravely sinful
for other reasons ; i. e., the danger of life and liberty incurred by the smuggler and his general intention to use force, sometimes fatally, agamst government agents. For these reasons, as well as for possi- ble scandal to others by habitual contempt for civil law, the penitent must be strictly forl)idden to con- tinue in the traffic. (Tanquerey, De lust., n. 596; Noldin, De Prae- ceptis, n. 315)."
Funk's Church History and its
Critics The late Professor P. X. Funk's "History of the Catholic Church," of which there are two English \ ersions, one by Luigi Cappadelta, the other edited by Fr. W. H. Kent, has recently been brought up to date and re-edited in the German original by Prof. Dr. K. Bihlmeyer, of the University of Tiibingen. Prof. Marx, of the Seminary of Treves, himself the author of an excellent manual of Church history, in a notice in the Pastor Bonus, declared that Funk's book had, in 1913, been condemned by the S. Congregation of the Consistory, "because of its naturalistic tendency. ' ' This brought out a reply by Professor Bihlmeyer {Pastor Bonus, Vol. 34, Xo. 10), to the effect that the S. Congregation did not condemn Funk's Church history on account of "naturalism," i. e., because of any anti-Christian or anti-dog- matic tendency, but merely forbade its introduction into the Italian seminaries because in its opinion the author does not assign due im- portance to the supernatural ele- ment in the history ot the Church. Dr. Marx replies (ibid.) that by "naturalistic tendency" he meant precisely the neglect of the super- natural element censured by the
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S. Congregation when it said of Funk's and Kraus's church his- tories that **questi testi di storia ecclesiastica trascurano od omet- tono la parte sopra-naturale, che e vero, essenziale, indispensabile elemento nei fasti della Chiesa, senza di cui la Chiesa stessa riesce incomprehensibile. " This is not, of course, an infallible judgment, and it does not even apply to semina- ries outside of Italy, much less to the clergy and mature readers generally, by many of whom Funk's History, because of its critical method, is highly regard- ed, as its adaptation by eminent Catholic scholars into nearly all civilized modern languages proves.
Correspondence
A Good Example
To the Editor: —
The Boston Pilot sets a good exam- ple to all official organs throughout the country. In a recent issue it had an article on his Eminence Cardinal O'- Connell. saying incidentally :
"It has teen the fixed and constant policy of the Pilot to mention the name of his Eminence only in the chronicling of events as they occur in the diocese, and in the important utterances he makes on matters of vital importance."
This is the sort of restraint and reti- cence which CathoHcs like. Much as they reverence and admire their ordi- naries, they expect Catholic papers to contain some other news besides that which relates to the local bishop.
Observer
Boston. Mass.
Away With the War Mentality!
To the Editor: —
"The Folly of Keeping up the War Mentality" in No. 15 of the F. R. was a very true and timely article. Those who have a guilty conscience cannot imagine that all others have not the same thoughts as they. Why cannot
nations be noble-minded and generous towards one another? The war is over, and the havoc it caused put hell to shame. The harm has been done, and the only thing to do now is for the nations to co-operate with one another in repairing the damage, as far as that can be done. Let there be mutual con- fidence, not hatred and prejudice ! Let the war mentality be dropped ! Why not be as noble as the Indian, who buried his tomahawk after the war was over ?
A special appeal should be made to teachers, preachers, and editors to eradicate the war mentality.
(Rev.) Raymond Vernimont
Denton, Tex.
Responsibility for the World War
'To the Editor: —
A work that will prove of interest to those who are studying the question of the responsibility for the World War is "Les Responsables de la Guerre" by Alfred Pevet (Paris: Librairie de I'Humanite, 142 rue Montmarte), with a foreword by George Dumartial. The volume contains 518 pages and fairly bristles with documents. Its conclusion is a terrible indictment agaisst Poin- care and Viviani, charging that they wanted the war, whereas the German government tried in vain to prevent it according to the measure of its insight, —which unfortunately was not very great. The documents show Bethmann- Hollweg and the German government to have been blind optimists, while Lord Grey, the leading British states- man, displayed marked duplicity.
It seems to me there exists consider- able logical confusion in regard to this question of the war guilt. That all European nations deserved punishment for their immorality, their neglect of religion, their false philosophy, etc., etc.. is quite apart from the question who directly brought about the war. The documents contained in Pevet's book leave no reasonable doubt as to which nations desired the war and prac- tically forced its outbreak.
Another valuable contribution to the question under consideration are two
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papers, entitled "Die Tatsachen" and "Fiinfzig feindliche Zeugenaussagen" in the July, 1921, number of the Siid- deiitsche Monatshefte, Munich, Koni- ginstr. 103. A. J.
Buffalo, N. Y.
A Suggestion
To the Editor: —
"Our Industrial Dilemma,'' of which Mr. H. A. Frommelt writes in No. 14 of the F. R., is based on "our social dilemma," which in turn is caused by (a) an army of unemployed men and women unable to find work; (b) the decrease of farmers who own the land they till, and (c) the ever growing number' of farm renters. History teaches that no proletariat existed in the Middle Ages. In the 15th and 16th centuries the farmers were expropri- ated all over Europe. Blessed Thomas More tells us in his "Utopia" how it was done in England. The people were driven from the land, formed a prole- tariat, and made possible modern in- dustrial conditions as we see them all around us. If we could abolish unem- ployment, we should take the first great step towards the solution of the social question. If we made farm owners out of renters, we should take another im- portant step in this direction. A begin- ning is possible under the present laws and conditions, even though these laws and conditions are, on the whole, more pagan than Christian. The Federal Farm Loan Board has saved thousands of renters from becoming proletarians. It has been suggested that this Board set aside a million dollars to buy farms worked by renters and resell these farms to the renters for the interest on the money invested, plus one per cent for amortization. This would be a very effective way of augmenting the num- ber of farm owners, especially if the unemployed, too, were put on the land. They need even more help than the renters, but the majority of them would *'make good." The process, of course, would be slow, and example would have to do more than teaching.
The possibilities in this field are great ; but we can hardly expect a gov-
ernment which depends on high finance to undertake the work. Here is a fine field for the N. C. W. C, the Knights of Columbus, and the Catholic Central Society. A costly basilica is being erected at Washington. Would it not be better to collect and use the enor- mous amount of money that structure will cost for this kind of altruistic work? C. Meurer
Little Rock, Ark.
Secret Societies — Need of a House- Cleaning
To the Editor: —
1 just finished reading your fine arti- cle "Combatting Secret Societies" (F. K., No. 16, p. 301 sq.). While reading it, and fully agreeing with Bishop ^^'ehrle, I wondered what should be said about the secret societies within the Church or "in the shadow of the Church."
Thirty years ago, as a printer, I be- came interested in secret societies. Every once in a while, some mysterious stuff came along. We printers handled the cuts of various emblems, turned out stationery, letters, etc.. and began to study the material. This will explain whv' I am able to-day to tell at first glance to what lodge a man belongs if he wears an emblem. When I went into business for myself, I was told of the manv advantages of secret orders, and I joined one. My interest grew. I be- came verv active and was elected to various offices, excepting the "paid"
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offices, but 1 have had my lill of "honor.'' Once 1 discussed the question of Hfe insurance and fraternal orders with a Lutheran pastor, whom I re- spected for the stand he took against all the mummery, tomfoolery and rot. This pastor was well read on the subject and gave me a ritual of a certain secret society. Reading it 1 found that it was similar, yes, in some parts and respects identical with the ritual which "'we" used. After that I read various ex- poses, und I have reason to believe that the latter are correct. Later 1 read your book on Freemasonry. My interest grew, and I obtained some "real rituals." 1 am in a position now to state that all secret societies are fashioned alike. "We" met in an L O. O. F. Hall at one time for a monster initiation, and let me assure you that it was not necessary to shift much scenery to adapt the hall for our "ceremonies". "We'' even left th.e altar where it stood, but called it ihc "Center Pedestal."
"We" have the "stations," the "wick- ed," the ''pass-word," the "grip," the sign and salute, the "gown and cap," the "mysteries,'' all the awe-inspiring things and all the tommyrot of the lodge room with a few religious features to make it a little different.
Of course, "we" go to communion in a body to remain in good standing.
As long as "we" act thus and indulge in the mummery and humbug which is l)eing condemned by our bishops here and there, results cannot be expected. What we need, and need badly, is a liouse-cleaning that begins right at lionic.
I am not writing this for publication, and cannot permit my name to be printed in connection with it. I am simply stating facts which cannot be overlooked, or disputed, for tliat mat- ter. It has gone too far, and. I believe that it is beyond remedy. When it is l)orne in mind that the Wisconsin .'^taatsverl)an(l (D. R. K. C. V.) recent- ly filled a long-felt want by adopting an "Einfiihrungs-Modus" with a very strong leaning to secrecy, it becomes plain that the garden is full of weeds.
Worst of all: If the Church tolerates
secret societies within and "in her shadow," Catholics naturally must con- clude that they are not so bad after all.
Swimming against the stream, as both of us tlo, we have the sensa- tion of being living lish, but it is folly to think that we are making any head- way.
i could give you a "lot of dope,'' but what's the use? Constant dripping may hollow a stone, but you and I will be dead and buried a long time before the stone will show any marks.
A Catholic Fellow Editor
Notes and Gleanings
Professor Nivard Schlogl, O.Cist., of the theological faculty of the Univer- sity of Vienna, has submitted to the decrees of the Holy Office placing his German translation of the Bible on the Index of Forbidden Books. He declares that the second volume of his Old Testament was published by the Burg- verlag without his consent.
in reply to the Catholic Citizen's in- quiry, echoed by the F. R., No. 16, p. 310) : "Has the N. C. W. C. ever made a report on the several million dollars it had an hand at the end of the war?'' -Mr. M. J. Slattery. "Executive Secre- tary." Washington, D. C, informs that paper (No. 38) that the Council pub- lished such a report in April, 1920, "after it had been completely audited and submitted to the U. S. govern- ment.'' What has been done with the money on hand since? Mohe than two }ears have passed since April, 1920. What has become of the balance on hand ? Another report is about due.
The appointment of Dr. A. Sommer- leld, professor of mathematical physics ?t the University of Munich, to the Karl Schurz memorial professorship for 1922-1923 at the University of Wis- consin, is an indication that America is willing to "let bygones be bygones,'" along certain lines anyhow. The Karl Schurz memorial professorship was founded in 1910 as an exchange pro-
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
■d2\*
fessorship with the German universi- ties, and the appointment of Dr. Som- merfeld marks the resumption of this activity after the interruption caused hy the war.
The Ave Maria agrees with us that hagiography should take more account of the human or natural element in the lives of the Saints. In a note on Msgr. Bougaud's biography of St. Margaret Mary Alacoque our contemporary (Vol. XVl, No. 8) says : "The ^Margaret Mary of the present biography is so wrapped in clouds of sanctity from her very infancy that the average reader may fear to approach, much less imitate her."
An excellent contribution to sociolog- ical literature is the paper-bound collec- tion of timely articles, put forth by the People's Party of Germany, under the title of "Volkstiimliches Handbuch Christlicher Gesellschaftslehre" (W'ien. Karl Vogelsang Verlag). American Catholics, unfortunately, have nothing that can compare which such writings, with which Germany is so well supplied. The entire social question is envisioned in an entirely dilTerent manner than we are accustomed to. from a broader and more comprehensive point of view. In tliis country we have but just discovered Pope Leo XIII's Encyclical on Labor; we still speak in euphonious generalities ;:nd write as if "Capital and Labor" made up the entire social question. In this handbook, on the other hand, we hnd such questions as private property, interest, land-increment values, etc.. given a thorough airing. The book makes excellent reading for those who have not become blinded by the liberal - istic doctrines of our prevailing social- reform schools.
In Vol. XXVII, No. 5, of the F. K- for March 1, 1920, we gave a brief description of some hitherto unknown sermons of St. Augustine, newly dis- covered in the ducal library of Wolfen- biittel by Dom Germain I\Iorin, O.S.B.. and published by him under the title-, "S. Aurelii Augustini Tractatus sive
Sermones Inediti ex Codice Guelferby- tano 4069" (Munich: Koesel). In No. 1 of the Revue Benedictine for 1922 the same eminent scholar reports another .similar find, namely a sermon or ad- dress of St. Augustine on the eight Beatitudes, contained in a 12th or 13th century manuscript in the Vienna Hof- bibliothek. Dom Morin presents the complete text of this important Augus- tinian relic together with an excellent commentary thereon.
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THE- FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
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A writer in the literary supplement (No.12/13) of the Neue Ziirc her NacJi- richten, of Zurich, Switzerland, deals with the priests in Balzac's novels. Though he was practically an infidel, Balzac as a rule treats the Catholic l)riest with reverence. His Abbe Bon- net in "Le Cure du Village," for in- stance, is a true hero. "Ce mens divinior, cette tendresse apostolique," .says the author, in speaking of him, "met le pretre au-dessus des autres liommes, en fait un etre divin." To "associate the clergy with the interests of the people'' is the slogan of all of Balzac's priests. In this, as the Swiss critic observes, the great French novel- ist has forestalled the social Catholicism of our day. It is interesting to note, however, that Balzac opposed that dan- gerous mixture of religion and chauvin- ism of which we have had so many examples during the World War. "Le pretre patriotique," he says, ''est un non-sens; le pretre ne doit appartenir qu'a Dieu."
Magie als experimentelle Naturwissen- schaft" (Leipsic : Akademische Verlags- anstalt). This is a remarkable book, written by a Catholic priest on the basis of his own personal experiments in occultism. The decisive problem around which Dr. Staudenmaier's researches revolve, says Dr. Walter, is whether" hallucinations can become real, so real that they can be photographed. If the author's assumption is correct, the whole domain of magic, especially that of Spiritism, is unveiled. Stauden- maier says (p. 59) that hallucinations have a natural tendency to materialize. If that is true, the spiritistic manifesta- tions are nothing but hallucinations arising from the subconsciousness of the medium and assuming material or quasi-material forms, and can be one and all explained by the known laws of nature. This, as our readers are aware, is the contention of Dr. Liljen- crants, Fr. De Heredia and Capt. Mas- kelyne (F. R., XXIX, 16, 308), and by many other students of Spiritism.
The Rev. Dr. Joseph Mausbach, in a brochure ("Schriften zur deutschen Politik," 3. Heft) on "Religionsunter- richt und Kirche," defends the Centre Party against the accusation of having set aside the Catholic principles under- lying education. He shows that the Centre has never deviated a hair's breadth from those principles, and that it was owing to its firm position that freedom of education was made part and parcel of the new German constitu- tion. The charges made against the Cen- tre on this head, he says, are based upon a mistaken conception of the party's j-iower. The Centre was and is a minor- ity party and cannot enforce its de- mands except by way of compromise with other parties whose views and demands in most cases run diametrical- ly counter to its own.
■•■••■-•■■•■
The Rev. Dr. Francis Walter, pro- fessor of moral theology in the Univer- sity of Munich, in the literary supple- ment of the Augshurger Postceitimg (No. 28) reviews the new (second) edition of Dr. L. Staudenmaier's "Die
At the close of the war which was to "end all war," the American people were promised a great reduction in the expenses for the army and navy. How has this promise been kept? The Hard- ing administration urged a total appro- priation of $516,961,330 for the War Department. And it was only after a prolonged contest, led by the small group of "Progressives," that the amount was finallv reduced to approx- imately $328,000,000 in round numbers. The appropriation demanded for the navy was $679,515,741. After a pro- tracted struggle this was finally reduced to $410,073,289. The appropriations demanded and obtained for the upkeep of the army and navy are far in excess of any reasonable peace-time expendi- ture for these branches of the service. The total appropriation of $800,000,000 for the current year for the army and navy is three times the expenditure for similar purposes for any year prior to the European war, in which we enlisted ostensibly "to make the world safe for democracv" and "end militarism for-
19:e2
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332
THE FOKTNIGHTLY REVIEW
Septenibei I
In the Hibbcrt Journal (Vol. XX, No. 4) Mr. Leonard Hodgson demands greater clearness in the conception of "unconscious'' mind. Should not, he asks, a great deal of what is reckoned r.nder this head be classed rather with the near environment than the contents of the real "self? Dr. Edward Lyttel- ton pleads (ibid.) that if the "self-sug- gestive'" remedies of M. Coue are to be adopted by Christian believers, they shall be purged of their egoistic tend- ency by translating self-suggestion into "God's action through man's experi- ence."
That there is a real efificacy in human will and purpose is argued against the determinists by Captain Howard V. Knox in an article in the same Journal, headed "Is Determinism Rational?," which is one of the most luminous aids towards clearing up the free will prob- lem that has been published for a good many years. The essence of Captain Knox's contention is that to speak of voluntary activity as necessitated, is to deny not only the freedom, but the very existence of the will, since will (and ultimately intelligence) can be under- stood in no other way than as purposive choice of ends contrasted with neces- sary action. A will that is not free is no will at all : and the determinist is logically driven to "behaviorism'' or the psychology which roundly deduces from the inefficacy of "consciousness" that there is no such thing.
The planet Mars is still a prominent object in the southern part of our sky. Many astronomers have been engaged in scrutinizing the ruddy planet at this favorable season, when it is near to our earth. A recent telegram from the Lowell Observatory. Flagstaff. Ariz., announced that on the night of July 9 a great white area, brilliant and con- spicuous, appeared covering 300,000 square miles of surface over the region of Margaritifer Sinus, in longitude 20, latitude 20 degrees south. A cloud of aqueous vapor floating in an atmosphere of air, though much attenuated, would strengthen the belief in the existence of
life on Mars. Therefore, the advent of a white area thought to be a cloud is an interesting factor in the problem. Even if investigation should eventually prove that no living organisms are pos- sible on Mars, it is. as the late Msgr. Pohle has shown, perfectly reasonable to suppose that elsewhere among the countless heavenly bodies are the homes not only of living, but of intelligent creatures.
Writing in Theology, "a monthly journal of historic Christianity" (Lon- don, 1922, first half-yearly volume), Mr. W. J. L. Sheppard expresses the view that amid the efforts to discover a literal and contemporaneous solution both of the meaning and nature of the Beast of the Apocalypse, and the num- ber itself, the age-long application of the symbols has been lost sight of. In his opinion, the Beast is "Humanity in all ages, apart from God, unregcnerate, evil, inimical to Him and to His Church."
In the current number of Science Progress (London: Murray), Dr. S. C. Bradford gives a "popular" account of "Colloids, or the Material of Life.'' Colloids are opposed to crystalloids, and consist of matter in the form of closely associated particles, each of which, though extremely minute, is yet larger than a molecule. They are distin- guished as sols, gels, glasses, and so forth, according to the amount or na- ture of the medium between the parti- cles. What Dr. Bradford means by calling them "matter in the nascent state'' we do not understand. His main object, however, is to show the import- ance of colloids, particularly gels, in furnishing that form of matter in which the processes characteristic of living creatures can be performed. Their study, he concludes, "encourages the hope that eventually the mystery of life may be solved." We hardly think so.
A new Catholic mission monthly has been started in Cincinnati. It is called Mariannhill Missionary and published
19)42
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
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A Xf'tr Te.r.t Hook for (' a f h it I i c S c h o o t it
Health and Happiness
AN ELEMENTARY TEXT BOOK OF PERSONAL HYGIENE AND PHYSIOLOGY
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This book is intended to be used in our Catholic parochial and high schools. It lills a long felt need, because while there have been many text books written on the important subject of Hygiene, they have all emphasized the acquirement of health as the CHIEF AIM of life without which happiness is impossible. These books thus tend to make youthful readers too material, and cause them to lose sight of the much more weighty SPIRITUAL INTERESTS of mankind. "Health and Happiness" demonstrates the close interweaving of Science and Religion, and shows how an unbia.^ed study of the former naturally trains the mind in the knowledge and love of our First and Last End.
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by the '"Religious Missionaries of Ma- riannhill," who have their American headquarters in Detroit. The first copy, dated October, 1922, besides the pro- spectus, contains news from the African mission fields, where the S. M. .M. i> at work, editorials, and miscellaneous reading matter, all neatly illustrated. The most urgent need of the .African missions to-day is more priests. The Mariannhill Missionaries, who already have 138 schools with about 8.000 pu'- pils and two normal schools which havr l^roduced over 200 governmcnt-ccrtih- caled native teachers, have been re- ((uested and are about to start a semi- nary for the training of a native ckrgy. This is a most difficult undertaking. In which they ask the co-operation di American Catholics, as the Catholics of (Germany at i)rescnt can do hardlv any- thing for the missions they have so generously supptjrted in the past. Spec- imen copies of the Mariannhill Mis- sionary can be oljtained from the Rev. Thomas Xcuschwanger. R.M.M.. 5123 Commonwealth Ave.. Detroit. Mich.
This years Franciscan Educatioual Conference was held in St. Fidelis Col- lege, Herman, Pa., and Fr. Felix M Kirsch, O.M.Cap.. (,f that institution^ who was a participant, writes us that "It was the first time that representa- tives of all three branches of the On'rr met in America to deal with educationri'l problems." The Pittsburgh Obscrnr therefore, did not exaggerate when, in Its report of the conference (issm- .,f July 6). it .said that it "not only dis- cussed history, but made history '' Wc lc^)k forward with interest to the report of the meeting, which, among other important papers and discussions, will no doubt contain Fr. Zcphvrin En-el- hardt's valuable treatise on '"The WVh- ing of Historv."
♦ ♦♦-•.
A fresh side-light is thrown on the international character of Freemasonrv and the solidarity of the American lodges with those of Europe bv the re- port published in the Christian Science Mowtor. of Aug. 1st. that "a special commission of the Grand Lodges of
Masons in New \.rk State, headed by Supreme Court Justice Arthur S. Tompkins, Grand lister, sailed [Aug. 1st from New Yor!| on the Frederick \ 111, to constitut< the first Masonic lodge in the Repuhc of Finland . at Helsingfors. Anuniber of citizens of Helsingfors, iniuding many who became members c the order in this country, recently piitioned the [New ^ orkj Grand Lodp for a charter."
.V corresponden of the America (Vol. 27, No. 16jtxpresses the hope that "when the daryknolL-rs have Christianized Chin; . . . they will have inspired their flock with such .^eal for the conversion of te heathen that they may return the coiplimeni by sending missionaries over l-re to convert Am- erica." Wc shall ortainly neod tiiem if the process of paanization now going on continues for anther generation.
The Rev. A. Slamers has prepared :•. dictionary of thrtt-chnical terms con- tained in the new (ode of Canon Law. The u.seful little wrk i-; entitled "VVort- schatz des neucn Cdcx Juris Canonici" and is published V SteflPen Brothers, of Limburg, Germny.
■•• ♦ ■•■ ♦
Dr. H. E. Boltn, <lirector of the department of histry in the University of California, has ist obtained for that institution a valuale collection of an- cient Spanish mauscripts bearing on the early history i Spanish coloniza- tion in the Americn Southwest. There are no less thai 80.000 documents, l)rocurfd from i)ulic and private libra- ries and collection in Spain. Mexico, and South Americ. The rarest item is the MS. of a histry of New Mexico, I)ublished in Alcal; Spain, in 1610, aiid \\ ritten by Gasparle Villagra, a captain in Onate's army, \hen the latter con- ((uered the Indian ity of .\coma. ♦ -• ♦ ♦
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334
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
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by the "Religious Missionaries of Ala- riannhill," who have their American headquarters in Detroit. The first copy, dated October, 1922, besides the pro- spectus, contains news from the African mission fields, where the S. M. M. is at work, editorials, and miscellaneous reading matter, all neatly illustrated. The most urgent need of the African missions to-day is more priests. The Mariannhill Missionaries, who already have 138 schools with about 8,000 pu- pils and two normal schools which have produced over 200 government-certifi- cated native teachers, have been re- ((uested and are about to start a semi- nary for the training of a native clergy. This is a most difficult undertaking, in which they ask the co-operation of American Catholics, as the Catholics of ( Germany at present can do hardly any- thing for the missions they ha've so generously supported in the past. Spec- imen copies of the Mariannhill Mis- sionary can be obtained from the Rev. Thomas Neuschwanger, R.M.M., 5123 Commonwealth Ave., Detroit, Mich.
This year's Franciscan Educational Conference was held in St. F"idelis Col- It'ge, Herman, Pa., and Fr. Felix M. Kirsch, O.M.Cap., of that institution, who was a participant, writes us that "it was the first time that representa- tives of all three branches of the Order met in America to deal with educational problems."' The Pittsburgh Observer. therefore, did not exaggerate when, in its report of the conference (issue of July 6), it said that it "not only dis- cussed history, but made history." We look forward with interest to the report of the meeting, which, among other important papers and discussions, will MO doubt contain Fr. Zephyrin Engel- hardt's valuable treatise on "The Writ- ing of History."
-•■ -^ -•■ -••
A fresh side-light is thrown on the ir.ternational character of Freemasonry and the_ solidarity of the American lodges with those of Europe by the re- port published in the Christian Science Monitor, of Aug. 1st, that "a special commission of the Grand' Lodges of
Masons in New York State, headed by Supreme Court Justice Arthur S. Tompkins, Grand Master, sailed [Aug. 1st from New York] on the Frederick VHI, to constitute the first A'lasonic lodge in the Republic of Finland . . . at Helsingfors. A numl^er of citizens of Helsingfors, including many who became members of the order in this country, recently petitioned the [New "S'orkJ Grand Lodge for a charter."
A correspondent of the America (Vol. 27, No. 16) expresses the hope that "when the Maryknollers have Christianized China, . . . they will have inspired their flocks with such zeal for the conversion of the heathen that they may return the compliment by sending missionaries over here to convert Am- erica." We shall certainly need them if the process of paganization novv' going |
on continues for another generation.
The Rev. A. Sleumers has prepared a dictionary of the technical terms con- tained in the new Code of Canon Law. The useful little work is entitled "Wort- schatz des neuen Codex luris Canonici" and is published by Steffen Brothers, of Limburg, Germany.
Dr. H. E. Bolton, director of the department of history in the University of California, has just obtained for that institution a valuable collection of an- cient Spanish manuscripts bearing on the early history of Spanish coloniza- tion in the American Southwest. There are no less than 80,000 documents, procured from public and private libra- ries and collections in Spain, Mexico, and South America. The rarest item is the MS. of a history of New Mexico, pubHshed in Alcala, Spain, in 1610, and written by Caspar de Villagra, a captain in Ofiate's army, when the latter con- quered the Indian city of Acoma.
The man who carries a grudge little realizes that he is carrying the instru- ment to wound and lacerate himself ; that he himself suffers the damage which he intended for another.
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
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d36
THE FORTNIGHTLY BEVIEW
September 1
Liteiiiiy Briefs
The Epistles and Gospels for Pulpit Use
Tlie Rev. F. E. Uogncr's edition of "The Epistles and Gospels for Pulpit Use" (,New York: Leo A. Kelly, 214 E. 26th fcjtr.j has the following special features: A text col- lated word for word with that used in the Alissal; no Epistles and Gospels except those for the Sundays and holydays of obligation and the feast of ihe Epiphany (all others lieing omitted because they are seldom or never used) ; a handy division into para- graphs ; punctuation marks calculated to clarify the sense; and signs indicating the correct pronunciation of proper names. The verses are numbered so as to permit of precise reference to chapter and verse, with- out consulting the Bible. As another and im- portant aid to good reading, a large clear type has been used. These features, to- gether with tile handy size of the volume, render the book the best of its kind for pulpit use. We therefore heartily recom- mend it and trust that when a new edition is called for, the editor will substitute mod- ern words or phrases for the "paste" in I Cor. V, 7, for the "penny" in Matth. XX, I — 16. for "the paps that gave thee suck" in Luke XL ^l, and for a similar obsolete and offensive- locution in Col. I, ig.
"The Anti-Catholic Motive"
that inspires the organized hatred of the Catholic Church, according to Dominic Francis, in a brochure of the same title published by the Sunday Visitor Press, Huntington, Ind., is partly personal, partly pecuniary, partly sectarian, partly patriotic, partly Socialistic, partly Masonic, partly anti- Christian. The pamphlet shows a good gift of analysis, but it should have been care- fully revised before it was printed. The chapter on "The Socialist Motive" (pp. 30 to 34), for instance, is inadequate, and the list of anti-Catholic papers on page 44 is not only incomplete, but out of date.
"Judas, a Study of Possibilities"
L'nder tlic al)ove-quoted title, Michael A. Ch:.pnian (who. we l)elieve, is a convert and aspirant to the priestliood) has compiled a series of brief meditations, strung upon the gospel story of Judas the traitor, with the purpose of making us realize that, potential- ly, every man is a traitor to God, and that we must light unceasingly and with all our might against the petty vices of human nature, lest through them we become that which we loathe and from which we abhor. "It is the realizing of such a possibility in eich
one of us, humiliating and revolting as that realization must be, that will, by God's grace, ' save us from becoming what Judas was; which will set us, by God's grace, in the way of becoming what lie might have been." (Huntington, Ind.: Our Sunday Visitor Press).
Books Received
Adventist Doctrines. By Ernest R. Rull, S.J., Editor of The Examiner. 69 pp. i6mo. Bombay, India : Examiner Press.
Iiistitutioncs Logicac ct Untologicae, quas secundum Principia St. Thoniae Aquinatis ad Usum Scholasticum accommodavit Til- mannus Pesch S. J. ("Philosophia Lacen- sis"). Editio Altera, Abbreviata, Emen- data, Novis Aucta a Carolo Frick S. J. Pars I : Introductio in Philosophiam ; Lo- gica ; xxii & 683 pp. 8vo. — Pars II : On- tologia sive Metaphysica Generalis; xvii & 444 pp. 8vo. B. Herder Book Co. 2 vols., $6.75 net.
Das Hciiii mid sciii Schinuck. Von Dr. H. Saedler. Mit Zeichnungen von K. Koster. 2nd edition. 109 pp. umo. M.-Gladbach : Volksvereinsverlag. M. 80.
Das uHsichtbarc Reich. Legenden-Erzahlun- gen von Marga Thome (Camilla Werner). 147 pp. large 8vo. M.-Gladbach: Volksver- einsverlag. i\L 56.
Commcntarii in Hymnos Breviarii. Annota- tionibus Etymologicis, Grammaticis, .Asce- ticis, Dogmaticis Exornati et Aptati Usui Clericorum et luvenum Sacerdotii Candi- datorum a P. Hernianno Mengwasser O.S.B. Opusculum Secundum : Hymni ad Vesperas per Hebdomadam. 38 pp. i2mo. Atchison, Kans. : Abbey Press. (Wrapper).
The Epistles and Gospels for Pulpit Use. Being the English Version of the Epistles and Gospels Read in the Masses of Sun- days and Holydays throughout the Year. Edited by Rev'. Ferdinand E. Bogner. xii & 199 pp. i2mo. New York: Leo A. Kellj'. $1.50 net.
Discourses and Essays. By John Ayscough. Author of "Mezzogiorno." "Hurdcott," etc. vi & 220 pp. I2ni(). B. Herder Book Co. $1.25 net.
St. Michael's Almanac. Published for the Benefit of the Alission Houses and For- eign ]\Iissions of the Society of the Divine Word. English and German editions, illus- trated. Tcchny. Til. : -Mission Press. S.V.D. 25 cts. each.
WANTED a copy of
Schiel-Heuser "Theory and Practice of Confession'
Please sfnd <iffer. with price demanded, to KKV. CHARLES POX Hox 499. St. Iffuace. Michiga
The Fortnightly Review
VOL. XXIX, NO. 18
ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
September 15, 1922
The Adventists and Their Doctrines
Father Ernest K. Hull, S. J., lias lately published in the Examiner a series of papers on the Adven- tists and their teachings, a sum- maiy of which will prove of inter- est to our readers in view of the prominence this sect has achieved of late years also in this country.
The Adventists are a sect of recent origin, whose general con- tention is that on a number of \itally important points the whole of Christendom has gone wrong almost from apostolic times, and has remained wrong for 1800 years, until the Adventists dis- covered the truth which at last was to set everybody else right. Common-sense from the very out- set suggests the utter improbabil- ity of this. But the situation be- comes positively absurd when we consider that these Adventists do not claim to enjoy any new revela- tion, but to have found out the truth by the simple study of the Bible. As the Bible has been in the hands of Christendom from the first, and has been exhaustively studied all the time by the most learned and pious men, it seems impossible to believe that every- body should have misunderstood its meaning for so long ; especially if — as the Adventists maintain — the meaning of the Bible is so clear on these points as to be ob- vious to the simplest intelligence.
But these a priori considerations are not enough for a demonstra- tion. The Adventists claim to pro-
duce evidence to prove that they are right, and therefore it is neces- sary to dispose of this evidence^ or to produce contrary evidence in order to show that they are wrong.
(1) The Interpretation of Prophecy. The Adventists hold as a principle that prophecy is clear and definite and easy to be understood. Experience, however, shows the contrary. History is full of attempts to interpret prophecy, especially about the second coming, all of which have proved false; and the Adventist attempt only adds one more to the previous failures.
(2) The Rule of Faith. The Adventists regard the Bible,- inter- preted by the individual, as the sole and adequate rule oi faith. Experience, however, shows that as a rule of faith, thus interpreted, it has proved a dismal failure, and has only resulted in the multiplica- tion of contending sects. The con- clusion is that God can never have intended the Bible to serve as the sole and adequate rule of faith.
(3) The Ten Commandments. The Adventists hold that the ten cqimmandments are immutable and perpetual, and always binding on all mankind. This is true of most of the commandments ; not because they were delivered to Moses, but because they embody the essential principles of the natural law of morality. But in two points this is not the case. First: The total prohibition of images was a pro-
338
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visional law suitable to the Jews, but never adopted as a law by Christians. Secondly, the law of the Sabbath was also a temporary law which never became binding on Christians, who adopted the observance of Sunday instead.
(4) The Abrogation of the Sab- hath. As soon as the Jewish con- verts began to insist on keeping up the observance of the Sabbath, the Apostles opposed their conten- tion. They declared at once that the Sabbath should not be imposed on the gentile converts, thus show- ing conclusively that it was no part of the Christian religion, but pertained only to the Jews. On an independent basis Christians adopted the observance of Sunday in honor of the Resurrection. Those Christians who tenaciously adhered to the Sabbath w^ere con- demned as Judaizers, and either separated from the Church or gradually disappeared.
Even supposing the observance of the Sabbath continued to be binding on the Jewish converts (a point not proved), still this obli- gation could not survive for long. The Jewish convert families grad- ually disappeared, and after a few centuries the Church consisted entirely of gentiles. But as the gentiles were never bound by the Sabbath law, it follows that any such obligation must soon have disappeared altogether from Christendom, through lack of Jew- ish subjects to observe it.
The Sunday is not, properly speaking, a substitute for the Sab- bath by way of a transfer. It is an independent Christian institu- tion, which embodies in itself all that was permanent in the Sab- bath idea, namely, a periodical rest and leisure for worship. We can safelv acknowledge that Jesus
Christ Himself did not abrogate the Sabbath; for while He was alive on earth the Old Covenant was still in full force. The decision of the Apostles regarding the gen- tiles does however amount to an Apostolic abrogation. Hence it is that Christians observe the Sun- day, not by virtue of the Mosaic law, but by virtue of the law of the Christian Church, quite inde- pendently of the Mosaic law.
The Adventists are wrong in attributing the substitution of the Sunday for the Sabbath to the Emperor Constantine and the popes. The popes mereh' inherited the Apostolic regulations on the point, and Constantine only recog- nized the existing Sunday usage, and made laws to facilitate its observance.
(5) The End of the World. The Adventists have constructed out of Daniel and the Apocalypse an elaborate sequence of events which are to take place towards and at the end of the world. Read un- critically, their system seems to hang together wonderfully well. But on examination we find that several important texts, which make all the difference to the case, have been left out; and several other texts have been clumsily manipulated to fit.
We cannot take their interpreta- tion quite seriously, because it is only one among scores of others, all of which contradict each other, and all of which have so far failed. We are interested, however, in cer- tain doctrinal points in their sys- tem which run counter to the gen- eral belief of Christendom, and which we can show to be wrong.
(6) The Intermediate State. The Adventists hold that at death the soul falls into a state of un- consciousness, in which it remains
922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
339
till the end of the world. In sup- port of this they quote some pas- sages from the Old Testament w^hich speak of the state after death as one of total inactivity. These passages, however, only mean that death causes a total cessation of the activities of this life, and show incidentally that the Jewish mind of that time was practically a blank as to the con- ditions of the world beyond the grave.
Hence such passages do not prove an intermediate state of coma between death and the last judgment. On the contrary, St. Paul teaches that death would im- mediately introduce him into the living presence of Christ, thus excluding the alleged intermediate state. Other passages can be added to show that immediately after death there must be a judgment which classes men either as just or as wicked, and consigns them at once to heaven, purgatory or hell.
This is clearly proved by the Apocalypse. Long before the end of the w^orld and the resurrection and last judgment, heaven is peo- pled with the souls of those who have died for the faith or in the favor of God. They are all keenly alive and active, watching the course of events occurring on earth. If the just thus go at once into their final state of happiness, it is a natural inference that the wicked also go at once into their state of woe.
(7) The Last Judgment. The Adventists say that at the end of the world there is a first resurrec- tion of the just only, and a second and separate resurrection of the wicked. The Bible, however, shows that the just and the w'icked are all assembled together, judged to- gether, separated as sheep from
goats, and assigned to their re- spective destinies in heaven or hell at one and the same time. The fact that many of these have al- ready gone to heaven or hell does not interfere with the last judg- ment, in which their former sen- tence is officially repeated and publicly ratified.
(8) The Second Death. The Adventists, while allowing that life in heaven is endless, say that the torment of hell is only tem- porary, and that by the agency of fire the wicked will be totally burnt up and annihilated. But there are several texts which show that not annihilation, but immer- sion in endless fire is the final destiny of the wicked; and that once in hell they remain for ever in hell, in a state of endless pun- ishment. Nowhere in the Bible is there any passage which states the doctrine of annihilation. Attempts are made to prove this doctrine from the "death" and "destruc- tion" with which sinners are threatened. But these terms do not prove annihilation; they only prove an absolute exclusion from the life of heaven, and the loss of everything that makes life worth living.
The Restitutionists try to get rid of the endlessness of hell in another way by holding that its punishment is temporary and pur- gatorial, so that after a time the wicked will be delivered from hell and will join the just in heaven. But this view is refuted by the same evidence.
As a general result of our in- vestigation, we find that the Ad- ventists have constructed an ex- tremely plausible presentment of their peculiar doctrines by the selection of texts which can be interpreted in their favor. But
340
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
September IB
they systematically leave out all those other texts which tell against them and make all the dif- ference to the case; and which, when brought forsvard, entirely refute and dispose of their conten- tions.
Since the above paragraphs were put into type, Fr. Hull has republished his series of articles on the subject in the form of a brochure entitled, " Adventist Doc- trines." The brochure comprises 69 pages and can be ordered through any bookseller from the Examiner Press, Bombay, India.
An American Bishop in Germany Bishop Drossaerts, of San An- tonio, Texas, who is a Hollander by birth, recently witnessed the Passion Play at Oberammergau. He describes his impressions of Germany and the German people in a letter to the Southern Mes- senger (Vol. XXXI, No. 28), in which he says among other things : ''While admiring the perfect acting and heavenly singing of these simple villagers; seeing the politeness and kindness of these German folks; receiving on the roads the old Catholic greeting: 'Griiss Gott'; noticing how every- body was busy at work; how the houses were neat and clean and the fields tilled with perfect system and thrift ; seeing the num- erous trains well-regulated and punctual; counting up on all sides the evidences of the highest civilization ; recalling the generous hospitality that met us wherever we stopped — naturally I asked my- self: are these the people whom we branded as Huns and Bar- barians during the war? Well, if frightful things were done during
the terrible conflict of four years, is it not time now to forget and forgive and follow the counsels of the Sainted Benedict XV and of our present Popef ....
"We stopped at different mon- asteries ; with the Oblates in Bin- gen; with the Augustinians in Wiirzburg; with the Franciscans in Miinchen ; with the Benedictines in Fttal. We found a hearty wel- come everywhere and true Catho- lic hospitality. And yet we were struck by the poverty of these in- stitutions. They gave us the best they had, but even this was poor, exceedingly poor. The fare was generally black bread with fruit jelly — no butter nor meat. On the surface Germany seems prosper- ous, but our Catholic monasteries, the clergy and the Sisters feel more than any one else the depres- sion of the German mark and many are in dire need and suffer all the miseries of real poverty.
"Germany still appears as a mighty nation. It is passing through an awful crisis. Ameri- can, Belgian, French, and English soldiers are seen all along the Western boundaries and their for- eign uniforms and flags are telling daily to the German people the sad story of their defeat. Will this Colossus sink still deeper and fin- ally be destroyed ? Let us hope for Germany and for all Europe that better days will soon be dawning. Samson, the giant, pulling down the temple of the Philistines and drawing into a common destruc- tion friend and foe is the picture of a destroyed Germany. Its death, its ruin will mean also the death and the ruin of other na- tions of Europe and the end of (Christian civilization on the oldest continent. Which God forbid."
iy!i2
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341
Conscientious Objectors in the World War
Any decent minded person who reads Mr. J. W. Graham's "Con- scription and Conscience, a His- tory (1916-1919)" (London: Geo. Allen and Unwin), cannot go on believing that the conscientious objectors in England during the World War were cowards. To the hi^ moral courage required of anyone who tries to swim up- stream against public opinion they often joined just that sort of physical bravery which they were most accused of wanting. There were about 16,000 men in England who claimed exemption under the Conscription Act on the ground of conscience. Not all did so on religious ground, for some be- longed to no church, and some were Socialists. Of this number all but 1,350 accepted alternative work. This iron-wdlled remnant, the "Absolutists," carried their convictions to the utmost point of logic, and as a result had to endure unbelievable sufferings. All of them were imprisoned at one time or another. Seventy-one died — mostly as a result of imprisonment — and thirty-one lost their minds.
The worst muddle was the tri- bunals, composed usually of the butcher, baker and candlestick maker, which decided on the genu- ineness of the claims to exemp- tion. Naturally such tribunals went wrong and sent into the army a number of men who were sincere. Several of these went to France, refused to obey orders, were kicked about, sentenced to death, and would have been shot but for quick work by their friends in England. Those who accepted the Home Office scheme, the alterna- tive of "work of national impor-
ance," found themselves doing something of a penal character, or useless work, or work for which they were unfitted. The "Abso- lutists" went to jail, where they underwent the usual insults, starvation, torture of mind and body, and degradation of "civil- ized" prisons. Only four per cent of them weakened in their con- victions under the ordeal. For the most part they maintained intense solidarity. They managed, by all the ancient subterfuges of prison- ers, to communicate this spirit to one another, and from prison to prison. Little magazines, written on sheets of browm toilet-paper, were secretly circulated. A nation- al organization, the No-Conscrip- tion Fellowship, smuggled to them letters, new^s, encouragement.
These objectors were in violent opposition to public opinion. Yet they were by no means alone. They had behind them the public opinion of a small group which thought as they did, and made their fight seem worth while.
"Hysteria breeds counter-hys- teria," says Mr. Robert Littell in a review^ of the book in the New nepuhlic (No. 403), "and it is a pleasure to find in Mr. Graham's history no trace of such a state of mind, but rather a restraint, a dig- nity, a willingness to let facts speak for themselves that com- mand the greatest respect for his account and sympathy for the men whom it concerns. We are un- lucky in not having as good a book on the same movement in this country. It is more than an ac- count of a few thousand stubborn and ardent souls, it is history, and as a record of men's minds in war-
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
September 15
time deserves that name far more than those stories of how their bodies crossed this line or cap- tured that town which are ac- cepted as the history of w^ars."
A Revival of the Sabellian Heresy We are familiar with the at- tempts of certain Modernists to explain away the traditional doc- trine of the Divinity of Christ. Now, if we may judge from an article in the Hihbert Journal by the Eev. George Jackson, D. D., Biblical Professor at Didsbury College, Manchester, England, it would seem that an attack is to be made on the Third Person of the Blessed Trinity.
Asking what we mean by the Holy Spirit, Dr. Jackson says w^e must drop the term Holy Ghost as a ''now quite meaningless word" from our religious vocab- ulary. He finds nothing in Scrip- ture or experience to tell him w^hat the definition in the Athanasian Creed means ; the reference in the New Testament suggests not "a fixed and definite doctrine," but rather a consciousness. Then, premising that the first great w^ord in the Christian vocabularv is "not God, it is Christ," Dr. Jackson proceeds to examine some of these references. He concludes with Dr. Denney, that we can think of no presence of the Spirit except the spiritual presence of Christ Himself. If this does away \\dth Trinitarian theology, and, by identification of the Son and the Spirit, is "a move in the direction of the old Sabellian heresy," then he thinks "one might prefer the way of the ancient Sabellian to that of the modern Tritheist. ' '
Anglicanism is truly in a bad way.
The PeUetier-Flaherty Case and the Supreme Convention of the K. of C.
From a very complete and in- teresting report made by a dele- gate to the recent supreme con- vention of the Knights of Colum- bus it seems that the resolutions sent up from the different States in relation to Supreme Knight Flaherty and his conduct in the Pelletier case w^ere taken from the resolutions committee and re- ferred to a special committee of three, nominated by Joseph Scott in one of his dramatic speeches; but with Supreme Director Dwyer on the committee, the members were not able to get together and make a report until the closing hours of the convention, when Deputy Supreme Knight Carmo- dy was in the chair, w^ho would only recognize friends of the ad- ministration and entirely ignored Coyle, Dunn, O'Brien, and others who w^ere leading the "Progres- sives."
The convention, as usual, was crowded with lay-members, most- ly all of whom participated in the aye-and-nay voting, and the ma- jority report of. the committee carrying a mild condemnation of Flaherty, who had previously ac- knowledged that he had made a mistake and was sorry for it, was lost according to the decision of the presiding officer, who had previously declined to make it a roll-call and aftei^wards ignored the formal and regular request for a "division," so that both Pelletier and Flaherty are now able to say that the supreme con- vention in session turned down all the resolutions criticizing them.
The details of the proceedings leading up to this climax had been very carefully prepared. C.
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
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Anti-Catholic Fanatics in the U. S.
Senate
There seems to be unnecessary
alarm over the Texas senatorial
contest and Maj-field going to the
United States Senate.
If he is the representative of the K. K. K., which has not at all been proven, and if he is of the bigoted anti-Catholic type, to my notion the sooner he is landed in the forum of the United States Senate, the better it will be for the Catholics of Texas.
The senators and congressmen in Washington, and the people of the United States as well, have had an opportunity to witness the per- formance of Tom Watson and to see for themselves the idiosyn- crasies, enmities, and prejudices of a real anti-Catholic, who, in Georgia with a Catholic popula- tion of less than one per cent., was able to do considerable harm, but in going to the United States Sen- ate came into close contact with Senators Walsh, Ashurst, Rans- dall, and Walsh, as well as many non-Catholic senators and repre- sentatives who dislike and despise men of this type as much as we do ourselves.
The United States Senate is a very good place for these anti- Catholic fanatics, for under the glare of the calcium light they be- come just as oifensive to the great bulk of the American people, who without this opportunity would never know with what we Catho- lics have to contend.
If Ma^^eld is a K. K. K. and goes to the Senate, the people of Texas certainly will be very much better off, and the other senators will surely take care of Mayfield. The fact of a candidate getting
the votes of the K. K. K. must not of itself condemn him, as all kinds of ruses are practiced to get votes. We have in Kentucky a governor who received the endorsement of all anti-Catholics, and was spokes- man at all their lodge meetings, but we have never had a governor more friendly to us. I say this as a Democrat of a Republican gov- ernor. P. H. Callahan
L^OPA moE
Liturgical and Other Functions
Compiled by
Rev. Thomas Rust, O. F. M.
Edited by
Peter Griesbacher of Ratisbon
APART from its other merits, Father Rust's little man- ' ual is of more than or- dinary importance and interest, for it introduces a novel and rather ingenious system of nota- tion to fix the rhythm of plain chant. This is based upon the rhythmic principle of modern notation, according to which cer- tain notes in each measure are accented, while others are un- accented. This system will, no doubt, provoke discussion.
—J. G. H. IN America
146 Pages — Single Copy. $1.00
Organ accompaniment by P. Griesbacher
Separate Publication
Send for specimen pages and prospectus
Jranttscan ,435 Heralb
W.sistSt ^j.0gg
^ublislieis of ]FiatictBran ZiUiatuir
Chicago ill.
THE FORTNIGHTLY BEVIEW
September 15
Christian Science and the Catholic Faith
111 a doctoral dissertation just published by The Macmillaii Com- pany, Father A. Bellwald, S. M., S. T. L., ably discusses Christian Science, New Thought, and kin- dred mind movements from, the Catholic point of view. (''Chris- tian Science and the CathoUc Faith;" xvi & 269 pp. 8vo.). In an historical introduction he shows that mind healing is not an Am- erican invention or monopoly, but is practically coeval and co-exten- sive with the human race, explains how the movement was brought to America and strives to account for the causes that gave it such vogue in the absurd form pro- posed by Dr. Quimby, his disciple Mary Baker Eddy, and the leaders of the New Thought school.
In the latter part of the book Ihe author discusses, more fully than has yet been done by any Catholic writer, the philosophical and theological suppositions, im- plications, and doctrines of espe- ciaUy the ''Church of Christ Scientist," the most popular of the newer forms of Protestantism, which draws its followers from practically all of the older sects, even though the pantheistical con ception of the universe underlying the system of Mrs. Eddy undoubt- edly places her sect "outside the sphere of genuine Christianitv" (p. 65).
The author also throws many interesting side-lights on the mod- ern mind movements that have grown up more or less independ- ently of Christian Science. The keynote of their treatment con- sists for the most part in putting Ihe ban on worry and whatever else is apt to burden the human
mind. On this point Fr. Bellwald truly says (p. 204) : "The absence cf worry in our ]Dresent condition and under all circumstances is not a virtue. To make this a direct aim in hfe is to encourage a happy- go-lucky kind of disposition which eventually will result in apathj, lack of interest and ambition, a narrowing of the mental horizon and utter selfishness. If these re- sults are not so apparent in our own days, it may be that the new- ness of these views has so far pre- vented them running into seed ; but, from present results, it is im- possible to forecast what the fu- ture will reveal."
We cordially recommend D^. Bellwald 's book to all who are in- terested in this modern form of Protestant error.
The block of granite which is an obstacle in the pathway of the weak becomes a stepping stone in the path- way of the strong.
If thou hast Yesterday thy duty done, And thereby cleared firm footing for Today, Whatever clouds make dark Tomor- row's sun. Thou shalt not miss thy solitary way. Goethe
iNloral standards which have stood the test of centuries are being chal- lenged to-day. A firm guiding hand must, therefore, be extended to our growing boys and girls. Despite their excessive devotion to stimulating pleas- ure, and their spirit of disobedience, our young folk to-day are an improve- ment upon the previous generation in three particulars : a higher degree of frankness ; a keener sense of humor ; and a most refreshing absence of hypocrisy. These redeeming features constitute an excellent natural basis upon which to rear a lofty spiritual stmcture of supernatural goodness.
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The Conversion of Mr. Chesterton ^ Mr. Gilbert K. Chesterton, the well-known English editor and author, has at last made his sub- ' mission to the Catholic Church, tow^ards which he had been tend ing for a number of years. Some of our Catholic contemporaries, in this country as well as in Great Britain and Ireland, are building- high hopes on Mr. Chesterton as a defender of Catholic truth. The Casket thinks that ''the literature of England has need of the pecu- liar talents of this unusual and brilliant writer," w^ho is so clever in combatting absurdity with the weapons of humor. At the same time our contemporary realizes that it is well not to expect too much of converts. "A new con- vert, especially a writer, is not unlikely to put the Church in m false light, occasionally, by reason of his inadequate grasp of the spirit of Catholicism." That is w^hat Mr. Chesterton will probably do, not only upon occasion, but often, for those who have read his books and his articles in the Netv Witness, of which he is editor, know that many of his ideas run counter to the Catholic world- view% and Mr. Chesterton is not a man who easily changes his pet notions. On the contrary, he is ex- tremely stubborn and inclined to regard himself as infallible. It may be that he will become more docile and humbler as a Catholic, and in that case his conversion may prove a real gain to the liter- ary forces of the Church. Like the Casket, though less hopeful, we •'look forward with interest to his future use of his singularly gifted pen as a member of the one true Church." CD. U.
Oberammergau In the English Review of Re- views Mr. William Canton writes of the Passion Play of Oberam- mergau with an intelligence too often absent from such com- mentaries. He reports the common remark of English visitors to the Play expressive of the sense of in- congruity they feel in meeting the Gospel characters otf the stage. "Does not that feeling," he asks, ''measure the distance that sepa- rates our daily lives from the life of the Gospel f Why should lodg- ing with 'Peter,' or buying ivory carving from 'John,' seem more incongruous than incidents in the closing scenes of the Gospel? 'I go a-fishing,' said Simon Peter. 'We also go with thee,' said the others; and, standing by the fire of coals on the shore, 'Come and dine,' said the Lord." The lack of this linking of the Divine and the Human accounts for the im- possibility of its reproduction— until, perhaps, says Mr. Canton, "we have made it in our o^vn lives, weekdays and Sundays, a practi- cal part of our reUgion."
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346
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
September 15
Beware of Swindlers!
While a crowd of priests were recently comparing notes, says the Catholic Transcript (Vol. 25, No. 10), one guileless curate re- marked that he had been ap- proached some time ago by a young fellow of prepossessing- personality, professing to hail from a small town in Minnesota. He had been employed in a bank in Chicago and in a moment of temptation had absconded with fifty thousand dollars. The money had not been spent, but was in a safe deposit box in Chicago. If he could only get to Chicago, he would return the money and every- thing w^ould be all right. He pre- sented his story with such minute- ness of detail and such evident sincerity that his young auditor forced him to accept his fare to Chicago. The money was to be re- turned immediately, but six months have slowly trailed by and neither money nor confidence man has since been seen.
The laughable part of the story is that when the first priest finish- ed recounting his adventure, an- other spoke up and inquired more closely into the story. When he had all the facts straight, he re- marked: '*I gave the same finan- cier his fare from Bridgeport to Philadelphia about the same time." This young man may visit other dioceses, so the reverend clergy had better beware ! Another recent scheme is that of a sup- posed ex-student of one of our col- leges, who looks up graduates of that institution and by a hard story seeks to obtain his fare home.
The Stigmatized Friar of Foggia
In the Simla Times, a corres- pondent who is obviously highly placed and has enjoyed special privileges gives an account of a personal interview with Padre Pio, the Franciscan friar of Fog- gia, w^ho has received the stigmata. "I have seen," he says (we quote from the London Universe, No. 3211 ) , ' ' and spoken privately with Father Pio. The stigmata came 'in un colpo', that is, all at once, like a sudden and unexpected blow during his thanksgiving after Mass. The marks on the hands are like dried blood. In the palm it is perfectly circular with rays of dried blood going from one side to the other and is about the size of a penny and looks redder than the palm. It is exactly as if a big nail had been driven right up to the head of the nail into the palm and the point came out on the other side where an apparent hole is covered over with a pink skin. ' '
The correspondent continues : ''I did not press him to show" me the wounds in the feet, as he said they were like those in the hands. But I really did wish to see the mark in the side and failed. He did not refuse but said with inde- scribable meekness and dignity, 'mi dispensi' — ^will you excuse me. I made another effort but there w^as something in his face and eyes so strong and yet so humble, so remote and yet so friendly, that I simply had not the courage to insist."
— Be wiser than other people if you can, but do not tell them so.
— The time fault-finding is jus- tifiable is when you find fault with your own faults, so as to correct them.
— The actions of men are a surer indication of their hearts than their words.
192^
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347
A Catholic Estimate of Psycho- Analysis
The America Press, New York, has done a good thing by incorpo- rating into its ''Catholic Mind" series of timely brochures Wm. J. McGucken's, S. J., paper on "The Cult of Psychoanalysis," which appeared originally in the Eccle- siastical Revieiv.
Within very brief space the author gives a lucid explanation of Freudism, its history, theory, and practical application. His con- clusion is that psycho-analysis has in it little that is new, and that little is false. Much that Freud teaches is as old as Aristotle. The theory of "urges," for instance, is only a novel way of saying that animality is part of man's make- up. The "urges" are the human passions. That weird Freudian entity, the "censor," blindly does the work we are wont to ascribe to conscience and will-power. The symbolic interpretation of dreams is "the veriest moonshine."
Of the practical value of psycho- analysis as a psycho-therapeutic measure very little can be said be- cause of the scarcity of data. It is interesting to note that in at least one Catholic hospital, St. Eliza- beth's, at Washington, D. C, the physicians claim to have used psycho-analysis with success, though the author suspects that the cures they think they have made by means of it are rather the result of "the long and sym- pathetic interest manifested by the physician in the patient."
Fr. McGucken does not feel free to conclude that there is nothing contrary to faith and morals in the theory and method of psycho- analysis. "The deterministic basis of the theory renders it suspect,"
he says, "and the manifest dang- ers connected with the technique, together with the small chance of successful cure, should keep Cath- olic physicians from using it in an unmodified form." The use of fjsycho-analysis by lay persons he strongly condemns.
The author concludes : ' ' Once it [psycho-analysis] steps out of the sphere of psycho-therapy, Catho- lics should sound the alarm and declare war a outrance against its encroachments. It does nothing but increase the dread sex mad- ness that has taken hold of the world in these later years. Reti- cence has long ago been repealed with regard to our conscious life by the modern poets and novel- ists ; the psycho-analysts go a step farther; they would reveal the grizzly secrets in the charnel house of our unconsciousness."
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348
THE FORTNIGHTLY BEVIEW
September 15
Catholic Foundations at State
Universities To bolster the movement in tavor of a Catholic college at the State University of Illinois (F. K., XXIX, 14, 272), its promoters tell us that there is "no Catholic occupying a chair of psychology, sociology, or any other branch of pliilosophy in any of our State universities." That may be true, but it is no argument for Catho- lics to support special foundations at these schools. Like ourselves, the Western Watchman believes that *'the movement is doomed to failure" and adds (Sunday ed.. Vol. 57, No. 20): '^We are not going to shed any tears over it. Even the presence of a K. C. build- ing in a State university town is being made an excuse on the part of supposedly Catholic students to justify their presence at such schools and their unwillingness to go to or to continue their studies at Catholic colleges. The whole idea is wrong and the good inten- tions and mistaken zeal of those who are promoting these founda- tions will do little to correct the disloyalty of our young men and women who sacrifice their faith to XJUi'ely personal and worldly considerations."
The Stability of Westminster Cathedral Alarming reports as to the stability of Westminster Cathe- dral (London) have spread even to this country. They were vastly exaggerated. As is pointed out in the Cathedral Chronicle, the ques- tion naturally arose as to whether the west gallery of the Cathedral would be capable of sustaining the extra weight and vibration of a twentv-ton organ. Sir Francis
Fox was called in to advise and report; and as a precaution he suggested the erection of tie-rods, now in position, below the gallery. Reporting upon the Cathedral building generally, he mentioned a number of cracks, more particu- larly on the north side, possibly owing to some extent to unequal settlements of the portion of the foundations under the tower, though Sir Francis believes them to result from the outward thrust of the domes of the roof.
In a recent issue of the London Daily Chronicle there is a reassur- ing statement from an official of the Cathedral (see Tablet, No. 4293). ''There is not the slightest reason for alarm," he says in an interview; and he compares the position to that of "a new ship finding herself," the subsidences being a result of the inevitable settling down of the building.
The Sunday Gospels In a Catholic paper in the far East recently some one ventured on a suggestion that it would be a refreshing change to hear a Monday Gospel instead of the Sunday Gospel at Sunday Mass, and immediately there followed a plethora of correspondence. Some pounced down on the idea as a liturgical or rubrical heresy, Avhile others hailed the suggestion with zest, but thought that it ought to be pushed farther.
Father Hull, S. J., says of the idea in the Examiner (Vol. 73, No. 29): ''We have often heard the view discussed, whether, in order to give some freshness and varie- ty? to our Sunday services, and also unearth numberless treasures of Gospel and Epistle which are at present buried in the week-day
1922
THE FOBTNIQHTLY BEVIEW
liturgies, it would not be a capital idea to arrange a sort of seven- fold cycle, so that one year we should read the Monday Gospels, next year the Tuesday Gospels, and so on, coming around to the old familiar Sunday Gospels every seventh year. What a relief it would be to the jaded and not over-versatile mind of many a parish-priest, to feel that each year he would have something new to build his sermon on! That the scheme would make for public edi- fication and profit one can hardly doubt; and after all, it is to be noted that there is no strict obli- gation of reading" the • Sunday Epistles and Gospels, still less of preaching on them. It is difficult to find any diriment impediment to the carrying out of such a cycle, if only the authorities could be got to encourage it."
At the risk of appearing boastful we wish to say that of the many articles on Percy Byshe Shelley published on the occasion of the hundredth anniversary of his death, that by Father Lewis Drummond, S.J., in our edition of July 1, 1922, was one of the best. Of the great majority of these articles it may be said that the adulation paid to this immoral genius exceeds any ever paid to the "hordes of priests and princes" whom he so cordially despised. For- tunately, however, in the words of the London Tablet (No. 4290), there are "certain signs here and there of an awakening from the lethargy about the faith and morals of the poet, an awak- ening to the lesson his career has for posterity," which warrants the hope that by degrees the English-speaking world will learn to understand that "the history of the crude author of 'The Necessity of Atheism' has 'The Neces- sity of Christianity' for its own in- erasable label." We shall print another interesting Shelley article in our next number.
Notes and Gleanings
it is reported that a word of 152 syllables has been discovered in Sans- krit. This is obviously quite an im- piovement on Aristophanes's nonce- word of 77 syllables and completely outdistances our English "antidisestab- hshmentarianism."
The first almanac for 1923 to arrive ai our desk is St. Michael's, pubHshed for the benefit of the mission houses and foreign missions of the Society of the Divine Word, an organization to which the F. R. is everlastingly indebt- ed for printing this magazine at a crit- ical period of its existence. There are, as usual, two editions of St. Michael's Almanac : English and German. Both are brimful of well-selected reading matter and richly illustrated. The Eng- lish edition with this issue enters upon its twenty-fifth year. It has done much good, not only for the S.V.D. and its missions, but for the spread of Catholic reading matter among the masses of the American people. Ad miiltos annos!
■*■ ■9- ■•■ ■*■
According to El Pcdacio (Santa Fe. New Mex., Vol. XIII, No. 4), A. T. Clay has gathered up all the material discovered in the course of the last fif- teen years bearing upon the old Baby- lonian dynasties. He gives 4,000 B. C. as the minimum date for the first dynasty of Ur. The thirty-four kings of the two preceding dynasties carry us back several centuries earlier. These kings, including Etana, Lug-ul-Marda, Tammuz, and Gilgamesh, were histor- ical monarchs. Mr. Clay considers it "not improbable that even the goddess Ishtar may have been originally some notable human figure." Behind the recorded dynasties lies a prehistoric period that goes back as far as 6,000 B. C. Evidently Mr. Clay is not one of those who deal in fabulous millions in calculating the age of the human race.
It may interest readers of "Ti:e Spanish Pioneers" and "The Land of Poco Tiempo" to learn, through a let-
350
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
September 15
ter published by El Palacio (Vol. XIII, No. 4) that Mr. Charles F. Liimniis. the famous historian and antiquarian, is still alive, though not in the best of health. Mr. Lummis, who is in his 64th year, says his heart "has been bad for three years and didn't half feed the small capillaries in my attic." Never- theless he has been able to rewrite his book, "Strange Corners," including therein descriptions of Tyuonyi and Mesa Encantada. Mr. Lummis weighs only 121 pounds, the lowest since 1878, when he was a Harvard sophomore, but he is now taking a vacation at old Camulos, where he hopes to be restored to fairly good health by a long rest. -•--•--*--•■
The alleged letter of the Bl. Virgin Mary to the inhabitants of Messina is once again being exploited by the Am- erican Catholic press. We find a some- what mutilated English version of it in the New Orleans Morning Star of Aug. 12th. The correct text (Greek) may be found in Gumppenberg's "Summa Aurea," XI, 1214 sq. ; a German trans- lation in Fr. Stephen Beissel's "Wall- fahrten zu unsrer lieben Frau in Le- gende und Geschichte," Freiburg i. Br., 1913, p. 405. Needless to say, the letter is spurious, as was amply demonstrated more than a century ago by Trombelli ("Mariae SSae Vita et Gesta," Bo- noniae 1763, Vol. IV, 384, 386 sq.), whose view was accepted by Pope Benedict XIV ("De Servorum Dei Beatificatione," 1. IV, P. 2, c. 26, n. 7). By whom and when the letter was writ- ten has never been established. Curi- ously enough, it played a role at the Vatican Council (see Granderath-Kirch, "Geschichte des Vat. Konzils," Vol. II. pp. 538 sqq.). What object Catholic editors can possibly have in revamping this spurious document every few years, is a mystery to us.
Sir J. M. Barrie, speaking not long ago to a company of dramatic critics about his plays, said: "I wish I could write mine better, and I presume I am revealing no secret when I tell you that the only reason why I don't is because I can't. If there were anv other rea-
son, I should deserve- the contempt of every one of you." When all our au- thors can honestly say that of their books, all our editors of their articles, and all our preachers of their sermons, there will be fewer folk asking, "What's wrong with the Church?" -•■-•--•--•-
Alice Stone Blackwell, in a letter to the Boston Monitor, says that there is a general impression that the infamous Espionage Act has been repealed, but that this is a mistake. The act is no longer in force because we are at peace, but it will revive automatically the moment another war is declared, — which means that anyone expressing disapproval of the war, even in private conversation, will become liable to twenty years' imprisonment and $20,000 fine. The passage of this law, says Miss Blackwell, was a sharp departure from the best traditions of America, and though it was defended on the ground that we were at grips with an exceptionally formidable foe, and ex- ceptional measures were necesasry, it has "been fastened upon the country as a permanent policy. ... It is quite pos- sible that a future administration might plunge us into a war which the major- ity of our people disapproved. How could we bring our disapproval home to the authorities at Washington if, the moment war is declared, it becomes illegal to express any opinion except in favor of the war?" Evidently this vicious measure ought to be repealed before such an emergency sets in. Question the candidates for Congress now, before election, and pledge them to rid the country of the un-American and undemocratic Espionage Act. ••■■•■■*■■*■
The venerable Dr. Alexander N. De Menil. founder and president of the Society of St. Louis Authors, author of a history of literature in the Loui- siana Purchase territory, and for many years publisher and editor of The Hesperian, a literary quarterly of real merit, in a paper published in the Globe-Democrat, Aug. 19. expresses the opinion that there is no "greatest Amer- ican novelist" because "we have no
1922 THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW 351
"It is therefore a holy and wholesome thought to pray for the dead, that they may be loosed from sins." — II. Mach. xii, 46.
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352
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
September 15
great novelists to-day . . . We were told thirty or forty years ago that Howells was ' hovering on the border- land of greatness. We have outgrown that belief most emphatically. Let us be candid and unprejudiced. The United States, so far, has produced only two great novelists — Cooper and fiawthome.- Many English critics re- strict the number to even one — the author of 'The Scarlet Letter"; the French critics rank Cooper above Haw- thorne ; to them, Leatherstocking is immortal. And such is an instance of the concord of learned criticism !"
"A Bishop's Five-Foot Shelf of Books for His Priests'' is making the rounds of the Catholic press. The list is evidently spurious, for it contains not a single volume on dogmatic or moral theology, but such one-sided works as Belloc's "Europe and the Faith" and Clifford's "The Logic of Lourdes," etc., which can be of little or no value to the average American pastor. The list credits "The Life and Times of Arch- bishop Carroll" (whether Shea's or Guilday's we know not) to — Grisar!!! No doubt the Bishop to whom this list is ascribed will protest vigorously against this attempt to make him rid- iculous in the eyes of the clergy and educated laity. The editors guilty of [M-opagating the list deserve a canonical penance.
■♦--•-•♦--••
The August Mouth contains a study of the life of Jean Henri Fabre, the famous French naturalist who died in 1915. Fabre was a genius with a great capacity for hard work. He succeeded it. popularizing science. It was not until he was fifty-five years old that he began the work which is his best monument — the "Souvenirs Entomologiques" — a series of studies in the instincts and habits of insects. It is in his study and exposition of instinct that he has made his greatest contribution to natural sci- ence. Though for many years Fabre failed to practice his religion, yet at the end he received the sacraments and died a pious death.
Mexico has protested to our State Department against the killing of two Mexican citizens in the Herrin (111.) massacre and the cruel injuries inflicted upon two others. These four Mexicans had set out from Chicago in search of work and had left the train at Herrin for food. While sitting in the depot restaurant, they were set upon by a mob ai^med with clubs, knives, and stones. "Imagine the situation reversed," com- ments the Nation (No. 2981); "four peaceable Americans brutally and un- expectedly set upon ; two murdered and two barely escaping with their lives! The Herrin episode again illustrates that life is no safer, if indeed it is as safe, here than in smaller neighboring countries, which nevertheless live under constant bullying merely because they are weaker. ... It will be wholesome for Americans to remember Herrin the next time our jingo press calls upon us t<; avenge our citizens abroad."
The Bookman last June reported a revival of classical Hebrew as one of the most significant features of con- temporary literature. Since then the chief promoter of this scheme, Abra- ham J. Stybel, has been in Copenhagen, where he has established a branch ofifice in addition to those in Leipsic, London, and Philadelphia, the main ofifice being at Tell-Ahib, not far from Jaffa. It is Stybel's intention to have the best works of world literature translated into He- brew— not Yiddish — and published for the benefit of the Hebrews. He has brought out his catalogue. It includes the following authors : Brandes, Tolstoy, Dostojevsky, Dickens, Shakespeare, Os- car Wilde, Carlyle, Emerson, Ruskin, Romain Rolland, Maeterlinck, Sienkie- wicz, Flaubert, Maupassant, Dante, Homer, Plato, Spinoza, Taine, Mark Twain, Schnitzler, Tagore, Heine, Goethe, Ibsen, Bjornson, Hamsun, Obstfelder, Jens P. Jacobsen, and Her- man Bang. In some instances it will be necessary to have the works trans- lated from translations, it being impos- sible to find translators who command both the original and Hebrew.
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
September 15
Forty Years of Missionary Life in Arkansas
By the Rev. John Eugene Weibel, V.F.
{59th InsialUncnt)
Bishop Fitzgerald courageously kept on lecturing and preaching for several years. He said to Father Ziegler : "Seeing I could do no good, I began to buy and speculate and hoped that in this way I might lay the foundation for a future diocese, for I had to do something, in order not to lose my mind." The diocese seemed to be at a stand- still for years. Finally, in the seventies, a railroad was built from Little Rock to Fort i:^mith, and Col. Slack, the land commissioner of said railroad, offered Bishop Fitzgerald several thousand acres for Catholic settle- ments under very favorable conditions. The Bishop succeeded in inducing Father Fidelis Brem, pastor of Landeck, Ohio, to come to Arkansas and establish the parishes of Con- way and Atkins. Father Brem was a zeal- ous missionary and a saintly priest; he had been a pupil of the Very Rev. Father Wolf- gang Schlumpf, O.S.B., in Einsiedeln, Sv-zitzerlaild.
In 1876, Father Wolfgang Schlumpf himself with Father Boniface Liibbermann and some lay brothers were sent by Abbot Marty of St. Meinrad, Ind., to establish a Benedictine monastery in Logan County, Ark. The Benedictines attracted a great many Catholic settlers. They persevered in spite of the most trying circumstances. To-day one of the most beautiful abbeys, New Sub- iaco, greets the wanderer in Logan County, where Father Wolfgang started in a log- house in 1876. With the abbey is connected a flourishing college. Numerous parishes were established from this abbey. Father Brem later gave his first parish, Conway, to the Holy Ghost Fathers, who came to estab- lish colonies in 1879, and went to Atkins, where he built another church. Having be- come blind, he returned to Switzerland, but even then his zeal found no limits and he established a new parish, building a church and rectory, notwithstanding his blindness. Everywhere the blind priest was welcomed as a preacher and when he was in the pulpit, nobody would have thought him to be blind. Father Brem died in 1892, full of merits and good works, lamented by the faithful, as pastor of the parish he had built up in Switzerland.
The Holy Ghost Fathers established par- ishes in Morrillton, St. Vincent, and Marche. Then followed the parishes of Pocahontas, Jonesboro, and Paragould and others all over the State, so that the ten years from 1890 to 1900 saw by far more increase and devel- opment in the diocese than the twenty-five years previous. Bishop Fitzgerald had laid a solid foundation. At his death, the Diocese of Little Rock had 60 priests, half of them
religious, about 250 Sisters, about 70 churches, and over 2500 children in Cath- olic schools.
Bishop Fitzgerald was a grand man. He was, as Father Phelan of the Western Watchman said in his biographical sketch,, perhaps the most popular amongst his brother bishops. His was a strong mind; he was interested in the sciences ; he was well versed ill languages ; was witty and withal quite humble. In many ways he was as simple as a child and had but few personal wants. Though very plain in household, dress, and manners, he never forgot he was a bishop, and his manner and conversation were at all times dignified and reserved. Whilst he was personally very saving, he was generous whenever he judged his help was really de- served and would be well used. To him his priests were everything. Reserved as he was, his heart would open and often the fountain of merriment and wit would flow unrestrained when he found himself in the midst of his faithful priests. To his devoted clergy he was a kind, generous father, al- ways accessible, always ready to help with word and deed. And he had a wonderful respect, nay reverence, for even the youngest of his clergy.
On his confirmation tours he was always satisfied with the very poorest accommoda- tions. The hardest road or the roughest wagon could never elicit any expression of impatience from him. At one time I had only a very poor bed to offer to the Bishop and though I should apologize. He replied that the bed would have to be a very poor one if it was worse than his own at home. Later I had an opportunity to verify this statement.
On his visits the Bishop always volunteered to help in the confessional and do any serv- ice. He had obtained the privilege from Rome to sing a "Missa Cantata" like any ordinary priest, without pontificals and with- out deacons, and he often made use of this privilege.
On one of these visits he offered me his services for high Mass. When I said he would have to fast too long he replied : "You are a thin, sickly man and have to do it every Sunday ; I am a big, stout bishop and ought to be able to do it now and then, and I am only too glad to make at least one Sunday easier for you." Such was the char- acter of the Bishop. His memory is a blessed one.
His business affairs grew to be very im- portant and worried him a great deal, so that he often said he would be happier if he had no property at all. However he had done all for the good of the diocese and therefore patiently kept on working and managing until he had an occasion to put the load on the shoulders of a coadjutor. He was glad to sign over everything he had to Bishop Morris, in 1906.
(To he continued^
l!)22
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BOOK REVIEWS
English Translation of the "Summa"
The latest installment of the English trans- lation of the "Summa" of St. Thomas, made by the English Dominican Fathers, comprises questions 171 to 189 of the Secunda Secundae, dealing with the gratuitous graces (prophecy, gift of tongues, miracles), the active and contemplative life, and the states of life. The treatise on prophecy is probably the best ever written. That on the active and contemplative life proves St. Thomas to be the master- theologian of mysticism. The treatise on states of life, as Prior McNabb observes in a review of this volume in Blackfriars, might serve as an introduction to the political economy that is to be. What, indeed, could be more fundamental than the following proposition : '"Matters which easily change and are extrinsic do not constitute a state among men, for instance, that a man be rich or poor, of high or low rank." We are glad to see this great work nearing completion and hope it will cause the teaching of St. Thomas to enter into modern thought. (.Benziger Brothers).
*'The Catholic Hierarchy in the U. S."
In this volume, which forms Part IV of the "Catholic University of America Studies in American Church History," the Rev. J. H. O'Donnell, C.S.C., gives historical data con- cerning the American hierarchy from 1790 to 1922. It supplements the previous works of Shea, Clarke, Reuss, and Corrigan. To bring the book up to date, questionnaires were sent out to the living bishops relative to their biographies and those of their predecessors. The work, though it shows some unaccountable lacunae, will serve its purpose well ; but that a mere compilation of this kind should satisfy the requirements of a doctoral dissertation at the Catholic University of America indicates a regrettable lowering of academic standards. Some mis- prints, like that which makes Archbishop P. R. Kenrick of St. Louis retire in 1859, in- stead of 1895, can be easily corrected. We regret the omission of an alphabetical index. (Washington, D. C. : The Catholic University of America).
"Good English"
Dr. John Louis Haney's "Good English," of which Mr. Peter Reilly. of Philadelphia, sends us the second revised edition, is a use- ful reference book, which briefly discusses more than a thousand words and phrases that are loosely used in our familiar speech. The author in some instances condemns the usage
of some of our best writers, and, like most compilers of such reference works, is in- clined to be excessive in his purism. On the other hand, his feeling for the niceties of English is not always as delicate as one might wish. Thus he says (p. 190) : "Much of the uncertainty that pertains to the use of shall and will ... is due to the incorrect teaching of the verbal forms in the lower grades of our schools." What he means is that much of the uncertainty in the use of sJiall and tci// is the result of incorrect teaching, and so forth. Apart from these defects, the book may be safely followed by those for whom it is intended, i. e., aspiring writers who wish to avoid crude locutions that would bring discredit upon their literary efforts (p. iv).
New Books Received
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Emmanuel. Gott mit uns. Ein Mahn- und Trostwort in diesen Tagen der Not von Dr. Aem. Schoepfer. vi & 149 pp. i6mo. Innsbruck : Verlagsanstalt Tyrolia.
Adolpf Kolping, der Gcsellenvater. Von Dr. Albert Franz. 68 pp. 8vo. M.-Gladbach : Volksvereinsverlag. M. 24. (Wrapper).
Truderinger Kirchu-eih. Ein Reigen bayri- scher Bauerntanze fiir Klavier zu zwei Handen, komponiert von Gottfried Riidi- ger. Op. 30. (Musik im Haus, Heft 7)- M.-Gladbach : Volksvereinsverlag.
Das GesetzesbUchlein der Konigin. Die all- gemeinen Regeln der Marianischen Kon- gregationen in ausfiihrlichen Betrachtun- gen dargeboten von Hubert Hartmann, S.J. viii & 331 pp. 32mo. Munich and Ratisbon : Kosel and Fr. Pustet. M. 15 (Wrapper).
The Arabic Versions of the Pentateuch in the Church of Egypt. A Study of Manu-* script Sources (IX— XVII Century) by Joseph Francis Rhode, O.F.M. 121 & 63 pp. large Svo. B. Herder Book Co., 1921. $2.50 net. (Wrapper).
Jock, Jack, and the Corporal. By C. C. Mar- tindale. vi & 221 pp. i2mo. Chicago. M#tre & Co. $1.50 net.
.l/r. Francis Xci.'nes. By C. C. Martindalc. viii & 194 pp. i2mo. Chicago: Matre & Co. $1.50 net.
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The Fortnightly Review
VOL. XXIX, NO. 19
ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
October 1, 1922
The Real Tolstoy
"The Autobiography of Coun- tess Sophie Tolstoy" (translated by S. Koteliansky and Leonard Woolf; London: Hogarth Press), written by the Countess in her desolate old age, gives an impres- sion of utter misery and confusion in the Tolstoy family.
Tolstoy and his wife lived for many years in love and happiness together; and then something- happened, in his mind, if not in hers, which ended their happiness, though not their love. The ques- tion is, What was itf Was it some- thing rational and conscious, or something unconscious and irra- tional, which might have been avoided by more self-knowledge? To Tolstoy it seemed entirely conscious and rational; he passed through a phase of misery and be- wilderment and then experienced a "religious conversion" which his wife did not share; the fact that she did not share it caused all the trouble. But she did not hold that view; she believed that there was some obscure and morbid cause of the change in him, though she could not tell what it was.
His "conversion" was really a wild and irrational desire for freedom and a complete change in his life. It may have started with the shock caused by the death of one of their children; but, whatever the cause, she believed that he took a disgust for all the circumstances and asso- ciations of his past and mistook this disgust for conversion. Cer-
tainly both in his writings and in his conduct there is confirmation of her view. The "Kreutzer So- nata" is not a sane book. Morals became an obsession to Tolstoy, according to her view, because of this morbid disgust which over- came him and which seemed to him moral when it was in the main pathological. His wife represent- ed the past to him ; and he wished to escape from her as from it, though he still loved her. Thus he was always threatening to go away ; and once, when she was be- ginning to feel the pangs of chila- birth, "he took a sack with a few things on his shoulder and left the house, saying that he was going away for ever, perhaps to Am- erica, and that he would never come back. But at four in the morning he came back and, without coming to me, lay down on the couch downstairs in his study. In spite of my cruel pains, I ran down to him; he was gloomy and said nothing to me. At seven o'clock that morning our daughtei, Alexandra, was born. I could r.ever forget that terrible bright June night."
That such a man should behave thus at such a moment is a proof of m.ental disorder; but the Coun- tess, who loved him as he loved her, did not know the cause of it or how to deal with it. She was merely bewildered by his fits of renunciation, which seemed so in- evitable to him and so irrational
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to her. Once he called her into his study and asked her to take ovei- the ownership of his property, in- cluding all his copyrights. He said that he considered property an evil. *'So you wish to hand over that evil to me, the creature near- est to you," she answered in tears. Gradually, what was most real to her ceased to be real to him, whihi what was most real to him never became real to her; nor could he ever act logically upon his '^con- version," because it was, ulti- mately, a physical disorder, rather than a change of conviction.
They lived in an atmosphere of constant ill-health. In 1901 Tolstoy "was ill of one infectious disease after another"; and the Countess had a succession of illnesses. The condition of both grew more and more morbid; and little things af- fected them as if they were great disasters. After this, the Countess says, "I suffered more and more from a painful nervous excite- ment ; day and night I watched my husband to see when he would go for a ride or walk by himself, and I awaited his return anxiously, for I was afraid that he might have another fainting fit or fall down somewhere where it would be diffi- cult to find him."
Between them, in this state of exasperated nerves, intervened the Tolstoy fanatics, who took all his fancies seriously, and who en- couraged his belief that his wife was the enemy of his soul.
His threats to leave the house became more and more frequent and then, at last, he went away to die and she learnt from a news- paper where he was. She followed him and the door was locked against her. When she tried to look through the window of the
room in which he was dying, the curtain was drawn; and he be- lieved she was still at home. She saw him only when he was uncon- scious.
One can see from her story, and she herself admits it, that for long before the end she was suffering from nervous disorder ; but so, she contends, was he ; and her case is a strong one. No one can doubi that the religious passion in Tolstoy was strong and sincere; but it caused him and his wife great and futile unhappiness. It was a matter for the doctor as well as the priest; and Tolstoy would have none of either. He took himself and all the confusions of his mind quite seriousl}"; and, because of his genius, he was taken seriously by others, when, so that he might think clearly and feel rightly, what he needed was peace and self-knowledge. The lack of both is the tragedy of their lives. They tortured while still thev loved each other ; and they allowed outsiders, ignorant and fanatical, to torture them both. What we Icng for, as we read, is a little common sense ; but for a disorder- ed man of genius like Tolstoy com- mon sense is impossible without self-knowledge; and that, with all his knowledge of others, he lacked.
.-.KjH.-.
In reply to a query we will say that the subject of twilight sleep as an aid in diminishing the pains of labor in childbirth was exhausively discussed by Dr. O'Donnell in the Irish Ecclesiastical Record for IMay. 1919 (pp. 409 sqq.), and the conclusions were reached: (a) that there is nothing intrinsically evil in the method ; but (b) that, wnthout fair skill and attention, the ill effects may easily outweigh the good in any given case, and so render the operation unlawful.
im
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Shelley's Freedom from Protestant Prejudice
By the Rcv. Lewis Drummond, S. J., Loyola College, Montreal, Canada
Shelley's tragedy of "The Cenci" is not obscene, but it is ghastly in its pictures of cruelty and it is anti-papal in its slanders of the Pope's court during that very reign of Clement VIII which witnessed the revival of papal virtues. The Catholic Encyclope- dia article on this saintly pontiff says (Vol. IV, p. 27) : '*He was as merciless as Sixtus V in crushing- out brigandage and in punishing the lawlessness of the Roman nobility. He did not even spare the youthful patricide Beatrice Cenci, over whom so many tears have been shed. (Bertolotti, 'Francesco Cenci e la sua famig- lia,' Florence, 1879)." Shelley has adopted what the Encyclopedia Britannica styles '*a purely ficti- tious version of the story," which it tells correctly in Vol. V, at page 660, crediting Bertolotti with ''placing the events in their true light." Far from being a heroine, as Shelley paints her, Beatrice Cenci was a murderess, and her father, though cruel and licen- tious, was not so bad as Shelley makes him out to be. Curiously enough, the Index Expurgatorius ignores Shelley and "The Cenci."
The following passage from Shelley's preface to "The Cenci," which was published in 1819, so strikingly resembles Newman's reflections on the same subject in one of his lectures on "The Diffi- culties of Anglicans," delivered in 1851 — thirty-two years later — that the juxtaposition of the two will, I think, jjrove interesting and suggestive of kindred minds.
Shelley writes: "I have en- deavored as u early as possible to
represent the characters as they probably were, and have struggled to avoid the error of making them actuated by my own conceptions of right or wrong, false or true: thus under a thin veil converting names and actions of the sixteenth century into cold impersonations of my own mind. They are rep- resented as Catholics, and as Cathohcs deeply tinged with re- hgion. To a Protestant appre- hension there will appear some- thing unnatural in the earnest and perpetual sentiment of the rela- tions between God and man which pervades the tragedy of the Cenci. It Avill especially be startled at the combination of an undoubting persuasion of the truth of the popular religion with a cool and determined perseverance in enor- mous guilt. But religion in Italy is not, as in Protestant countries, a cloak to be w^orn on particular days ; a passport which those who do not wish to be railed at carry with them to exhibit; or a gloomy passion for penetrating the im- penetrable mysteries of our being, which terrifies its possessor at the darkness of the abyss to the brink of which it has conducted him. Keligion co-exists, as it were, in the mind of an Italian Catholic with a faith in that of which all men have the most certain knowl- edge. It is interwoven in the whole fabric of life. It is adoration, faith, submission, penitence, blind admiration, not a rule for normal conduct. It has 7io necessary con- nexion [sic] with any one virtue. The most atrocious villain may be rigidly devout, and, without any shock to established faith, confess
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himself to be so. Religion per- vades intensely the whole frame of society, and is, according to the temper of the mind which it in- habits, a passion, a persuasion, an excuse, a refuge; never a check."
The last three words, which I have underlined, go too far. Faith is a check for the good, though it often is not for the bad, as New- man will now explain with theo- logical accuracy:
'^ Protestants consider that faith and love are inseparable; where there is faith, there, they think, are love and obedience; and in proportion to the strength and degree of the former, are the strength and degree of the latter. They do not think the inconsist- ency possible of really believing without obeying ; and, where they see disobedience, they cannot im- agine there the existence of real faith. Catholics, on the other hand, hold that faith and love, faith and obedience, faith and works, are simply separable, and ordinarily separated, in fact; that faith does not imply love, obedi- nnce, or works; that the firmest faith, so as to move mountains, may exist without love, — that is, real faith, as really faith in the strict sense of the word as the faith of a martyr or a doctor. In other words, when Catholics speak of faith they are contemplating the existence of a gift which Protestantism does not even im- agine. Faith is a spiritual sight of the unseen ; and since in matter of fact Protestantism does not im- part this sight, does not see the unseen, has no experience of this habit, this act of mind — therefore, since it retains the word faith, it is obliged to find some other mean- ing for it; and its common, per-
haps its commonest, idea is, that faith is substantially the same as obedience; at least, that it is the impulse, the motive of obedience, or the fervor and heartiness which attend good works. In a word, faith is hope or it is love, or it is a mixture of the two. Protestants define or determine faith, not by its nature or essence, but by its effects. When it suc- ceeds in producing good works, they call it real faith ; when it does not, they call it counterfeit — as though we should say, a house is a house when it is inhabited; but that a house to let is not a house. If we so spoke, it would be plain that we confused between house and home, and had no correct im- age before our minds of a house per se. And in like manner, when Protestants maintain that faith is not really faith, except it be fruit- ful, whether they are right or wrong in saying so, anyhow^ it is plain that the idea of faith as a habit in itself, as something substantive, is simply, from the nature of the case, foreign to their minds, and that is the particular point on which I am now insisting. Now, faith, in a Catholic's creed, is a certainty of things not seen but revealed ... a certainty caused directly by a supernatural influ- ence on the mind from above. Thus it is a spiritual sight. . . . This certainty or spiritual sight, which is included in the idea of faith, is, according to Catholic teaching, perfectly distinct in its own nature from the desire, inten- tion and power of acting agreeably to it. As men may know perfectly well that they ought not to steal, and yet may deliberately take and appropriate what is not theirs ; so may they be gifted with a simple,
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undoubtiiig, cloudless belief that, for instance, Christ is in the Blessed Sacrament, and yet com- mit the sacrilege of breaking open the tabernacle, and carrying off the consecrated particles for the sake of the precious vessel con- taining them. . . . There is a feeble old woman, who first genuflects before the Blessed Sacrament, and then steals her neighbour's hand- kerchief, or prayer-l7ook, who is intent on his devotions. Here at last, you say, is a thing absolute- ly indefensible and inexcusable. Doubtless ; but what does it prove! Does England bear no thieves! or do you think this poor creature an unbeliever? or do you exclaim against Catholicism, which has made her so profane? but why? Faith is illuminative, not opera- tive; it does not force obedience, though it increases responsibility ; it heightens guilt, it does not pre- vent sin. . . . She worships and she sins; she kneels because she be- lieves, she steals because she does not love; she may be out of God's grace, she is not altogether out of his sight.
"Ordinarily speaking [in a Cath- olic country] once faith, always faith. Eyes once opened to good, as to evil, are not closed again; and, if men reject the truth, it is, in most cases, a question whether they have ever possessed it. It is just the reverse among a Protes- tant people; private judg-ment does but create opinions, and nothing more; and these opinions are peculiar to each individual, and different from those of anyone nlse. Hence it leads men to keep their feelings to themselves, be- cause the avowal of them only causes in others irritation or rid- icule. Since, too, they have no
certainty of the doctrines they profess, they do but feel that they ought to believe them, and they try to believe them, and they nurse the off'spring of their reason, as a sickly child, bringing it out of doors only on fine days. They feel very clear and quite satisfied, while they are very still; but if they turn about their head, or change their posture ever so little, the vision of the Unseen, like a mirage, is gone from them. So they keep the exhibition of their faith for high days and great occa- sions, when it comes forth with sufficient pomp and gravity of language, and ceremonial of man- ner. Truths slowly totter out with Scripture texts at their elbow, as unable to walk alone. Moreover, Protestants know, if such and such things he true, what ought to be the voice, the tone, the gesture, and the carriage attendant upon them; thus reason, which is the substance of their faith, supplies also the rubrics, as I may call them, of their iDehaviour. This some of you, my brethren, call reverence ; though I am obliged to say it is as much a mannerism, and an unpleasant mannerism, as that of the Evangelical party, which they have hitherto con- demned. They condemn Catholics, because, however religious they may be, they are natural, unaffect- ed, easy, and cheerful, in their mention of sacred things ; and they think themselves never so real as when they are especially solemn." ("Difficulties of Anglicans," Lec- ture IX, ''The Eeligious State of Catholic Countries no Prejudice to the Sanctitv of the Church.")
After one has compared these two presentations of faith — the
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glimpses of an honest unbeliever and the clear vision of a disciplin- ed thinker — one caniwt help feel- ing that Shelley's unbelief had not impaired his logical faculty as misbelief so often does, and one cannot help regretting that he was cut off in his prime. Had he but lived thirty years more, which would have found him only sixty, he might have yielded to the fasci- nation of Newsman's supremel}^ sincere personality and command- ing genius. He would have wel- comed in this lecture of the prince of converts a masterly picture of a mental attitude which he him- self had, he would feel, imperfect- ly adumbrated. However, the measure of his iniquities w^as full ; the scandal must cease. Onl}', while the Lord God ^'earned over the soul wdiich He had so richly dowered, and which was now in the agony of a drowning body, may He not have drawn it to Him- self forever by pouring into it a great wave of loving grief!
The Catholic Social Guild
The Catholic Social Guild came into being in England thirteen years ago, having for general ob- ject the restoration to modern in- dustry of Christian principles. Its motto might well be *'To restore the just price, ' ' as security for the rights of capitalist, w^orker, and consumer alike. With slender re- sources and small membership it has labored energetically for this end and attained a measure of suc- cess out of all proportion to its means. Even when deprived by death of its main inspirer, Rev. Father Charles Plater, S. J., in 1921, it continued to function wdth success, and, wdth an increased membership of just under 2,000, it has been the means of inaugu-
rating that happy portent of our times, "The Catholic Workers' College," which has recently fin- ished the first year of its exist- ence. This College during the past year had only three members, be- sides the principal, but in the com- ing year it wdll emerge from its chrysalis-form into a fine house of its owm, and number nine or ten students. These men are wholly supported during their two years' course by bursaries raised in dif- ferent localities, or supplied by individuals who have the acumen to appreciate the real import of the enterprise. For the raison d'etre of the College, according to the Mouth, is this : "As long as we have a working-class, debarred by circumstances of birth from full opportunities of education, they will listen more readily to men of their ow^n order. And men imbued with Catholic culture with its clear, logical, coherent ethical principles, wdll have enormous in- fluence with those, and to-day there are many, who are in search of a sound basis for theory and a test of truth. Deprived though they have been, for many genera- tions, of Christian teachings, the w^orking-classes are still greatly under the influence of the Chris- tian tradition, and are largely proof against the poison of mate- rialism wdiich has infected so much of the rest of Europe. They are not misled by the sophistries of Socialism and, on the other hand, are quick to see the soundness of the Catholic economic position, which, as hostile as they are to the abuses of Capitalism, yet stands like a rock in defence of man's natural right to private property. ' '
When shall w^e in America get our C. S. G. and our Catholic Workers' College?
1922
THE FOETNIGHTLY REVIEW
3t53
About Converts
By One of Them
Many a iioii- Catholic heart longs for truth and unity, for the Com- munion of Saints, for beautiful churches and elevating church services, for incense, holy water and crucifix, — in short, for the entire Catholic apparatus as it was revealed and developed in tlje course of centuries.
We are familiar with it, it is ours. The blessed Saviour, there- fore, ever present in our midst, should be our closest friend and brother, and we His most loyal supporters and subjects. But — are we?
A sympathetic eye for the truth- seeking soul, a heart filled with compassion for those that wander about in darkness, or are strug- gling forth from its shroud, should be our criterion, our glory. Is it? Let the convert speak. But too often a cold, a chilling reception is his. Suspicion, stares, dumb lips, are his welcome.
An adiapJioronf No; it means much to the newly enlisted, it spells disappointment, sorrow, even despair.
The heart of the convert as a rule is sincere. He has "been through the mill," and what a grinding it was ! Past connections have been severed, respectable positions have been given up, for- mer vows have been broken, tears and an aching heart have accom- panied the perusal of the many accusing and threatening letters from those most dear to him. With courage and strength he has cast aside all the numerous ob- stacles in his way. He was deter- mined to become a Catholic, and he did.
A Catholic at last! His heart throbs, his mouth is full to over- flowing. Through forever with the miserable denominational questions and disputes; through forever with illogical creeds, soul- deadening forms of divine wor- ship, puritan meeting houses; at home at last, no more a stranger at the altar of God — such is the language of the heart.
Eejoice with me, my newly won brethren, the Lord has been good to me — thus speaks his mouth. And the response?
Conversions to the one true faith are becoming more and more frequent, and every convert is like a herald proclaiming the Truth, the Catholic Truth, from the ris- ing of the sun to where his early
JUST PUBLISHED TENTH Revised Edition
Handbook of Canon Law for Women Under Simple Vows
By RT. REV. D. I. LANSLOTS, 0. S. B.
12mo. 303 pages. Cloth, net $1.75
The Sacred Congregation of Religious has issued, since the last edition of the "Hand- book", many important decrees and instruc- tions that made a revision and a tenth edition of it i-nperative. We desire, especially, to bring to the notice of those for whom the "Hand- book" is intended, two very important modifi- cations:
1st. — Xew Normae have been substituted for the old, which up to now were the framework of all constitutions.
2nd. — A New Questionar>' must needs be followed in future reports to Rome.
Fr. Pustet Co., Inc.
PUBLISHERS 52 Barclay Street 436 Main Street
New York Cincinnati, 0.
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
October 1
shadows fall. Hold what thou hast, lest thy crow^ii be taken away from thee; verb urn Dei manet hi aetermim.
A convert, therefore, needs and is entitled to a large measure of sympathy, cheerful assistance, and sincere respect, for he is a w^alk- ing example of the grace of God. In the true convert the Saviour and His Church are glorified. The surmounting of the countless ob- stacles on the '^road to Rome" is God's own w^ork.
Catholics, therefore, should learn a lesson from every convert that crosses their paths, — the old lesson that the Lord is still with His Church and guides its desti- nies. Open arms, not a cold stare ; cheering words, not sceptic smiles, should greet our new brethren. They need encouragement, expect it, and are entitled to it.
When w^ll the time come w^hen w^ealthy Catholics will build homes where converts can be taken care of till they are again al)le to take care of themselves? Let "Refugi- um" be the name of every such institution. Let the holy cross surmount its roof — "Ave crux — sacra, unica spes nostra." Let sweet-faced Sisters receive the heav^y^-hearted pilgrims. Let the portals be wide open and love make the weary wanderer forget and rejoice.
At the present time, more than ever before, the problem of how^ to deal with converts appeals to every well-meaning Catholic.
0. H. M.
The Latest Protestant Theories Con- cerning the Holy Eucharist The latest Protestant theories concerning the Last Supper and the institution of the Holv Eucha-
rist are reviewed in considerable detail from the Catholic stand- point by the Rev. B. Frischkopf, Ph.D., D.D., in ''Die neuesten Er- orterungen iiber die Abendmahls- frage," which forms a fascicle of Prof. Meinertz's w^ell-known and valuable ''Neutestamentliche Ab- handlungen" (Miinster i. Westf. : Aschendorff).
All these theories, of course, are opposed to the Catholic teaching on the subject. They are partly based on the comparative history of religions and partly on the sym- bolic conception of the Last Sup- per as a mere agape or love feast.
Dr. Frischkopf triumphantly re- futes them one and all, so that a revieW'Cr of his book in the Pastor Bonus (Treves, Vol. XXXIV, No. 10) is justified in entitling his notice, "Christ's Last Supper a Solid Rock in the Raging Sea of Human Opinion. ' '
Dr. Frischkopf says that Har- nack's treatise, "Bread and Wine, the Eucharistic Elements," the radical lectures of Grafe, and the still more radical books of Mein- hold have started a new attack upon the Christian dogma of the Holy Eucharist. He seems to have forgotten the pernicious influence of Harnack's "History of Dog- mas." It is quite evident, as the Protestant theologian Hiller says, that "the Holy of Holies of the Lutheran Church is destroyed if the new theology is right." We may yet see Josephson's predic- tion come true — that "the younger men among us will, Deo volente, live to see that a theology wiiich Imow^s little of construction, but is an adept at destruction, will perish by its own follies." ("Das heilige Abendmahl und das Neue Testament," Giitersloh. 1895, p. 6).
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
365
End of the Coal Strike
The coal strike ended Sep. lltli. The agreement between the Unit- ed Mine Workers and the opera- tors fixes wages at the old rate until Aug.- 31, 1923. The close of the strike has not, however, as the New Republic (No. 407) points out, brought a solution of those problems of the industry which competent observers have consid- ered to be the root of its diffi- culties. While industrial peace is for the time restored, chronic underemployment, wild fluctuation in prices and in output are des- tined to remain features of the coal industry in the future, as they have been in the past. This indus- try, whose "sickness" was the subject of so much passionate dis- cussion during the strike, may easily continue to be ill for years to come, unless effective efforts to cure its diseases are made by a competent and authoritative pub- lic agency. So far as the recent struggle between miners and oper- ators has yielded any curative proposals at all, they have as- sumed the form of legislation, now pending in Congress, providing for the creation of federal com- missions, instructed to discover the facts about the coal industry. It is on the discoveries of such fact-finding commissions that the hopeful now pin their faith for those recommendations that will lead to a more efficient and more serviceable coal industiy.
But will it do much good to as- certain the facts, seeing there is no sincere desire on the part of the operators to reorganize this important industry on the basis of social justice?
Public Sentiment and Prohibition
The Literary Digest's poll on prohibition and the soldier bonus gives us the closest approach to a popular referendum that we have so far had on either question. The views of some ten million persons, or about one-third of the total voters of the country, were sought, of Avhom more than 900,000 re- sponded. The completed vote on the bonus shows 466,814 (51.2 per cent) in favor and 444,221 (48.8 per cent) opposed. On the liquor issue 356,193 (38.6 per cent) per- sons favor the continuance and strict enforcement of the Eigh- teenth Amendment and the Vol- stead law, 376,334 (40.8 per cent) are for modification of the enforce- ment act to permit light whines and beer, and 189,856 (20.6 per cent) want the amendment repealed. The special canvass of 2,200,000
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366
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
October
women shows to date 48,485 for strict enforcement, 39,914 for modification, and 20,448 for re- peal, thus revealing this sex as only slightly "drier" than the general average.
But in spite of the fact that the Digest's poll, if accurate, indicates 60 per cent of the voters as op- posed to the Volstead law, The Nation (No. 2985) does not believe that that measure will be modified in the near future because ''the present Congress is definitely 'dry' and its successor is appar- ently to be 'drier.' Straw votes may show which way the wind blows, but not what our national legislature will do in those breezes." Such is democracy!
Correspondence
Sport and Study
To the Editor: —
A prominent Catholic paper an- nounces that two students of a certain CathoHc institution in the Middle West have gone to Montreal for the study of theology. One of the two, the paper says, was a prominent foot and basket ball player, while the other starred as "cheer leader" or "noise maker" for his associates. The writer of this article happened to meet the two about a year ago on the train, and, having known both of them well in their childhood, he asked the champion base and basket ball player, what he intended to make out of himself. Unfortunately he at- tempted to answer in Latin, and said : "Credo ego esse sacerdos." I corrected the two mistakes for him, and asked the cheer leader what standing the champion had in class. "Why, Father," was the answer, "he is considered one of the best in classwork and athletics." We may concede the latter but not the former, and raise the question what is to become of the Church if, instead of receiving a sound scientific and philo-
sophical training, the future shepherds are overfed with all kinds of sport. Here we are placing our finger upon a sore spot, the seriousness of which is certainlv underestimated.
(Rev.) A. B.
A Denial
To the Editor: —
As President of the Wisconsin Staatsverband (D. R. K. C. V.) I beg to take exception to the inferences and insinuations contained in the letter by "A Catholic Fellow Editor" in your Sept. 1st issue. To me it seems im- possible that this writer has ever heard our "Einfiihrungs-Modus," and surely he cannot have read it ; otherwise he would have found therein nothing that deserves to be called "a very strong leaning to secrecy." As to "wicket, password, grip, sign, and salute," and "gown and cap," he must know that this "Aufnahme-Modus" contains not even a hint of these things. The ritual of the Wisconsin Staatsverband has no leaning towards secrecy, contains no reference whatsover to any grip, pass- zvord, wicket, sign, gown or cap, but it does contain some wholesome Catholic thought that should be carefully and thoroughly studied and digested by said writer. I hope and expect that you will correct the false impression created by the article referred to.
Henry A. Schmitz. Pres.
Appleton, Wis.
Demagogues in Texas
To the Editor: —
The F. R. for Sept. 1 contained an article "Exit Lord Northcliffe." Sic transit gloria mnndi. How did he fare with the incorruptible judge? Only one thing can be said in his favor, according to the Catholic Times: He removed much anti-Catholic prejudice. May God have mercy on his soul!
Lord Northcliffe was indeed "a dan- gerous demagogue who, by playing upon popular passions and prejudices, upon the petty likes and dislikes of the mass- es, exercised an enormous political and social power for evil." Texas is full of
192;e
THE FOBTNIGHTLY KEVIEW
367
such demagogues, as was evident in the last primary election and, sad to say, the most energetic were some ministers of the gospel, whose duty it is to preach the chanty of God. The faked K. of C. oath was distributed by these ministers. The masses are bewildered. Is it not criminal, anti-Christian, and anti-Amer- ican, to sow hatred and divide the com- munity into hostile factions? A law should be passed against all demagogues who try to ride into office by means of popular prejudices.
(Rev.) Raymond Vernimont Denton, Tex.
The Journalist's Task
To the Editor: —
I enclose herewith check for $5.00, renewal of my subscription till October, 1924. I have been reading your Re- view ever since it first appeared, and don't think that I have missed a single issue. I like your clear, concise, fear- less, and objective way of treating cur- rent events in Church and State. May God continue to assist you in promot- ing His cause. A journalist's task is difficult, and, as a rule, thankless. A physicist, c. g., receives unstinted praise and gratitude for his research-work, especially if he be able to build up a system from the facts that he has dis- covered in his laboratory. The arduous analytic researches of a conscientious journalist give us the necessary facts vv^hich in time will be utilized in formu- lating principles and systems of con- duct. These facts are to be valued the more highly, because of the greater difficulty to obtain them, and the ani- mosity to which their publisher must expose himself. Progress in the knowl- edge of moral laws is of greater im- portance, too, than that of physical laws. The scientist glorifies God's wis- dom in the government of the inani- mate world ; the journalist glorifies God's goodness and wisdom in the gov- ernment of the living, pulsating world made in His own image and likeness. Continue to give us the facts,, in order that we may reform and conform our ■conduct according to the will of God.
Let it be made clear that truth and justice must prevail in the end! With every good wish, I am
Yours sincerely in Christ,
(Rev.) F. A. HoucK Toledo, O.
"Hootch" and Conscience
To the Editor:—
Apropos of the article on "Boot- legging and Conscience" in the F. R. of Sept. 1st, it is, perhaps, good to throw more light upon the much dis- puted question, because for people and priests in those sections where hootch (moonshine) is manufactured and also, data occasione, sold, this question is no longer theoretical but very practical. Both Tanquery and Noldin teach that the traffic in intoxicants is forbidden, and the ratio is the danger of life and liberty, as well as scandal originating from the habitual contempt for civil
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
October 1
law. There arises the question : "Has the so-called Volstead law all the qualities required in a law, in order to bind in conscience, /'. e., under sin?"
Sebastiani teaches, and so does Fr. Victor Cathrein, S. J., in his Moral Philosoph}^ that in order to be just and binding, a law must proceed from one who has authority, which for civil laws, according to Sebastiani, Cathrein, and all moralists, means : "vel princeps vel populus vel uterque pro regiminis forma."
Here in the U. S. A. the people must be the author of a law to make it bind- ing. Now, were the people all over the country consulted in the ratification of the prohibition amendment? In some States, yes, in others, no. In Iowa, where the question was submitted to the people in a referendum vote, the majority rejected the proposed amend- ment. Which action, however, did not help them because the State legislature ratified the amendment against the ex- pressed will of the majority. Was this a just procedure? And does this de- feated measure bind in conscience? If a law passed under such circumstances is just, then a handful of legislators, who misrepresent their constituents, can rule the land, and democracy is at an end.
Another question is, whether a law against which a very large number of people even now rebel, can be consid- ered just. The Des Moines Register, of Sept. 4th, informs its readers that there have been four times as many cases of violation of the Volstead law in 1922 so far as there were a year ago. And, the paper adds, by this time, i. e., by the beginning of September, the number of cases probably approximates 20,000. Which evidently shows that bone dry prohibition is doomed to failure. Anyone can understand that if the Volstead law were popular in the U. S., the people themselves would attend to its enforcement.
Sacekdos
Success in life largely consists in finding out what you cannot do.
Notes and Gleanings
We learn from a reliable source that Mr. John Hearly, the author of the letter to the N. Y. Nation upon which we commented in our No. 17 (p. 324), is a former employee of the Social Action Department of the N. C. W. C. He held a position as special investi- gator for more than a year and a half, and left June 1st, 1922, because the Department would not pay him the sal- ary he demanded. During the war he was Roman representative of the United Press. Mr. Hearly has not yet, so far as we are aware, apologized for his grievous public insult to the Holy See and the scandal he has given thereby.
According to a decree of the S. Con- gregation of Religious, dated March 25, 1922, it is no longer allowed to sub- stitute a medal for the little habit or scapular of the Third Order of St. Francis, and any faculty granted for that purpose is withdrawn. -♦■-••-•--••
The Cleveland Catholic Bulletin (No. 432) says that if the Fortnightly Review's interpretation of the latest Roman decree concerning the N. C. W. C. is correct, a contradiction exists between this decee and certain private utterances of His Holiness the Pope, addressed to one or two American bishops. We do not know what these utterances were, or whether they are authentic as quoted in the press. But we do know that the decree of the S. Congr. of the Consistory of June 22nd is authentic, and its meaning is as plain as the light of day. The Church of Christ is not governed by alleged newspaper interviews, but by decrees of the Apostolic See, officially issued by the Roman congregations of cardinals and formally approved by the Pope. Most of these decrees are published in the Acta Apostolicae Scdis, but some are not. Neither of the two decrees con- cerning the N. C. W. C. had appeared in that organ up to the time this issue of the F. R. went to press (Sept. 26),.
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
369
yet both are officially promulgated and binding in conscience upon all Catho- lics, that is, in so far as the second does not modify the first, which it does not in any essential point, as we are assured by several able canonists. -♦•-•--•--•- The estimate of the Catholic popula- tion of the U. S. at 23,000,000, attrib- uted to Mr. E. A. Goldenweiser, statistician of the Federal Reserve Board, seems grossly exaggerated. There may be that many baptised Cath- olics in this country, but we doubt it. The number of practicing Catholics is reasonablv estimated at about 12,000,- 000.
Two years ago, in welcoming Dr. H. J. Vogels' Greek New Testament, we suggested an edition with the Clemen- tine Vulgate on the opposite pages. Such a work is now to hand, in two volumes ; and with it, in proof of the welcome which Dr. Vogels' Greek Testament has already received, a sec- ond and revised edition of that book also. (Diisseldorf : Schwann). Now that Dr. Vogels has faced his Greek edition with the Vulgate text. Catholic professors and students will find Nestle less of a temptation. It is gratifying to feel that we are now still further re- moved from obligation to Protestant sources.
The Sacred Heart College of the So- ciety of the Divine Word, located at Greenville, Miss., where twenty-eight Negro youths are studying for the priesthood, is just now being discussed in Ku Klux Klan circles. "The Klans- men," says Our Colored Missions (Vol. VTII, No. 8), "have used it extensively in their publications. One of them sent a long questionnaire to the mayor of the city to get first-hand information about the college. They found nothing in the management of the institution for complaint. The only objectionable feature they found was that the prefect takes his meals in the same room with his students." Evidently the K. K. K. are trying to make it unpleasant for the
faculty and students of this worthy in- situation; — one more reason why all good Catholics should give it their
moral and financial support.
-•--•--•■-»
It is good to see the ghost of the "False Decretals"' laid at last. In the latest (third) voltmie of "The Cam- bridge Medieval History," just pub- lished, Prof. Louis Halphen admits not only that their origin was not Roman, but that their influence on papal doc-
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370
THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
October 1
trine was practically nil. "It is certain," he writes, "that the papal theory had been formulated in its main outlines before Nicholas I had cognizance of the False Decretals." In spite of this admission, however, the Professor writes: "That a pope should 'venture to depose bishops or archbishops was a thing unheard of." Has he forgotten that Archbishop Tilpin of Rheims com- plained to Adrian I that his predecessor had been deposed "sine ullo Apostolicae Sedis consensu vel interrogatione," and the Pope's reply that no one had such a right "sine canonico iudicio et neque ullo iudicio sine consensu Romani Pon- tificis, si ad banc sedem Romanam, quae caput esse dignoscitur orbis terrae, appellaverit in ipso iudicio"? The Council of Sardica had long ago laid down the principle, and not even Hinc- n;ar of Rheims dared to question the pope's right to depose bishops.
We see from the thirty-fourth annual report of the "Pontifical College Jo- sephinum de Propaganda Fide," at Columbus, O., that this excellent insti- tution of learning up to the end of its thirty-fourth scholastic year, June 1922, has sent out 204 priests to labor in the vineyard of the Lord. We betray no secret when we add that wherever these priests are found, with very rare excep- tions, they are distinguished by ex- traordinary learning, piety, and zeal for souls. The rector announces that the constitutional provision which requires at least an elementary knowledge of German on the part of applicants, will be enforced as long as the demand for German-speaking priests in this coun- try continues. So far it has not only continued, but been emphasized, a num- ber of bishops having applied to the Josephinum for priests since the war. The Josephinum is endowed by the generosity of the faithful and puts its students through the classics, philos- ophy, and theology without charge. But they must be between fourteen and six- teen years old when admitted, and they must comply with a number of rather rigorous conditions, one of which Is exceptional talent. The standard of
scholarship maintained in this institu- tion, which has a faculty of secular priests headed by the Very Rev. Dr. Joseph Och, is superior to that of most other American seminaries. -•--♦--••-•-
Dr. H. E. Bolton, of the Uni- versity of California, recently returned from a month's trip to the pueblo of Acoma, with its more ancient neighbor, the Enchanted Mesa, and the still older ruins of clifif dwellings in the canons behind Acoma, on which he verified the reports contained in a num- ber of old MSS. (see Fortnightly Review, XXVIII, No. 17, page 334). With one assistant and two packmules he visited the ruined cliff dwellings and the pueblo settlements atop the mesas of Arizona and New Mexico. It was his fifteenth annual trip into the country which once sheltered the fabled Seven Cities of Cibola and other mysterious Indian empires, of which the Spaniards of two centuries ago wrote as they pushed forward in search of them across the southwestern deserts. One of Dr. Bolton's most important discov- eries this year, according to the Boston Monitor, was that more than 700 cliff dwellers are still living among the Pueblo Indians at Acoma, a sort of tribe within a tribe, still following their Old customs, which are very different from those of the Pueblos, who are also descendants of the ancient cliff dwellers. ^- ^ ••■ ■»
In a recent lecture Com. Marucchi spoke on "The Vicissitudes of the Tombs of the Apostles." In his opinion St. Peter was buried on the Vatican Hill, and St. Paul on the Ostian Way, and the new theory of Msgr. Wilpert that Pope Anacletus carried off their bodies immediately after martyrdom to the catacombs on the Appian Way until the tombs were prepared, is absolutely unfounded. There was a translation of the bodies, but at what precise date, or even in what century, it is impossible to say. The recent excavations in the basilica of St. Sebastian had confirmed the tradition that the bodies of the Apostles were buried there. There were many indications that the deep hypoge-
1922 THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW 371
"It is therefore a holy and wholesome thought to pray for the dead, that they may be loosed from sins. ' ' — II. Mach. xii, 46.
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A card (printed as above), is inserted in an envelope (printed as below) and dis- tributed to the parishioners soon enough for a return, with donation enclosed in the envelope, in the collection on the Sunday before Poor Souls' Day.
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
October 1
um lately discovered, with its graffiti invoking the intercession of the Apos- tles, is the very spot where the memory of their burial was venerated. In course of time the exact location was lost to memory. The excavations in St. Se- bastian are to be continued, and it is hoped that in a short time we shall know a great deal more about that an- cient and noble sanctuary. Prof. ]\Iar- ucchi concluded his lecture by declaring that we can know nothing of the con- ditions of the actual tomb of the Apos- tles, whether on the Vatican Hill or on the Ostian Way, and all that has been written and said about them lately is pure hypothesis.
.••♦■.•-.•■
At a recent medical congress there was held a debate on the skulls of pre- historic men found all over the world with round holes in the bone, which must have been made long before death, since the wounds were healed. One speaker had practised the operation of trepanning, as it is called, with a flint weapon, and said he could do it in half- an-hour. and that the patient would feel no pain except that from cutting the skin of the scalp. Most people think that the trepanning was done for mag- ical reasons — to let out the demons of insanity and so on ; but Mr. Hilton- .Simpson, who has lived among the E^erbers, found trepanning going on constantly in consequence of the num- ber of blows on the head received when fighting ("Arab IMedicine and Surgery" ; Oxford University Press). He says that the native doctors take about an hour and a half to complete the cutting of the bone, but some spread the opera- tion over three weeks — using steel saws and drills instead of the prehistoric flint scrapers.
What England lost in literature by the suppression and spoliation of the medieval monasteries is well brought out by the Pitblishers' Circular for July 15, where space is given to a lengthy extract from John Marsham's preface to Dugdale's ''Monasticon." Here the modern bookseller may read of the
fate which overtook many of the mon- astic Hbraries, whose despoilers "re- served of those Lybrary Bokes some to serve theyr Jakes, some to scoure their Candlestycks, and some to rubbe their bootes." The extract includes, too, the chronicler's tribute to the monas- teries : "Not only Cells of Devotion, but also nurseries of learned Men for the use of the Church" — on account of their great services to learning in all times. This he supports by references to Bale, Leland, and other non-Catholic authors. Rightly does the editor com- ment: "We can still feel and partake of the just indignation and scorn of the old chronicler at that most horrible destruction of books — it was like put- ting out the torches in a sombre under- ground cavern."
Clearness and simplicity, said Sir William Robertson Nicoll the other day, are the imperative demand of the reading public. This is realized by many writers, but few of them, espe- cially beginners, understand that in order to write clearly, a writer must take great pains. Simplicity is not only a natural gift, it is also an acquired art, — one of those good things which, according to Leonardo da Vinci's famous saying, "God sells only at the price of labor." Yet surely no toil is too great that will ensure swift and easy access to the minds of those whom we seek to serve.
Forty Years of Missionary Life
in Arkansas
By the Rev. John Eugene Weibel, V.F
(Concliisio'i)
Bishop Fitzgerald died February 2ist, 1907, in his 74th year. The Very Rev. Vicar Gen- eral, after the Bishop's demise, wrote a series of articles outlining the biography of Bishop Fitzgerald in the Arkansas Echo. It is the wish of many devoted friends of the late Bishop that this biography might be finished and published in English.
When preparing to return to the old coun- try. I burnt up about 500 letters I had from Bishop Fitzgerald. Nothing reveals the char- acter of a man better than his letters, and I regret now having burnt the papers. Still a few escaped, and a quotation from them will reveal the Bishop as he was, better than
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
37.^
THE EPISTLES OF ST. PAUL
witb Introduction aad Commentary for Priests and Students By the REV. CHAKLES J. CALLAN. O. P.
Professor of Sacred Scripture ia the Catholic Foreign Mission Seminaiy, Maryknoll, > Y.
Vol. I. (Romans, First and SHComl Coi'inthitnis, Golatifius) Ahont 600 pp. 8mo., with M;ips. Cloth, net $6.00
This new volume of Father Callan's Scripture Commentaries will he found to share the excellent qualities which characterize the volumes already issued (The Four Gospels and The Acts of the Apostles) and which secured for them the unqualified praise and approval of foremost Catholic Scripturists.
The work opens with an exhaustive General In- troduction on St. Paul and his Kpistles, discussing the Apostle's birth, education, early life and labors, conversion, journeys, imprisonments, labors, death, etc., also the number, authenticity, order, dates, teaching, style, etc. of his Epistles.
Each Epistle is preceded by a thorough Special Introduction, dealing with time and place of writ- ing, authenticity, integrity, language, etc., of each.
Previously published by the same author:
THE FOUR GOSPELS, with a Practical Critical Commentary for Pi tests and
Students. Cloth, net $4 00 THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, zvith a Practical Critical Commentary for
Priests and Students. Cloth, net $2.50
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The commentary is critical throughout and is based everywhere on the best Greek reading of the text. Our ordinary English translation and the Vulgate are everywhere corrected in conformity with the best Greek MSS.
The commentary is, furthermore, expository, and aims to give in the light of the latest and best scholarshi]! all that may be necessary or desirable for a thorouijh understanding of the meaning and teaching of St. Paul.
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374
THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
October }
any description could do it.
The Bishop was always ready to give con- firmation or bless a church or a bell even in the remotest places. Once he had made an apointment, he never forgot it and hardly anytlimg or anybody could prevent him from keeping it, unless the time was far off so that a change of date was easily possible, as v.as the case in the following instance:
St. Andrew's Cathedral, Nov. 16, 1894.
Dear Father Eugene: I had a telegram last night from San Antonio, le.xas, bay nig thai Bishop Neraz had died that day. R. 1. P. I cannot go to his funeral (Monday) as I have appointments here for Sunday and Wednesday ne.xt, out i shall be ex- pected to go to the month's mind, which will be Dec. 16, the time set for you. Father Furst, and Father McQuaid. It is customary for all the bishops to meet at the month's mind and make nominations for the vacant see; so I shall have to go. Could you not therefore have your appomt- nitnt either earlier or later than agreed on? I could give you the second Sunday in Advent, and week- days either before or alter. Or I could give you the week between Christmas and New Year includ- ing Sunday, Dec. 30, and Xew Year's day.
Please arrange the time with the other priests and let me know what you can do. Yours truly, Edward Fitzgerald.
The same consideration is manifest in the following letter, which also shows the Bish- op's anxiety to save his priests any avoidable expense.
Little Rock, Apr. 12, 1896. Dear Father Eugene:
With regard to Confirmations you know my views. I will go anytime it is desired. But one can never calculate on the roads until the fall. At that time there is no danger of highwater, the farm work is either laid by or (picking cotton) can wait a few days; the children have time to go to in- structions, and after the labors of the year, the people are better disposed. I therefore prefer going in the fall, say after Oct. 15, but am ready to go at any time that the priests wish me.
I wish to see you about several matters. Please let me know when I can meet you at Jonesboro next week or the week after. As I travel free, I can save you the expenses and loss of time of a visit to Little Rock.
I may have to go to Fort Smith next week, that is why I ask you to tell me when you will be at home the next and following weeks. Yours truly, Edward Fitzgerald.
August 8th. 1885, the Bishop sent a cir- cular to the clergy prescribing the catechism of the Council of Baltimore for the diocese. The writer did not find the catechism equal to the old catechism, and as in the neighbor- ing archdiocese the catechism of the Coun- cil was not obligatory, he asked Bishop Fitz- gerald to dispense him and allow him the use of another catechism. The answer shows the Bishop's loyalty to the ecclesiastical authorities :
Little Rock, Nov. 17, 1885. Dear Father Eugene: — With regard to the cate- chism, I opposed the adoption of it in Council and favored Butler with some changes and additions; but I was voted down almost unanimously (the misfortune of my life is to have been always in a ninority). Now, though I could fall back on my reserved rig^ns as a Bishop and take the ground that I am the sole judge of what catechism best suits the people of Arkansas, it appears to me that I ought loyally to support the action of the Coun- cil until it is repealed. Meanwhile it does not make much difference what catechism is taught. They are all much alike — I mean those of the same
grade — and whoever learns any one well, will be well instructed in his religion. Therefore: Keep the Catechism of the Council. Yours truly, Edward Fitzgerald.
Later, when many other priests had re- monstrated with him about the Baltimore catechism, he again allowed the use of Butler or Deharbe, as is seen from the fol- Jowing letter, which also shows how anxious the Bishop was to help his priests :
Little Rock, Oct. 27th, 1887.
Dear Father Eugene: — I got home from confirma- tion in Perry and Conway Counties last night — Father Felix' old mission.
I will let you have some money to help you along about January 1. Remind me of it, for I have a very good memory for forgetting to keep promises of this kind. If money should be more flush with me, I will send you some before Jan. 1. . . .
I am glad you re-introduced Butler's Catechism. Some day or other we will enlarge it, by adding a fev. questions and answers, and perhaps a chapter or two, and then make it the Catechism of the Diocese.
I am going again to New Orleans next week and wish you to come along, but 1 see iiuui your letter that you are very busy and have scarcely any time. When the new Archbishop will be "pal- liated" we will go down to assist. Remind me of this too when the time will come, which I hope for the good of the Archdiocese will not be long.
The Gallagher boys are at S't. Benedict's since the 14th, so I hope your boy will not find it so lonesome. Yours truly, Edward Fitzgerald.
I had several hundred of similar letters, hut these few suffice to show what a kind and helpful father the good Bishop was to his priests. They are inserted here as a token of love and gratitude, which all the priests of the diocese share with the writer.
It gives one an idea of the Bishop's activ- ity and prompt business methods when one considers that he never had either a secre- tary or a chancellor and still was in the habit of answering all letters almost by re- turn mail. All the older priests must be in possession of many letters from him, unless they destroyed them.
The beautiful Cathedral in Little Rock, built when the diocese had hardly 5,000 Cath- olics, St. Vincent's Hospital in Little Rock, and other monnments speak louder than words could do the praise of the zealous Bishop as a worker. I heard him say he did not know of a church, chapel or school in the diocese towards which he had not contributed at least $100. He gave the high altar to St. Mary's church, Hot Springs, not to mention his many other acts of generosity to that church and to St. Joseph's Infirmary in the same city.
I have heard from several Hot Springs people that Father Geraghty told them how glad the good Bishop was whenever he sent him a large collection for Easter or Christ- mas, but that a few days later the collec- tion would be sent back, rounded out with a little more by the Bishop, and given back to the pastor. To do this especially to the pastors of poor congregations seems to have heen the pleasure of the Bishop. Besides this the priests in the small, poor missions useo to receive from him regularly monthly allowances of from $10 to $50.
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
375
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BOOK REVIEWS
Discourses and Essays by John Ayscough
This volume contains twenty-six addresses and papers written at various times by Msgr. Bickerstafife-Drew, on a variety of subjects, such QS Progress and Perfection, Preaching and Practice, Alajorities, Youth and Emo- tion, Sacraments and Spectacles, Taste and Tolerance, Psalms or Poorer Stuff, the Anglican question, especially the problem of continuity, etc., etc. Msgr. Drew is a close and shrewd observer, and his lambent humor plays delightfully about such serious subjects as the war and reunion. We like especially his raillery at "a piety barely skin-deep, exotic and heat-forced, not much inured to sharp breeze or nipping frost, not of the outdoor, work-a-day sort, not over-masculine, nor vigorous, nor meant for rough usage" ; a piety that "likes prettiness better than beauty, sentiment more than sense, rhetoric rather than resolve," and consequently does not love the Psalms nor any other prayer or devotion that is "real, virile, and genuine." Altogether a delightful volume. If the date and place of delivery had been mentioned in connection with each discourse, it would in the case of some of them have aided the understanding. (B. Herder Book Co.).
Cocchi's Commentary on the Code
What we said in reviewing the first volume of Cocchi's "Commentarium in Codicem luris Canonici" may be applied also to the three vol- umes which treat of "Ecclesiastical Persons." The arrangement is practical from the view- point of a teacher who proceeds per modiim institntionum. Whether the reader will al- ways agree with the commentator is another question. The many extensive diagrams might be shortened without harm. Taken as a whole, the Commentary reads well in its neat Latin dress, and the publisher has pro- vided a clear and legible print, though not without mistakes. Vol. Ill, on Religious, seems to be too lean, — for instance, on can. 542 (page 129). Vermeersch is Cocchi's guide. A little more independent thought and a few more quotations from the juridical or canonical sources indicated by the notes of Cardinal Gasparri would improve, not only the outward appearance, but also the value of the book. (Turin: Pietro Marietti). — Fr. C. Augustine, O.S.B.
"Thomas Comwaleys, Commissioner, etc."
Volume II of the "Studies in American Church History," published by Dr. Guilday's Church History Seminar at the Catholic University of America, is a biographical
sketch of Thomas Cornwaleys, one of the pioneers of the colony of Maryland, "the Land of Sanctuary," the tercentenary of which will occur a few years hence. He stands as one of the noblest of the little band that laid the foundations of religious liberty on March 25, 1634. As commissioner and later counsellor of Lord Baltimore, Cornwaleys was the trusted friend of the proprietary and an able adviser of the gov- ernor. The well written sketch, which gathers up strands of information from many sources, is a doctoral dissertation written by Fr, G. B. Stratemeier, O.P. (Catholic Uni- versity of America).
New Books Received
The Values Everlasting. Some Aids to Lift our Hearts on High. By Rev. Edw. F. Garesche, S. J. 188 pp. i2mo. Benziger Bros. $1.25 net.
The Catholic Encyclopedia. Volume XVII (Supplement I). 786 pp. large 8vo. New- York: The Encyclopedia Press, Inc.
Collapses in Adult Life. A Sequel to "The Formation of Character." By Ernest R. Hull, S.J. 114 pp. i2mo. Bombay, India: The Examiner Press.
Griindgedankcn dcr Herz-Jesu-Predigt. Von Karl Richstatter, S.J. 50 pp. i2mo. Fr. Pustet & Co. 25 cts. (Wrapper).
A Jesuit at the English Court. The Life of the Venerable Claude de la Colombiere, S.J. By Sister Mary Phihp, of the Bar Convent, York. With a Preface by the Rev. G. Bliss, S.J. viii & 264 pp. i2mo. Benziger Brothers. $1.25.
Kant ttnd die katholische Wahrheit. Von August Deneffe, S.J. x & 200 pp. i2mo. B. Herder Book Co. $1.35 net.
On the Run. By Francis J. Finn, S.J. 222 pp. i2mo. Benziger Bros. $1 net.
Organ Accompaniment to the "Lauda Sion," or Gregorian Melodies for Liturgical and other functions by Rev. Thomas Rust. O.F.M. By Peter Griesbacher of Ratisbon. Chicago, 111. : Franciscan Herald Press. $3.
Life of Mother Mary of Saint Maurice, Sec- ond Superior-General of the Society of Marie Reparatrice. By a Religious of the Same Society. Translated from the French by Mary Caroline Watt, xv & 250 pp. 8vo. With a Frontispiece. Sands & Co. and B. Herder Book Co. $2.75 net.
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The Fortnightly Review
VOL. XXIX, NO. 20
ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
October 15, 1922
G. K. Chesterton on Psycho-Analysis and Confession
By the Rev. Albert Muntsch, S. J., St. Louis University
It was to be expected that the vagaries, absurdities, and false pretentions of psycho-analysis would not escape the withering attack of G. K. C. We have not been disappointed. If in ''Ortho- doxy" he rides roughshod over those who impugn Catholic dogma, if in "The Superstition of Di- vorce" he assails those who plead for license in breaking the mar- riage bond, he now hurls into the outer darkness a blatant critic who opines that the Catholic prac- tice of "confession" is as bad as psycho-analysis. Mr. Chesterton expresses his views in his usually trenchant style in the Neiv Wit- ness (August 25,1922).
The afore-mentioned critic com- pared Professor Freud to a great moralist of the Middle Ages. He evidently tried to make the point that if Freud is to be condemned for launching a system that may be abused, so, too, must the priest be censured who has the power of abusing the confessional. Mr. Chesterton makes short shrift of the silly comparison. He writes :
"Whether or no confession gives a dangerous and indelicate power to the priest, it is at least quite certain that psycho-analysis does give that precise power to the doctor. I should say that psycho-analysis was confession without absolution, because without repentance. But leaving on one side the question of whether it satisfies what people seek in confession, there is absolutely no doubt that it does exhibit all that people detest
and denounce in confession. The latest scientific experiment is modelled on the confession box; and there are at least all the same superficial reasons for labeling it as the wrong box. If such introspection is disease, the patients are doing it as much as the penitent. If such questions are degrading, the pro- fessors are asking them as much as the priest. There is not a page or a line written against confession in the whole world, atheist or anti-clerical or Prot- estant or Puritan, that is not of neces- sity a direct attack on the new psychol- ogy. It will be much wiser for the enemy to make another hasty alteration, drop the old anti-clericalism and go over to the new psychology, as a basis for the new attack. That is quite new, and may last for several months yet." Of course, it is easy to go "muckraking" and to gather all sorts of anecdotes about perverse priests and the confessional. But this "is very much as if somebody had collected all the scandals about the Church, and then set them up as sacred things and a substitute for the Church. ' ' No sensible per- son would approve of such proce- dure. In confession there is a laying bare of the blemishes of the soul and a spontaneous declara- tion of evil tendencies with the assurance of receiving the help of grace. In psycho-analysis, as practiced by many professors, there is a brutal prying into motives of conduct, with little or no profit to the victim ' ' analyzed ' ' by Freudian methods. There is a grain of similarity and a world
378
THE FOBTNIGHTLY REVIEW
October 15
of difference between the two in- stitutions. Mr. Chesterton con- tinues :
"So much for the similarity; and now for the difference. The little detail of difference is this; that the religious analysis works for freedom and the scientific analysis for slavery. The for- mer results in the stimulation of the will and the latter in the paralysis of the will. Men may w^ork with much the same tools for very dififerent ob- jects, as a spade may be used for grow- ing cabbages or for burying corpses, a knife for cutting a loaf or for stabbing a man. A physician and a poisoner may w^ork at the same bedside with bottles and chemical preparations ; and
arms and legs may be cut off
fpr amusement or by Harley Street surgeons for utility. Now the two types of psychological enquiry are rather like two types of psychical mani- festation."
Mr. Chesterton concludes his article by a splendid comparison of the effect the two institutions — confession and psycho-analysis — have on the person in need of help. ''One of them [the latter] stuns like a club and the other [confession] rouses us like a trumpet."
• •<$>—-•
Popular Beliefs Regarding Snakes
Horror of snakes is supposed to be instinctive in man, thoug^h some children and a few adults are free from it. All the higher monkeys show a specific dread of snakes, different from their gen- eral timidity with respect to strange objects. The great major- ity of mammals, including horses, rats, rabbits, show no more alarm at the presence of a snake than at that of any other unexpected ob- ject. Some types of birds, such as parrots, are quite definitely alarmed, but most birds are indif- ferent.
Mr. F. W. Fitzsimons, in his book, ''The Snakes of South Africa" (Cape Town: T. Maskew Miller), confirms from his own observations a reversal of tho common belief, which w^as first seriously disturbed by the experi- ments made in the London Zoolog- ical Gardens by Chalmers Mitchell and E. I. Pocock. He is also in agreement with these authors as to the absence of any power of fascination exercised by snakes. He supplies an interesting expla- nation of occurrences which may have deceived many observers. When a poisonous snake strikes, it at once lets go its prey. The venom is not instantly fatal and the frightened mammal or bird moves away, and stands quivering and trembling for a few seconds, until it suddenly drops down from the branch or ledge to which it has retreated.
Mr. Fitzsimons has also put to exact tests many other popular beliefs, especially the stories of alleged remedies. Of these the oldest is the "snake stone," the application of which to a bite is thought to cure by absorbing the venom. There are many forms of "snake stone," of which the most famous is a bean-shaped concre- tion of lime formed round a tape- worm cyst in the bladder of sheep. Mr. Fitzsimons says tliese stones, of which he has tested a number, have no absorbing power and no efficacy. He himself believes in permanganate of potash as a first- aid application, and gives a care- ful account of how to use it.
A man who has never had religion before, no more grows religious when he is sick than a man who has never learned figures can count when he has need of calculation. — Dr. Johnson.
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
The Best Short Stories
By the Rev. Edw. P. Graham, Canton, 0.
*'The Best Short Stories of 1921" is a selection made by E. J. O'Brien, who is not lacking in self-confidence, as his introduction reveals, but whose judgment is not improved by an experience of several years. He claims these stories may be fairly called "a criticism of life," but why, or wherefore, is not clear.
Many of these sketches — the name stories seems misapplied — are of that affected style which quickly w^earies the reader, abounding as they do in short staccato sentences, eloquent omis- sions, implied profundities and sighs and eyebrow raisings fully significant only to the elect or the adept, — a style often found in short French tales and not heal- ing w^ell the sea voyage.
Behold how one sketch, a pecu- liarly repulsive one, begins : ' ' They were tw^o figTires under the grey of the Dome — two straight faint figures of black : they were a man and a woman with head bowed straight — under the surge of the Dome." That is the prelude. Its coimection with what follows lies beyond my ken. Then trails a long, tiresome, minute, dull de- scription of a one-man tailoring shop, where the tailor's w^ife sits sullenly all day long and the tai- lor's not over-clean little daughter plays on the fioor. Finally, there comes some action, a customer enters, "a tall dark woman." Let the gifted author picture the scene: "Two women across the tailor shop, seeing each other." This is a whole paragraph ! What does this "tall dark woman" want? You have guessed it. She
w^ants her husband's suit and she gets it! Perhaps that's the mystic meaning of the sketch ; — the tailor kept his promise.
Time does not pass in this kind of literature in spite of Artemus Ward's assertion, "it is a way time has." No, here is what takes place — "The room moves up the dimension of time." Such is the jargon of a "best story" and one published in The Dial. Ye gods!
What happened to the straight black figures "under the surge of the Dome ' ' ? They, apparently the tailor and his waf e, went home and in an entire paragraph away from the surge of the Dome. "She has cooked their breakfast."
Sherwood Anderson is guilty of "Brothers" in a style not quite so v/retched as "Under the Dome." It opens with a nice paragraph and closes with the same. "The rain beats the leaves brutally down. They are denied a last golden flash across the sky. In October leaves should be carried away out over the plains in a wind, they should go dancing away." Pieces of poetry have at times and impressively enough the same opening and closing, but here it seems a mere straining after effect, and does not make any more palatable this "slice of life," not itself very choice, ©r clear, or strange.
An old man, a little cracked it seems, while talking nonsense, is squeezing a small dog so tightly in his arms that the little brute is almost strangled — and now for the author's own words: "The soul seemed striving to wrench it- self out of the body, to fly away
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
October 15
tlirougli the fog, down across the plain to the city, to the singer, the politician, the millionaire, the murderer, to its brother, cousins, and sisters, down in the citj^" And all the reader can do is to ask, like the waiter in the custard pie story: ''What was the matter with its aunts?" And this pan- theistic drivel was published in The Bookman. Ye little fishes !
Mr. O'Brien in his introduction applies several times to both En- glish and American literature the term, "chaos." Viewing his selec- tions it seems appropriate.
The "Donation of Constantine" — A Famous Forgery A monograph on w-hat is per- haps the most famous forgery in European history, w^ith the text and translation of the book which established its falsity after it had been almost universally accepted as genuine from the ninth to the fifteenth century, is about to be published in an edition of "The Treatise of Lorenzo Valla on the Donation of Constantine," an- nounced by the Yale University Press. No satisfactory text of this treatise ("De Ealso Credita et Ementita Constantini Dona- tione Declamatio") has hitherto been issued. The original printed edition (Mayence, 1518) is defect- ive in parts, and the only English edition, by Thomas Godfray, printed in London about 1525, is also imperfect, as well as rare. The present text, which has been edited by Professor Christopher B, Coleman, who discussed the problem at some length in his book on "Constantine the Great and Christianity," published in the Columbia University Studies in Historv, in 1914, is based on the
only complete manuscript of the treatise that he has been able to trace. Codex Vaticanus 5314, dated December 7, 1451, collated with the best of the early reprints. Before Valla's treatise and its translation the editor reprints, also with a translation, the text of the Donation itself, which, as our readers need not be told, confers large privileges and possessions on the pope and the Roman Church. The document was fabri- cated probably between the years 750 and 850, we do not know by whom. It was recognized as a forgery (dictamen apocryphum) even "before Valla by Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa ("De Concor- dantia Catholica," III, ii, in the Basle edition of his "Opera," 1565) and others. It is so clearly a fabrication that, as Prof. J. P. Kirsch says in the Catholic En- cyclopedia (Vol. V, p. 119), "there is no reason to Avonder that, w^th the revival of historical criticism in the fifteenth centurj^, the true character of the document w^as at once recognized."
Interval
By Charles J. Quirk, SJ.
She did not linger long: she went away In her stately beauty, leaving here Bright memories that bring the poignant tear, Bright yesterdays that might have been to- day. And lonely hearts that miss her gentle sway, And wise brave words which only now
appear Shrined in our night, star-wise and silvery clear, God's gift and hers lo guide us lest we stray.
And all the thoughts of her with snowy hair, The loveliness that mellows with ripe age,
Lie shattered evermore: still towers of prayer And glowing lands o' dreams are now my wage.
For in Life's interval, again I see,
Mv dear sweet Mother young immortally!
1922
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381
Why Frequent Communion is Declining
Is frequent and daily commu- nion on the wane! Father Joseph Kramp, S. J., believes that it is and attempts to ascertain one of the chief causes of the decline in an article in the Stimmen der Zeit for December, 1921. The reverend author believes that the frequent complaints of communicants re- garding the exaggerated and un- natural devotions surrounding holy Communion are entirely justi- fied. Is it possible to bring poor, weak human nature daily, or even frequently, to the heights of in- tense spiritual enthusiasm and at the same instant to a groveling sense of its unworthiness and complete degradation? Are com- munion devotions, as used by the faithful, suited as means to the end? Is it proper to use the Mass up to the Communion solely as a means for preparation, and after Communion as a means of thanks- giving, or is the Communion but part of a wonderful symmetrical whole, whose unity, purpose and spiritual beauty is marred if any one part is wrenched from its position and exaggerated in its importance ?
Are the prevailing communion devotions of the faithful psycho- logically possible? Can the soul be depressed by a clear conscious- ness of its nothingness and at the same moment be elevated to the heights of intensest love and devo- tion? This elan of the spirit may be realized on occasional feast- days, but as a daily condition it can be accomplished only at the cost of a healthy spiritual mind. But if it does violence to human nature, it cannot be from God.
Two principal ideas run through
the prevailing Communion devo- tions. First, that Christ comes to the poor sinner as the Infinite God and King, as the loving and lov- able Bridegroom to the poor love- less soul. Secondly, Communion appears as independent of all other liturgical forms, particular- ly as set apart from a unified and co-ordinated whole, which, how- ever, is made to appear as func- tioning in a subordinate manner. One is bidden to communicate at any time, particularly before the Mass, which may then be used solely as a means for making an act of thanksgiving; if during Mass, then the Holy Sacrifice again assumes a subordinate part, i. e., that of a means of prepara- tion and thanksgiving.
What were Christ's own ideas concerning Communion? "What are the ideas of the Church, His rep- resentative? What does History teach concerning Holy Commu- nion, its institution and liturgical interdependence?
Christ lingers on the shores of the Sea of Tiberias. He had mi- raculously fed thousands and they had cried out: *'He is truly the Prophet!" They were bent on making Him their King. To-day He asks them to believe in Him as God: Believe in me as the Bread of Life. He, who comes to me shall no longer hunger; he who believes in me, will no longer thirst. That is the will of Him who sent me, that all who believe in me shall have eternal life and that I shall awaken them on the last day. I am the Bread of Life. Your fathers ate manna in the desert and died. This is the Bread which has come down from Heaven, so that he who partakes
382
THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
October 15
thereof shall not die. He who eats of this bread shall live in eternity. And the Bread which I shall give is my flesh for the life of the world. "Except you eat the flesh of the Son of Man, and drink His blood, you shall not have life in you. He that eateth my flesh and drinketh my blood hath life everlasting: and I will raise him up in the last day." (John VI, 54 sq.)
Throughout the whole of this remarkable chapter of St. John's Gospel, our Lord emphasizes one thought, namely, that He is the Bread of Life, which has been sent by God from Heaven, in order that those who eat thereof may live. His Flesh and Blood He would have us consider and partake of as food and drink. He would have us believe this ; He would have us act in consequence of this faith. And such faith should and does beget reverence and devotion. But on this Christ, our Lord, does not, in this important Eucharistic prophecy, insist. Hence, Commu- ]iion is not, according to our Lord Himself, an act of reverence for His divine Majesty, but rather a strengthening food for weak man- kind.
At the Last Supper, when Christ took bread, blessed and broke it and, giving it to His disciples, said: "Take ye and eat. This is my body. And taking the chalice, he gave thanks, and gave to them, saying: Drink ye all of this. For this is my blood of the new testa- ment, which shall be shed for many unto the remission of sins," — we see the prophecy of the sixth chapter of St. John realized. Christ gives to His disciples sac- rificial flesh and blood of a new testament, — not for reverence and
devotion, but rather as a food and a memorial.
Historj^ is reticent as to the early status of Communion. But two things she makes sufficiently clear : Communion was considered a sacrificial food and a self- evident part of the sacrificial Mass for all who attended.
St. Paul warns the Corinthians with the well-known words: "The chalice of benediction, which w^e bless, is it not the communion of the blood of Christ? And the bread, which we break, is it not the partaking of the body of the Lord! For we, being many, are one bread, one body, all that par- take of one bread. . . . Are not they that eat of the sacrifices, partakers of the altar I . . . The things which the heathens sacri- fice, they sacrifice to devils, and not to God. And I would not that you should be made partakers with devils. You cannot drink the chalice of the Lord and the chalice
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1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
383
I
of the devils; you cannot be par- takers of the table of the Lord, and of the table of devils" (1 Cor. X, 16 sqq.). And further on (XI, 20) the Apostle asks: "AVhen you come therefore together into one place, is it not to eat the Lord's supper?" And, finally, to make perfectly plain his words, St. Paul recalls the scene and the words of our Lord at the Last Supper.
Hence we see that Communion for the great Apostle to the Gen- tiles was not an independent litur- gical form and act, but rather a heavenly food consequent upon a consummated sacrifice.
Li the early days of Christian- ity, the holy Sacrifice of the Mass w^as never celebrated without those in attendance partaking of the sacrificial victim. They stood about the altar upon which the sacrifice was being consummated. As Jews and heathens they had never attended a sacrificial feast without partaking of the victim offered ; now, as Christians, it was but natural that they should never attend a sacrifice of the New Law without participating in the Holy Feast.
These early faithful stood dur- ing the w4iole of the Mass, even at Communion. "What corresponded to our communion railing formed the limits beyond which the laity stood in attendance upon the holy Sacrifice. Priest or deacon laid the Body of our Lord in their open hands, while the chalice of His Precious Blood was handed to them. Communion was brought to those who were unable to attend the Mass in person, either by dea- cons or lay-persons. The practice of allowing women to distribute holy Communion outside the church was common until the ninth century, when a synod of Paris forbade it.
In all probability the holy Sac- rifice was not celebrated oftener than once a week, on Sundays. The desire to communicate more frequently than this probably led to the practice of distributing holy Communion during the Sunday Mass for communicating on week- days for those who were properly disposed and who had fulfilled the requirements of fasting.
(To be concluded.)
Sunset Prayer
By IMargaret E. Sangster
Often, wenn in some far-off place, Where tall pine trees sing to the sea;
It seems as if, for a little space,
Through the twilight mist and the branches' lace,
I am able to glimpse His tender face. As it smiles, from the sky, on me !
And always, then, in my heart there grows
A blossom of simple prayer. That seems as gold as the sun that glows. Turning the western sky to rose — And it makes me sure that the Father knows.
That His love has put it there!
JUST PUBLISHED
TENTH Revised Edition
Handbook of Canon Law for Women Under Simple Vows
By RT. REV. D. I. LANSLOTS, 0. S. B.
12mo. 303 pages. Cloth, net $1.75
The Sacred Congregation of Religious has issued, since the last edition of the "Hand- book", many important decrees and instruc- tions that made a revision and a tenth edition of it imperative. We desire, especially, to bring to the notice of those for whom the "Hand- book" is intended, two very important modifi- cations:
1st. — New Normae have been substituted for the old, which up to now were the framework of all constitutions.
2nd. — A New Questionary must needs be followed in future reports to Rome.
Fr. Pustet Co., Inc.
PUBLISHERS
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New York Cincinnati, 0.
THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
October 15
thereof shall not die. He who eats of this bread shall live in eternity. And the Bread which I shall give is my flesh for the life of the world. "Except you eat the flesh of the Son of Man, and drink His blood, you shall not have life in you. He that eateth my flesh and drinketh my blood hath life everlasting: and I will raise him up in the last day." (John VI, 54 sq.)
Throughout the whole of this remarkable chapter of St. John's Gospel, our Lord emphasizes one thought, namely, that He is the Bread of Life, which has been sent by God from Heaven, in order that those who eat thereof may live. His Flesh and Blood He would have us consider and partake of as food and drink. He would have us believe this ; He would have us act in consequence of this faith. And such faith should and does beget reverence and devotion. But on this Christ, our Lord, does not, in this important Eucharistic prophecy, insist. Hence, Commu- nion is not, according to our Lord Himself, an act of reverence for His divine Majesty, but rather a strengthening food for weak man- kind.
At the Last Supper, when Christ took bread, blessed and broke it and, giving it to His disciples, said: "Take ye and eat. This is my body. And taking the chalice, he gave thanks, and gave to them, saying: Drink ye all of this. For this is my blood of the new testa- ment, which shall be shed for many unto the remission of sins," — we see the prophecy of the sixth chapter of St. John realized. Christ gives to His disciples sac- rificial flesh and blood of a new testament, — not for reverence and
devotion, but rather as a food and a memorial.
History is reticent as to the early status of Communion. But two things she makes sufficiently clear : Communion was considered a sacrificial food and a self- evident part of the sacrificial Mass for all who attended.
St. Paul warns the Corinthians with the well-known words: "The chalice of benediction, which we bless, is it not the communion of the blood of Christ? And the bread, which we break, is it not the partaking of the body of the Lord? For we, being many, are one bread, one body, all that par- take of one bread. . . . Are not they that eat of the sacrifices, partakers of the altar? . . . The things which the heathens sacri- fice, they sacrifice to devils, and not to God. And I would not that you should be made partakers with devils. You cannot drink the chalice of the Lord and the chalice
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1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
383
of the devils; you cannot be par- takers of the table of the Lord, and of the table of devils" (1 Cor. X, 16 sqq.). And further on (XI, 20) the Apostle asks: "When you come therefore together into one place, is it not to eat the Lord's supper?" And, finally, to make perfectly plain his words, St. Paul recalls the scene and the words of our Lord at the Last Supper.
Hence w^e see that Communion for the great Apostle to the Gen- tiles was not an independent litur- gical form and act, but rather a heavenly food consequent upon a consummated sacrifice.
Li the early days of Christian- ity, the holy Sacrifice of the Mass was never celebrated without those in attendance partaking of the sacrificial victim. They stood about the altar upon which the sacrifice was being consummated. As Jews and heathens they had never attended a sacrificial feast without partaking of the victim offered ; now, as Christians, it was but natural that they should never attend a sacrifice of the New Law without participating in the Holy Feast.
These early faithful stood dur- ing the whole of the Mass, even at Communion. What corresponded to our communion railing formed the limits beyond which the laity stood in attendance upon the holy Sacrifice. Priest or deacon laid the Body of our Lord in their open hands, while the chalice of His Precious Blood was handed to them. Communion was brought to those who were unable to attend the Mass in person, either by dea- cons or lay-persons. The practice of allowing women to distribute holy Communion outside the church was common until the ninth centurj'', when a synod of Paris forbade it.
In all probability the holy Sac- rifice was not celebrated oftener than once a week, on Sundays. The desire to communicate more frequently than this probably led to the practice of distributing holy Communion during the Sunday Mass for communicating on week- days for those who were properly disposed and who had fulfilled the requirements of fasting.
(To be concluded.)
Sunset Prayer
By Margaret E. Sangster
Often, wenn in some far-off place, Where tall pine trees sing to the sea;
It seems as if, for a little space,
Through the twilight mist and the branches' lace,
I am able to glimpse His tender face. As it smiles, from the sky, on me!
And always, then, in my heart there grows
A blossom of simple prayer, That seems as gold as the sun that glows, Turning the western sky to rose — And it makes me sure that the Father knows.
That His love has put it there!
JUST PUBLISHED
TENTH Revised Edition
Handbook of Canon Law for Women Under Simple Vows
By RT. REV. D. I. LANSLOTS, 0. S. B.
12m.o. 303 pages. Cloth, net $1.75
The Sacred Congregation of Religious has issued, since the last edition of the "Hand- book", many important decrees and instruc- tions that made a revision and a tenth edition of it imperative. We desire, especially, to bring to the notice of those for whom the "Hand- book" is intended, two very important modifi- cations:
1st. — New Normae have been snbstituted for the old, which up to now were the framew^ork of all constitutions.
2nd. — A New Questionary must needs be followed in future reports to Rome.
Fr. Pustet Co., Inc.
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THE FORTNIGHTLY KEVIEW
October 15
Apropos of a Recent Philosophy Text Book
Canon Sheelian once remarked that Catliolic philosophy and the- ology were like a great store of excellent wares, hidden from the eye and without display to make them attractive to an expectant world. This is particularly true of philosophy, as taught in our Catholic colleges and seminaries. There has been little if any at- tempt to write down to the aver- age reader; and judging from the current run of textbooks, the idea seems to be that effectiveness among pupils is in inverse propor- tion to attractiveness.
However this may be, the fact is that Catholic philosophy, as currently taught among us, is burdened with an unusual amount of pedagogical diyrot. The syllo- gism will and undoubtedly should always represent the modus ope- randi of the time-honored and effective circle. For this purpose small handbooks of philosophy built up entirely of syllogisms are necessary. But it is more than ridiculous that such books should continue to haunt the student in after life.
Moreover, in spite of the Neo- scholastic movement, philosophy text-books continue to be written as if the sciences of chemistry, physics, biology, and experimental psychology were non-existent, or at least in their 18th century stage of development. The newer dis- coveries on the constitution of matter and even relativity, should be reflected in our cosmological teachings; and the recent develop- ments of the science of living organisms in our psychological teachings. This is but to point out a few instances. To fill the
need is no easy task, for it mil require the work of a good scien- tist bred to the traditional meth- ods of Catholic philosophy. To co- ordinate the whole field would, of course, require no less a mind than that of Aquinas himself.
For a time it seemed as if the Neoscholastic group around Car- dinal Mercier would supply this need. But new methods and dis- coveries are, strangely enough, long in finding their way into pedagogical chamiels.
The reviewer was brought to these reflections upon examining two little volumes of philosophy, entitled "Philosophia Scholastica ad Mentem Sancti Thomae" by the R. P. Seb. Uccello, S. S. S. (Turin: P. Marietti). The first contains logic, ontology, and cos- mology; the second, philosophy, theodicy, ethics, a short history of philosophy, as well as the en- cyclical ''Aeterni Patris" of Leo XIII and some other pontifical documents, and, finally, Mellinius' lexicon of Scholastic terms and phrases. The whole field of philos- ophy is thus treated in the conven- tional dry-as-dust manner by one man, who is an evident stranger to modern science and its innumera- ble problems. The effect is just what might be expected under these conditions. These volumes can sei*\^e no useful purpose and will be relegated to an already long row of unliterary, uninterest- ing, out-of-date text-books on (Catholic philosophy. H. A. F.
Cowardice
By Charles J. Quirk, S.J.
We may be brave and raise ourselves
From mediocrity, In some great crisis, but we fear
Each flav ourselves to be.
THE FOETNIGHTLY REVIEW
Advertising Religion
There has been a good deal said and written regarding the adver- tising of religion in connection with the plan pursued in Pitts- burgh, about which there has been some question as to whether or not it did any good.
There recently appeared in the leading Chattanooga daily an ad- vertisement of two columns in width and about three inches in length, reading as follows :
$5,000.00 On deposit in the First National Bank of Chattanooga, Tenn., will be donated to any person who will show that the "alleged bloody oath of the Knights of Columbus" is not a cruel, cowardly and fake oath.
(Signed) Francis T. Sullivan.
214 East Eighth Street
This has all the necessary char- acteristics of getting favorable attention, interesting the reader, and, as we know, there is nothing that talks like money.
The anonjTiious feature of the Pittsburgh advertisement was its great w^eakness, and in strong con- trast notice in this Chattanooga advertisement not only the name in full, but the street address, as well as connecting with the inci- dent the leading bank in the city.
The use of the secular and espe- cially the daily papers in Pitts- burgh and in Georgia, where the weekly countr^^ press was used by the Georgia Laymen's Associa- tion, is really the plan to pursue, for only in this way can we reach the people w^hom we desire to im- press.
It is a great waste of time to use Catholic propaganda where it only reaches Catholic people, which, as our business men would say, is spending money to sell our- selves. P. H. Callahan
Louistnlle, Ky.
The Need of Reform
To the Editor: —
In No. 19 of the F. R. the Rev. F. A. Houck, of Toledo, has an interest- ing communication headed "The Jour- nalist's Task." He knows that that task is not an easy one, and hence he concludes his letter with these words of encouragement: "Continue to give us the facts in order that we may reform our conduct according to the will of God. Let it be made clear that truth and justice must prevail in the end." Is there not something to be reformed in the lives of all of us? We ought to try to see ourselves as those outside see us. It is so easy to hide our imperfections. Are there not some unpleasant facts which we refuse to see, but which hinder the progress of God's Church? Are we not becoming world- ly and taking more interest in the material than the spiritual side of the Church? Christ said: "My kingdom is not of this world."
(Rev.) Raymond Vernimont
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
October 15
A Living Wage
The N. C. W. C.'s Department of Social Action declares that it was the failure of the Railroad Labor Board to make the cost of a decent living the basis of the lowest wage rates paid on the railroads that was largely respon- sible for the recent railroad strike. The Railroad Labor Board says that if there is fault in this regard, it is not its own. Congress should have included a living wage provision in the act which established the Board, so that it would be mandatory upon the Board to order the railroads to pay at least a decent living wage to all of their employees.
Both the Pastoral Letter of the American Hierarchy and the Bishops' Programme of Social Reconstruction affirm the right of a living wage.
The International Federation of Christian Labor Unions, an organ- ization of Catholics in twelve European countries, in its recent- ly adopted fundamental charter, affirms the right of workingmen to at least a family wage and declares that wherever unions are not strong enough to secure it, government commissions should intervene and see to it that all the working people receive enough to live in decent comfort.
If the railroads pay a living wage to common labor, the effect will be felt by all the working people, because other employers Avill be forced by competition to meet the higher rates of pay on the railroads. For this reason it will probably be difficult to secure the passage of an amendment to the law which would result in higher wage rates for common labor. Such an amendment ap- pears necessary, however, on
grounds of justice and as an alter- native to strikes.
Postwar Militarism in Europe
An official statement to the League of Nations says the French army at present consists of 690,- 000 men, of which 92,000 are in Germany, 70,000 are carrying out treaty obligations in the Sarre, Syria, the Cameroons, and Togo- land, 193,000 are preventing the native populations in the French colonies from rising against France, and 335,000 are stationed in France proper. Of the total of 690,000 now under arms (725,000 is the number authorized by the new French law) 375,000 are w^hite conscripts, 205,000 colonial natives forced into military servitude, 10,000 are foreigners, and no less than 100,000 are professional soldiers.
This gives France about 240,000 more troops than Germany had at the outbreak of the war when it was supposed to be planning for the conquest of the world.
The French declare frankly in this report that fear of Germany compels them to maintain the 427,000 men under arms on the Continent, although a French gen- eral, Nollet, who is the head of the Disarmament Commission, reports that he has been into ' ' every nook and corner in Germany in which arms could be concealed ' ' and that he considers her completely dis- armed.
''Naturally," comments The Nation (No. 2985), "it is not espe- cially pleasant for Americans to read these figures and then recall that they went to war to end mili- tarism on the Continent and that the French insist that they are too poor to pay us even the interest on the war debt."
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY KEVIEW
387
To Ckristianize Industry
Under this title the editor of The Month (No. 699) writes inter alia :
Without giving crn^te blanche to the predatory financier, whom, if he can be caught, the law will do well to put under lock and key, we must seek a better way of remedy- ing the injustice of our time. It can be done without waiting till the whole country becomes con- verted to the practice of the true religion, though that, of course, would solve the question eminen- ter: it can be done, if only we can restore to industry the medieval conception of the Just Price. The just price may be called a Cath- olic conception: at any rate, it I'uled this country's commercial dealings when England was Cath- olic. But when the Church which protected the poor was made im- potent, when the trader was emancipated from the traditional check of a common universally- accepted morality^ when the cult of Mammon grew, and was de- clared by specious philosophies to be identical with the cult of God, then that doctrine w^as swept aside, and men set themselves to trade on their neighbor's needs and, for the benefit of commerce, to create and perpetuate needs to trade on. . . . The net result of the practical abolition of Catholicism, as an influence directing public opinion in this country, was the removal of the curb of conscience from the passion of avarice, and the consequent enslavement of the bulk of the population. Yet con- science can be awakened, and law invoked to supplement it — and this is the task to which the very possession of the faith, apart from the exhortations of their
spiritual rulers, calls the children of the Church.
The Divus Thomas, a Catholic year book for philosophy and speculative theology established by the late Msgr. Ernest Commer, has been taken over by the Dominican Order and will henceforth appear under the editorship of Fathers Manser and Hafeli of the University of Fribourg, Switzerland.
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THE FOBTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
October 15
The Historical Method in the Inter- pretation of Shakespeare Last year Miss Lilian Winstan- ley, who is a lecturer in English at Aberystwyth, published a book called "Hamlet and the Scottish Succession," in which she tried to show that much of the material of Hamlet was in origin political and historical. The book aroused a good deal of controversy. Now she takes up her thesis again with regard to two other plays ("Mac- beth, King Lear, and Contempo- rary History"; Cambridge Uni- versity Press), and although her interpretation of them is very open to criticism (especially in her stressed application to con- temporary history of the plot of Lear) her introduction ably de- fends her method of Shakespear- ian criticism, pleading that the psychological method of Schlegel, Coleridge, and Hazlitt has too ex- clusively occupied the field and the historical method should be allowed its chance. She advances many acute a priori reasons why a dramatist of the time should naturally savor his plays with the politics of the moment; and she finds that the theme of Macbeth was probably suggested by the Gunpowder Plot, which was sup- posed to be aimed (a) at the Prot- estant ruler of Britain, (b) at the Union of the Crowns of England and Scotland, and has a definite relation to the personal history of James I, Darnley, and the Mas- sacre of St. Bartholomew (Mac- beth himself closely resembling Bothwell). King Lear also refers to the same "complex of emo- tions," being largely derived from the story of the Darnley murder and also that of St. Bartholomew, the death of Coligiiy, and the Civil "Wars in France.
Heredity
In a letter to the British Med- ical Journal (July 8) Dr. Whit- well, medical superintendent of St. Audrey's Hospital, Suffolk^ points out how hopelessly we are at sea in regard to heredity. He quotes a carefully examined series of forty-four families by Lange of Denmark, which supplied seventy mental patients to the asylum. In the ascending family line with their collateral branches for a few generations, some four hundred showed mental symptoms varying from excessive nervousness to definite insanity. But the fact to be grasped was that these forty- four families had produced two cabinet ministers, one ambassador, three bishops, eight clergymen, three generals, several high mili- tary and naval officers, two head- masters, two directors of well- known institutions, eight hospital physicians, nine university pro- fessors, twenty-three holders of academic doctorates, and a large number of eminent business men, members of parliament, teachers, and governmental and municipal officials.
After such an array of facts the eugenists are hoist with their own petard. Mental deficiency is an elusive, undefinable thing, produc- tive at times of such fine stuff that the use of the knife must be utter- ly condemned. The mentally de- fective person, too, if placed in suitable surroundings, may blos- som into a perfect man.
The latest secret society to come to our notice is the Fraternal Order of Orioles, "a great broadminded, non- sectarian, fraternal, beneficial, social, and secret order." The membership is limited to whites. The headquarters are at 120 Liberty Str.. New York.
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
The Redemptoristines
St. Alphonsus de' Liguori was not responsible for the actual be- , ginnings of the first convent of Redemptoristines, but he gave the decisive impulse which led to adopt the life and rule which they practise, and there can be no pos- sible doubt as to their right to call him their true founder. Indeed, they have ever since been closely identified with the Eedemptorist Fathers.
A century of comparative ob- scurity (1731 — 1831) has been followed by a century of expan- sion, which has yet to reach its term; the congregation is to be. found in Italy, Austria, Belgium, Holland, England, Ireland, Spain, France, Canada, and Brazil.
A little pamphlet by Fr. M. de Meulemeester, C.SS.R. ("Les Re- demptoristines, leur Vie, leur Histoire, leur Opportunite"; Bruxelles : Van den Acker) tells something of its history and of its life, a hidden life of contemplation and prayer, in a peculiar way de- voted to the remembrance of the life of Christ, and we should judge fairly severe, though less so, as we are told, than that of the Poor Clares or Carmelites. So far as we know, there are no Redemp- toristines in the U. S.
mSH
"Trench Fever" m the World War
Volume I has just been issued in London of the official British medical history of the Great War.
A chapter to which many will turn with special interest is that devoted to ''Trench Fever" by Lieut.-Col. Byam.
"Trench fever" is one of the "discoveries" of the war, and differs from any disease previous- Iv known to medical science. It is
an infectious disease character- ized by periods of fever tending to recur at regular intervals, by per- sistent headache, by local pains most often in the legs or back, by a characteristic rash, and by en- largement of the spleen.
It is difficult to say anything positive about the rate of inci- dence of this very tiresome disor- der; for its name was not sanc- tioned in the returns until 1917, and it w^as not notifiable till 1918, by which time it had become rela- tively rare. Those who saw most of the condition are, however, satisfied that the bulk of the cases diagnosed on the case-sheets as "Pyrexia of Uncertain Origin," were in fact trench fever, as were also a large proportion of the
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
October 15
cases that came under the head- ing's of * ' Eheumatism " and ''My- algia." It is roughly estimated on this basis that of the 106,000 admissions for all forms of sick- ness in France in the year ended July, 1918, some 15,000 to 20,000 were cases of trench fever.
We are still in ignorance of the actual cause of the disease. There jy evidence, however, that it is caused by a very small or ultra- microscopic body, and the louse has in this case again been con- victed as a carrier. A defence against trench fever, therefore, as against typhus, must first be directed towards the destruction of lice.
Christian Social Reform
"Very few, even though Catho- lics, appreciate the fiduciary char- acter of riches," writes Fr. Keat- ing in No. 699 of The Month. "Natural justice would suggest that, since the accumulation and retention of great wealth is only made possible by the co-operation and protection of society, society has a right to be considered in its administration. The State, by its graduated taxation and its death- duties, enforces this dictum of natural justice. But Christ's law goes far bej^ond the State in in- sisting on the worthy expenditure of superfluous riches : His teach- ing brands as offenders against fraternal charity all those who do not contribute out of their super- fluities to the relief of the less fortunate, and, moreover. His teaching condemns not a few of those methods of acquiring wealth which the civil law and an evil human convention tolerate. One sees enterprises advertised as sound, yet offering dividends of
one hundred or two hundred per cent: such advertisements should be punished as common theft is punished. And a large propor- tion of the commercial world, in the guise of speculators, agents, unnecessary middlemen, is prey- ing upon the rest: such men are purely parasitic: they work not, neither do they spin, except finan- cial webs to entrap the unwary. The criminal law should deal with them.
Unfortunately law is largely in- operative unless supported by public opinion, and public opinion, here as in England, although per- haps on the mend, has not nearly recovered its Christian tone after the poisoning it received in the last two centuries from the god- less individualist.
Correspondence
A Correction
To the Editor: —
It is unfair of Mr. Henry Schmitz, of Appleton, Wis., to infer that the writer accused the Staatsverband of Wisconsin, of which Mr. Schmitz is president, of having a grip, password, wicket, sign, etc. The writer referred to the ritual of the Staatsverband to emphasize the general trend towards mummery. The writer has before him a copy of the (German) Ritual of the Staatsverband, known as 'Aufnahme- Modus." This ritual contains the pledge on pp. 2 and 3. On page 2 we read: "Ich verspreche, in bezug auf die Ge- schafte und Verhandlungen des Ver- eins alien Nichtmitgliedern gegeniiber strenges Stillschweigen zu beobachten . ..." (I promise to observe strict secrecy toward all non-members in regard to business and transactions of the society.)
On page 6 the Ritual contains the following: "If the parish priest is pres- ent, or a member of the D. R. K.
1922 THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
391
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
October 15
Staatsverband of Wisconsin, the presi- dent shall request him to conduct the ceremonies at the installation of the new officers. " (Italics mine.)
The Staatsverband of Wisconsin ditl great and noble work for m^ny years, before some of the leading members conceived the idea of '"We, too, must have a ritual."
Regarding the remark of Mr. Schmitz, that it (the Ritual of the Staatsverband) contains some whole- some Catholic thought "that should be carefully and thoroughly studied and digested by said writer,'' permit me to say, that these selfsame ivJiolesomc Catholic thoughts were impressed upon me long before they were incorporated in the Ritual of the Staatsverband.
A Catholic Editor
Importing Church Goods
'J'o the Editor: —
We hear so much nowadays of the free import of church goods. In August I received an antependium valued at $125. to which was added $13 for counsel fees at New York, etc. On top of this came a bill for $99.02 for freight expenses, importer's fees, and duty. The duty amounted to $79.40. After writing to my congress- man, who in turn communicated with the Dej)artment. I at last released the goods, paid the duty, and the ante- pendium, instead of costing $125, cost $237. There is a duty on all church goods made of silk and similar material which cannot be worn on the person or carried in hand. The duty on my goods was 60 per cent.
It might be well to enlighten the clergy in regard to this matter. Per- haps the situation will again be altered in conseouence of the passage of the new tarifiF bill. Sacerdos
—Poor reputations arise from the fact that good intentions are seldom credited.
— There is always room at the top; but the only elevator thither is toil and self-eflfort.
Notes and Gleamgs
The "British College t Psychic Science," so warmly recornended by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, as had a rather bad time of it lately. A certain Mrs. Deane, through who^ medium- ship a number of spirit ]iotographs had been obtained at that nstitution, has been caught in a palpal fraud by a committee of three expe s. In the first test a sealed packet of ates, sent by request in advance, had len secret- ly opened — "the top i)late h:i been re- moved, another plate had b:n substi- tuted for it, and it was on liis sub- stituted plate that the 'extra' )peared." In the second case, the medim, having the slides in her hand, made n excuse to visit her handbag to procre hymn- books. In opening the bag ce of the slides was deposited in the Lg and a prei)ared slide taken in its lace, on which an extra subsequently ( veloped. The proceedings on both occa.^>ns were accompanied with ])ravcr ! (Tvlct, No. 42W).
-••-••-••■•■
Msgr. Barnes's new book, 'Bishop Rarlow and Anglican Orde," has given rise to a sharp contro^rsy in England. This book is not a attack on the Anglican Church, but i study of the original documents." Msgr. Barnes puts together a long cain of evidence which shows that Barlow (Parker's principal consecrator, from whom the Anglican hierarcl' and clergy derive their orders, wa never a consecrated bishop. There ar extant some fifteen documents any ol which would be sufficient proof of Irlow's consecration, but they are all sint on the subject. Msgr. Barnes codudes that Barlow was never consecrald and ?11 the records which could thrc/ any light on the question have been delib- erately destroyed, probably by El ibeth and her unscrupulous minister, \lliam Cecil. Whether Barlow was ; con- secrated bishop or not, probabb mat- tered little to Parker and the oth( new "bishops," but it matters a grea deal to those who to-day uphold the v.idity
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Staatsverband of Wisconsin, the presi- dent shall request him to conduct the ceremonies at the installation of the new officers." (Italics mine.)
The Staatsverband of Wisconsin did great and noble work for m^ny years, before some of the leading members conceived the idea of "We, too, must have a ritual."
Regarding the remark of Mr. Schmitz, that it (the Ritual of the Staatsverband) contains some whole- some Catholic thought "that should be carefully and thoroughly studied and digested by said writer," permit me to say, that these selfsame wholesome Catholic thoughts were impressed upon me long before they were incorporated in the Ritual of the Staatsverband.
A Catholic Editor
Importing Church Goods
To the Editor: —
We hear so much nowadays of the free import of church goods. In August I received an antependium valued at $125, to which was added $13 for counsel fees at New York, etc. On top of this came a bill for $99.02 for freight expenses, importer's fees, and duty. The duty amounted to $79.40. After writing to my congress- man, who in turn communicated with the Department, I at last released the goods, paid the duty, and the ante- pendium, instead of costing $125, cost $237. There is a duty on all church goods made of silk and similar material which cannot be worn on the person or carried in hand. The duty on my goods was 60 per cent.
It might be well to enlighten the clergy in regard to this matter. Per- haps the situation will again be altered in consequence of the passage of the new tariff bill. Sacerdos
— Poor reputations arise from the fact that good intentions are seldom credited.
— There is always room at the top; but the only elevator thither is toil and self-effort.
Notes and Gleanings
The "British College of Psychic Science," so warmly recommended by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, has had a rather bad time of it lately. A certain Mrs. Deane, through whose medium- ship a number of spirit photographs had been obtained at that institution, has been caught in a palpable fraud by a committee of three experts. In the first test a sealed packet of plates, sent by request in advance, had been secret- ly opened — "the top plate had been re- moved, another plate had been substi- tuted for it, and it was on this sub- stituted plate that the 'extra' appeared." In the second case, the medium, having the slides in her hand, made an excuse to visit her handbag to procure hymn- books. In opening the bag one of the slides was deposited in the bag and a prepared slide taken in its place, on which an extra subsequently developed. The proceedings on both occasions were accompanied with prayer! (Tablet, No.
4290).
-••-•■-•--•-
Msgr. Barnes's new book, "Bishop Barlow and Anglican Orders," has given rise to a sharp controversy in England. This book is not an attack on the Anglican Church, but "a study of the original documents." Msgr. Barnes puts together a long chain of evidence which shows that Barlow (Parker's principal consecrator), from whom the Anglican hierarchy and clergy derive their orders, was never a consecrated bishop. There are extant some fifteen documents any of which would be sufficient proof of Barlow's consecration, but they are all silent on the subject. Msgr. Barnes concludes that Barlow was never consecrated and all the records which could throw any light on the question have been delib- erately destroyed, probably by Elizabeth and her unscrupulous minister, William Cecil. Whether Barlow was a con- secrated bishop or not, probably mat- tered little to Parker and the other new "bishops," but it matters a great deal to those Avho to-day uphold the validity
1922
THE FOKTNIGHTLY REVIEW
393
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of Anglican orders, though one should not think so in view of the fact that the Bull "Apostolicae Curae" based its ad- verse decision solely upon the theolog- ical argument and rejected the Anglican claim to valid orders entirely on the ground of insufficient rite and intention.
It will be remembered that the late Prof. Simon Newcomb, after observa- tions extending over a period of twenty years, declared that it could not be shown that the moon had any influence on the weather or plant life of the earth, as is so commonly believed. We notice from the Naturaliste Canadien (Quebec, Vol. 49, No. 1) that Capt. J. Rouch, writing in the Paris Revue Scientifiqnc, confirms Newcomb's state- ment and says that popular belief in this matter has no foundation in fact. This is strange in view of the antiquity and persistency of this belief and the fact that the attraction of the moon twice a day causes the rise and fall in the ocean known as tides. Astronom- ically, there is an intrinsic probability that the moon, which is so much nearer to us than any other heavenly body, and so powerfully affects the fluid part of its surface, should have an effect on the weather, and we still believe that more careful observations will show that this is the case, even though per- haps not exactly in conformity with the ancient beliefs of mankind. -••-♦•-•--•-
Commenting on the change made by the Holy Father in the administration of the Society for the Propagation of tlie Faith, Our Colored Missions, the organ of the "Catholic Board for Mis- sion Work among the Colored People," edited by Msgr. John E. Burke, calls attention to the fact that our Negro missions have so far received little or no aid from the Society and that the annual collection taken up for the In- dian and Negro missions on the first Sunday in Lent, in accordance with decree No. 243 of the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore, in those dioceses in which the Society for the Propaga- tion of the Faith is not yet established,
is divided into two equal parts, of which one goes to the Society. In other words, our Negro missions receive only one-fourth of the annual collection,, which is small at that. "How will they fare," asks Msgr. Burke, "when in every parish of every diocese the So- ciety for the Propagation of the Faith v/ill demand all the alms of the faith- ful?" The executive council of the Board of Negro Missions consists of two archbishops and four bishops ; surely they ought to be able to protect our home missions.
BOOK REVIEWS
"Holy Souls Book"
Under the above-quoted title Father F. X. Lasance, the author of numerous popular manuals of devotion, has just published an- other,— a complete prayer-book with a series of reflections and special prayers and devo- tions in behalf of the Poor Souls in Purga- tory. Thus it serves the double purpose of aiding the sanctification of the living and affording means of helping the faithful departed. The book can be had in a variety of bindings. (Benziger Brothers). The Hymns of the Breviary
There is no book that every priest uses so often as his Breviary, and there are few- books, horribile dictu, that are read, at least at times, with as little zest as the "onus diei." There are many reasons for this lack of interest in the recitation of the Divine Office- One reason is the failure to perceive the pro- fundity and the beauties latent in the psalms and hymns. Fr.H.Mengwasser ("Commentarii in Hymnos Breviarii. Opusculum Primum. Hymni ad Primam et Completorium") does his utmost to render the hymns of the Brevi- ary intelligible and, therefore, not only inter- esting, but also lovable. The present bro- chure gives the hymns of prime and compline in the form found in the Roman and Mon- astic Breviaries, a short, lucid paraphrase of the same, two English translations, a copious exposition of their difficulties, and a lengthy summary of the hymns in the form of a prayer. It is in these prayers that P. Mengwasser reveals himself as a great ascetic, an ardent poet, and a lover of Holy Writ. These prayers recall some of the beautiful pages of the "Psallite Sapienter" by the famous Abbot Wolter of Beuron. We hope that this commentary will progress speedily. (Atchison, Kas. : Abbey Press). — L-
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
395
A New Text Hook for' Catholic Schools
Health and Happiness
AN ELEMENTARY TEXT BOOK OF PERSONAL HYGIENE AND PHYSIOLOGY
Based on Catholic Principles
By FRANCIS J. DORE, SJ., Ph.D., M.D. Dean of the School of Social Service, Fordham University
With Many Ilhistrations and a Complete Index Cloth, net, $1.25
This book is intended to be used in our Catholic parochial and high schools. It fills a longf felt need, because while there have been many text books written on the important subject of Hygiene, they have all emphnsized the acquirement of health as the CHIEF AIM of life without which happiness is impossible. These books thus tend to make youthful readers too material, and cause them to lose sight of the much more weighty SPIRITUAL INTERE-5TS of mankind. "Health and Happiness" demonstrates the close interweaving of Science and Religion, and shows how an unbiased study of the former naturally trains the mind in the knowledge and love of our First and Last End.
Special Terms for Introduction as Text Book Given on Application
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October 15
A. Story for Boys
"Adorable Jack" is not a well chosen title (such words as divine and adorable should be reserved for sacred uses), but M. De L. Kennedy's story under this title makes inter- esting reading for boys, for whom it is writ- ten. Girls — we have it on the authority of a sixteen-year old girl sophomore to whom we gave the book to read — will also find it very entertaining. (Columbus, O. : J. W. Winterich).
A Text Book of Hygiene
"Health and Happiness," by the Rev. Fran- cis J. Dore, S.J., Ph.D., M.D., is described ui the subtitle as "an elementary text book of personal hygiene and physiology based on Catholic principles." It is the Catholic point nf view that gives the book its raison d'etre and renders it fit for use in Catholic schools. The author writes clearly and with excellent moderation. Some of the illustrations are very appropriate, but others {e. g., West Point Cadets, p. 134; Columbus Day at ]<"ordham University, p. 159; Viewing a Ford- ham-Georgetown Football Game, p. 164; A riappy Group on May-Day, p. 177; A Strik- ing Pose, p. 180, etc.) do not elucidate the text and therefore had better be omitted. The many "Fordham" views create the im- pression that the book is intended as an ad- vertisement for that institution. (New York: Joseph F. Wagner, Inc.)
New Books Received
Catechism of the "Summa Theologica" of St. Thomas Aquinas. For the Use of the Faithful. By R. P. Thomas Pegues. O.P. Adapted from the French by Alfred Whit- acre, O.P. xvi & 315 pp. i2mo. Benziger Bros. $2 net.
The Wonderful Crucifix of Limpias. Re- markable Manifestations. By the Rev. Baron Von Kleist, S.T.D. Translated by E. F. Reeve, viii & 184 pp. i2mo. Ben- ziger Bros. $1.25 net.
Average Cabins. A Novel by Isabel C. Clarke. 402 pp. 8vo. Benziger Bros. $2 net. Postage 15 els.
The Wonder Story. The Birth and Child- hood of the Infant Jesus in Word and Picture simply told for Children by Marion Ames Taggart. Benziger Brothers.
JVork, Wealth, and JVages. By Rev. Joseph Husslein, S.J. 160 pp. i2mo. Paper Edi- tion. Chicago: Matre & Co. 25 cts. ; $18 per 100.
Karl Trimborn. Nach seinen Briefen und Tagebiichern. Von Hermann Cardauns. 196 pp. 8vo. M.-Gladbach : Volksvereins- Vedlag. M. 75- (Wrapper).
Das gelbe Festspielbiich. Kleine Festspiele fiir Familie und Schule. Herausgegeben von Emil Ritter. 202 pp. i6mo. M.-Glad- bach : Volksvereins-Verlag. M. yz.
Die Volksbildiing auf dem Lande. Von Jo- seph Weigert, Pfarrer. 192 pp. i2rho. M.-Gladbach: Volksvereins-Verlag. M.96. (Wrapper).
Vnsrc Hauswirtschaft und Volksuirtsch-aft in ihrcn n'cchselseitigen Beziehungen. Von r^Iargarete Weinberg. 69 pp. i2mo. M.- Gladbach : Volksvereins-Verlag. M. 24. (Wrapper).
Handbook of Canon Lazi' for Congregations of IVsnicn under Simple Vows. By D. I. Lanslots, O.S.B. loth ed. Revised and Enlarged to Conform with the New Code of Canon Law. 303 pp. i2mo. Fr. Pustet & Co., Inc. $1.75 net.
Rcgcnsburger Marienkalcnder. 58. Jahrgang. 1923. 72 pp. large 8vo. Illustrated. 20 cts. (Wrapper).
Graduate Studies in .-imerican Church His- tory. Regulations for the Guidance of Students. (.\merican Church History Seminar Publications, No. 4). By Rev. Peter Guiday, Ph.D., Professor of Church History. 24 pp. 8vo. Washington, D. C. : The Catholic University of America. (Privately printed).
Augustinian Sermons. By Rev. John A. Whelan. O.S.A., Professor of Homiletics and History, Villanova Scholasticate, Vil- lanova. Pa. First Series. 314 pp. i2mo. N. Y. : Blase Benziger & Co., Inc. $2.15 postpaid.
Pius XI. ■ Ein Lebens- und Zeitbild von Dr. Max Bierbaum. Rom, Campo Santo Teu- tonico. Mit 20 .\bbildungen. 180 pp. 8vo. Cologne: J. P. Bachem.
.^n Employer's View of the Church's Func- tion in 'industry. By P. H. Callahan, President, Lrfjuisville Varnish Co., Louis- ville, Ky. Reprint from the Annals of the .\merican Academy of Political and So- cial Science. Philadelphia, Sept. 1922. Publication No. 1653. (Brochure).
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The Fortnightly Review
VOL. XXIX, NO. 21
ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
November 1, 1922
The Bollandists
Fr. Hippolyte Delehaye's book, "The Work of the Bollandists," has been translated into English, and it is a hopeful sign of the times that the English edition bears the imprint of the Princeton University Press.
The most interesting pages of Fr. Delehaye's narrative, in the opinion of Fr. Herbert Thurston, S. J., who, though he does not be- long to the College of the Bolland- ists, is imbued with the spirit of its founders, are those which deal with the vehement opposition that the scholarly methods of these men encountered at the hands of those who conceived that their cherished traditions, and sometimes their pecuniary inter- ests, were threatened by the fear- less dissemination of the light of historical truth.
''There is something not a little pathetic," savs Father Thurston (Tablet, No. 4274), ''in the sketch of the career of Father Papebroch, as Fr. Delehaye has recounted it here with rare sympathy and dis- cernment. Papebroch was a deeply religious man, in no sense self- opinionated, or a rash provoker of strife. He deprecated any icono- clastic attack on popular tradi- tions, even though erroneous, un- der conditions in which such action could only cause scandal and dis- tress of mind to the devout be- liever. But, writing for scholars, he had an intense love of truth, and he saw clearly that a more
critical spirit was then needed in all matters which had to do with the lives of the Saints, the cultus of their relics, and the popular devotions of the faithful. Pape- broch had much to suffer from his plain speaking on such topics as the alleged descent of the Carme- lite Order from the prophet Elias. Not only were the closing years of his great career clouded, but the continuance of his work was ter- ribly hampered by the echoes of the controversies thus evoked. Still, the verdict of the best Cath- olic scholarship of later ages has in every instance justified his scepticism. Speaking generally, the Bollandists who succeeded him, but notably those of the last half century, have been conspicu- ously true to the spirit which he infused into their inherited task. Probably the example thus set of reverent but resolutely critical scrutiny of all hagiographical sources has not been the least im- portant of the services which Fa- ther Papebroch and his successors have rendered to the Catholic cause. Writing a few years back. Dr. C. H. Turner, of Magdalen, one of the original editors of the Journal of Theological Studies, remarked that : ' Of all literary un- dertakings which the European world has known, the Acta Sanc- torum must certainly have had the longest continuous history. . . . Hagiography had earned an ill notoriety as a department of his-
398
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
November 1
tory, but within the last fifty years so complete a revolution has been etTected in the principles and method? of the Acta Sanctorum that an ordinary historian, para- doxical as it may sound, is likely to prove a more lenient judge of the historical value of the hagiograph- ical material than the Bollandist Fathers. The keynote of the new development was struck by the Peres De Buck and De Smedt, and the quarterly publication of the Analecta Bollandiana, begun in 1882, carries out in detail the busi- ness of amplification and rectifica- tion. When one reflects on the gigantic nature of their task and on the fewness of their numbers — they are seldom more than four or five, and they have recently lost Pere C. De Smedt and Pere A. Poncelet — the net result can only be pronounced astonishing.' "
Father Thurston adds a timely Avord of appeal to those w^ho sym- pathize with the spirit of the great and scholarly work of the Bolland- ists, who, setting about their task again with courage unimpaired, ask no more than that their re- view, the Analecta, and their other publications of similar scope, may find adequate recognition and sup- port from that educated Catholic public in whose interest it has been undertaken as the soundest form of apologetic against the rational- ism now so prevalent.
A History of Indulgences
The publication by Msgr. Dr. N. Paulus of the first volume of a ^'Geschichte des Ablasses im Mit- telalter vom Ursprunge bis zur Mitte des 14. Jahrhunderts " (Pa- derborn: Schoningh, 1922) is just- h hailed bv Fr. Herbert Thurston
in The Month (No. 699) as ''a service of the very highest order rendered to the cause of Catholic scholarship."
For more than twenty-five years Dr. Paulus has been discussing the different aspects of this sub- ject with extraordinary thorough- ness. But his articles have ap- peared in many different period- icals : the Zeitschrift fiir katholi- sche Theologie, the Katholik, the Historisclie Zeitschrift of the Gorres - Gesellschaft, the Histo- risch-politische Blatter, etc. It is a great gain, therefore, to have this immense mass of material condensed and brought to a focus within a single pair of covers. Dr. Paulus hopes to complete his work in two volumes. The second is ready for the press, and we hope that the reception of the first in- stallment will be such that the publishers will set to work upon the other without delay. For the first time we have a History of Indulgences which is worthy of the name.
Dr. Paulus finds the first au- thentic traces of any concessions which deserve to be described as indulgences in the south of France or the north of Spain, and they are not more ancient than the first half of the eleventh century. He gives an extraordinarily minute and critical investigation of the evolution of the indulgence system and deals very fully not only with the crusading indulgences, which foreshadow the plenary indul- gences of a later period, but also with early indulgences for the dead, and analyses with care the teaching on the whole question which we find in the Scholastics and canonists of the thirteenth century.
1922
THE FOETNIGHTLY EEVIEW
399
Why Frequent Communion is Declining
(Coiclusion)
But a change set in during the fourth century. The practice of communicating at home was discontinued and people received only when they attended Mass. Abuses crept in. The Council of Saragossa (380) considered it necessary to excommunicate those who received the Eucharist into their hands, but did not consume it. The voice of St. Chrysostom was also heard in this connection. Some, he said, did not attend Mass, others who attended, did not communicate. Again others received only at Easter time. Fre- quent and daily Communion con- tinued in the convents, while among the fervent laity, w^eekly Communion was in force until the beginning of the Middle Ages.
The growing infrequency of communicating continued. The councils of Agde (506) and Tours (813) ruled that the faithful must communicate at least on the feasts of Christmas, Easter, and Pente- cost. But to no avail. The Council of theLateran (1215) made Easter Communion obligatory upon all who would continue in the fold of the true Church. Attendance at Sunday Mass was also made obli- gatory. Some provinces attempted to uphold the practice of commu- nicating on the three above-named feasts, but the effort was bootless.
Considering these historical facts, it is but natural that we ask ourselves for a reasonable expla- nation. The decline of the first fervor is a natural starting-point in the marshalling of our conclu- sions. But we may not stop here. For even the fervent lay-folk com- municated but once a jear after the beginning of the Middle Ages.
Weekly communion was no longer obligatory in the convents ; and as a matter of fact, but few commu- nicated weekly. There are other grounds to search. Let us look to the battles that arose around the heresies of the first centuries, particularly the fourth century, which, it will be noted, corresponds to the time of the beginning of in- frequent communion. The conflicts that arose over the natures of Christ were destined to draw at- tention to the infinite majesty and adorableness of His person. This in turn was bound to arouse a greater reverence — may it not be called a false reverence? — which in time could not but affect the relationship of the laity to their Eucharistic God. At the same time, perhaps for a similar rea- son, the bishops began to warn their flocks concerning the proper attitude for the reception of holy Communion and the imposition of certain standards of Christian perfection for those who would communicate daily.
It is obvious that these things hindered the laity from commu- nicating.
The theologizing of the various schools was bound to result in more detailed and definite knowl- edge of the Son of God and His infinite and adorable attributes, and this in turn could not but help to increase popular reverence towards the Eucharistic Christ. Even conventual life began to feel the effects of this strange evolu- tion. In the reformed convents of Cluny, in the 10th and 11th centuries, Aveekly Communion was no longer obligatory. Dominican lay-brothers of the 13th century communicated but four times in a
400
THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
November 1
year, while another order allowed but five communions in the same time. The pious St. Louis of France received but six times in one year, St. Elizabeth of Portugal but three times. In the sixteenth century the proposal was consid- ered of restricting the laity to one communion annually! And the reason! Because of a false rever- ence for the hidden Eucharistic Lord.
Not that the effect of centuries of prayerful thought was mis- directed when it resulted in a greater reverence for the Author of Life and Death. But it would seem that the greater reverence, which was but natural, should have been applied in a different manner. While the reception of Christ in Holy Communion should be reverently done, this reverence should never serve as a barrier between Christ and His children.
When we examine the prevail- ing devotions which surround holy Communion, we find much that may be justly criticized. Is it not an aberration to "offer up" holy Communion for this and that intention, when Communion itself is the fruit of a sacrifice, namely, the holy Sacrifice of the Mass, and not in itself a sacrificial offering, apart from that sacrifice?
Moreover, to make of commu- nion a devotion is rather less than a reverencing of the Eucharistic Christ; for the Eucharist, as an essential part of the Mass, is the very essence and center of Chris- tian worship.
It cannot be denied that many would make of the Mass coram Sanctissimo a frequent occurrence, did the Church allow it. This is also an indication of the tendency to make of the Eucharist some-
thing over and above the Holy Sacrifice itself.
And is it not true that an ordi- nary devotion of one half hour means for many much more than a Holy Mass? The very center and essence of our holy religion is considered and made secondary to devotions which should, rather, be inspired by it. Are there not, also, stricken consciences, when certain set devotions have not been made before and after commu- nion? And yet Christ willed that communion should be an integral part of the Holy Sacrifice, and the Church has carried out the idea in the formulation of a number of most beautiful prayers!
It would seem, then, that there has been a mal-relationship of the Communion and the Mass, which should be as inseparable parts of an intentional unit, the former but a consummation, a fruition, as it were, of the latter; that this has been a deviation from the mind of Christ and of the Church; that, finally, the participation in this Sacrament was not meant to b6 a reverencing of the divine Person- ality in the Sacrament, but rather a food for the soul of the commu- nicant.
We must come again to know^ and value the Mass as the Sacri- fice of the New Testament; must learn again the art of attending Holy Mass and making of the communion a part, a dependent part, of the di\"ine Sacrifice. All difficulties will then vanish. Devo- tions of all kinds, the Rosary, to the Sacred Heart, to the Blessed Virgin, etc., should make way for the prayers of the Church during Mass. Better that they should not be held at all, than that they should displace the most fitting of
ly^2
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
4Ul
all prayers, the Mass, according to the intention of Christ and His Church.
In doing this we shall be disap- pointed if we look for the conven- tional "preparation'* for Commu- nion. If it be thoroughly under- stood that the Communion is an essential part of the Mass, then it will be realized that we cannot logically look for so-called "pre- paratory" prayers and devotions. The Church, who knows the mind of Christ in the institution of the Mass, has ordered and arranged otherwise. The prevailing prac- tice is but a perversion intro- duced by human agencies.
The difficulties that arise in fre- quently communicating will en- tirely disappear if Communion is made an integral part of the Mass ; if it is looked upon as a nourishing of our spiritual lives, rather than as a reverencing of the Eucharis- tic Christ; if the mind of the Church is followed as regards the "devotions" of the Mass and Communion, rather than those of men, Avhich only too frequently lead the soul into psychological and spiritual difficulties.
Defending a Notorious Liar Latelv Father W. H. Kent {Tablet, No. 4293) and Mr. Hilaire Belloc (Introd. to "Essays in Lit- erature" in Everyman's Library) have undertaken to defend James Anthony Froude, the English his- torian, against the charge of inac- curacy and deliberate h"ing. "We are sorry to see this defense. No critic, however eminent, can afford to forget the accusation against the Catholic Church made by Froude in his "English in Ire- land" (I, 417-427) or the refuta- tion of Fronde's charge given by
Lecky in his "History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century" (I, 373-385). Lecky begins thus : "We have here then a very definite charge, and a graver or more hor- rible one was probably never brought against a Christian Church."
Froude may have been "hasty," and may have "put down things upon insufficient evidence"; but whenever he wrote about Catholi- cism his chief failing was malevo- lent stupiditv.
The late Father Bridgett, CSS. E., in his life of Blessed John Fisher (p. 188), speaks of Froude as "perhaps the greatest liar of a lying age"; and so recent and careful a writer as Dom Bede Camm Avrites ("Lives of the Eng- lish Martvrs," 1st Series, Vol. II, p. 97, Note 1) :—" Fronde's tran- scripts from Simancas are now in the British Museum (add. 26056 and 158), and there can be seen how he has made his extracts from this preposterous pamphlet, w^hich then he has the audacity to give as the testimony of the Spanish Ambassador. His methods of deal- ing with history are, however, too notorious to allow even such an instance as this to cause much surprise."
Religious Christmas Cards
Among Christmas Cards, generally, there seems a curious lack of the religious element. We do not want to forget the meaning of Our Blessed Mother, the Manger, the Star of Bethlehem, or the Three Wise Men of the East. The Salve Regina Society realiz-rs the importance of keepnig the true Christmas spirit alive, has published twelve (12) beautifully STEEL ENGRAVED RELIGIOUS CHRISTMAS GREETING CARDS (no two alike) with envelopes to match. These Cards have been designed with extreme care, are copyrighted and cannot be obtained elsewhere. Most of the designs are reproductions from masterpieces of religious art. The assortment is specially priced at $1 per box plus Sc for postage and packing. All profits from the sale of these Cards go to the Bwldmg Fund of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception.
Address: Rev. Bernard A. M. McKenna, D.D. Catholic University of America, Washington, D. G.
402
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
Novfiiiber 1
Progress vs. Superstition in Medical Science
111 the September number of the Abolitionist, the organ of the Brit- ish Uiiioii for the Abolition of Viv- isection, Dr. Walter Hadwen, its president, examines the figures of the Health Office during- the first two decades of this century. With a decline in the general death- rate from 18.2 in 1900 to 12.4 in 1920 (the lowest death-rate record- ed), one might reasonably suppose That some of the more familiar dis- eases would show^ a corresponding decline in fatality. But there seems to be a disturbing factor; and in most of the instances given by Dr. Hadwen, the factor seems to be the *'cure." Dr. Hadw^en has given the average annual death-rate of the four quinquen- nial periods of the first twenty years of this century, and the re- sults are disquieting.
Anthrax is one of the diseases for which a serum is used in prac- tically every case. Before the serum was introduced, in 1899, the average number of deaths per an- num w^as eight. In the first and second quinquennia of this cen- tury, after Sclavo's serum was used, the average number of deaths per annum was seventeen ; in the third quinquennium, 1911 — 1915, it dropped to fourteen, and rose to nineteen in the fourth quin- quennium. The average number of deaths per annum is therefore more than double what it was be- fore the ''cure" was invented.
Our old friend smallpox con- tinues to show its relation to vac- cination, its supposed prophylac- tic. At the beginning of the cen- tury practically the whole popula- tion of England was vaccinated, and in 1902-4 there was an epi- demic of smallpox which yielded
an annual average number of deaths for the first quinquennium of 840. John Burns' amendment of 1907 made it easy to obtain exemption from vaccination, and the average annual number of deaths of the next quinquennium was 16. In the next quinquennium the number fell to 12, and rose again to 16 during the last period, which included the war. In 1920 there were 30 deaths from small- pox, 13 vaccinated and 15 unvac- cinated, and 2 "doubtful."
''Vaccination," writes the Neir Age (No. 1566), "certainly does not protect, and the less we have of it, the less smallpox we have ; further, the less vaccination we have, the fewer deaths from 'cow- pox and other effects of vaccina- tion.' The average figures under this head for the four quinquennia are 24, 14, 10, 9, and the Registrar- General mentions : ' Nine deaths, all of infants under one year of age, have been classed to this cause in 1920, as against one only in 1919. In addition to these, eight deaths were ascribed to septi- camia, one to cellulitis, and one to erj'sipelas, resulting from contam- ination of vaccination wounds. Summarising the facts for 1920, of 49 deaths resulting from small- pox and vaccination only 15 re- lated to unvaccinated people.' "
In connection with this report we note that Dr. Hadwen, who is now lecturing in this country, said at Chicago, as reported in the CJtristiaii Science Monitor of Sep- tember 27 :
"AVhere there is a great deal of vaccination and no smallpox sani- tation, there is a great deal of smallpox, and where there is little vaccination and good sanitation,
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403
there is very little smallpox. A healthy environment is needed. Smallpox is a filth disease. You get rid of the filth and you get rid of the disease."
Remarking that Edward Jenner had lived near Gloucester, and that he (Hadwen) knew as much of his history and works as any- body, Dr. Hadw^en declared Jenner had foisted on the general public a local superstition. Jenner, he said, made only one experiment and this had been a failure. The cowpox given the human through vaccination to protect him against smallpox had no analogy whatever with smallpox, he said. "It can- not protect at all," Dr. Hadw^en declared. ''Every epidemic in England has started with a vac- cinated person and the majority of the sufferers have been those who were vaccinated."
Again: "Last year in England we had a bigger epidemic of diph- theria than for many years and at present the fatality rate is far greater than 40 or 50 years ago when diphtheria anti-toxin was unknown. Honest statistics show" that the more anti-toxin is used, the more people die from diph- theria. I exhort all men to have nothing to do with this horrible rubbish and superstitious fraud. Just before I left home a large meeting of officers of health in Bristol came to the unanimous conclusion that the Schick test was not worth bothering about.
"Nobody yet has ever proved scientifically that there is such a thing in existence as a germ of disease and I challenge any med- ical man in this city to prove that there is any disease germ or any basis for the germ theory of dis-
" Pasteur made his mistake in confounding germs of fermenta- tion with germs of disease. They all have their place in creation, not to do evil, but to do good. Instead of being regarded as a curse germs Avill be seen as a blessino-. "
The Mothers
By Charles J. Quirk, SJ. Dear Mother, how forget you ! How can your love depart! Since daily earth's sweet mothers Act once again your part !
Under a Vine-Encircled Pergola
By the Rev. F. A. Houck, Toledo, O. Here, 'mid the lacery of this vine
So finely spun by Hand divine, How soothing light of distant star
So far away, so very far !
More soothing still the heavenly light Which frees our soul from sin's dread blight,
And shows us The6, O God, most dear, So near, so very, very near!
The Parables of the Gospels
An exegetical and practical explanation. By Leopold Fonck, S.J., President and Lecturer of the Biblical Institute, Consultor of the Biblical Commission in Rome. Translated from the third German edition by E. Leahy. Edited by George O'Neill, S.J., M.A., Professor of the English Language in the National Uni- versity of Ireland. Lexicon 8°. 829 pages. 3rd Edition. Bound in cloth, net $4.00.
"The Parables of the Gospels" should be given a promitient and honored place in the library of every priest. No one certainly can hereafter pretend to have made a thorough study of the parables who has not made its acquaintance. Indeed, it is not too much to say that it has become a classic on the sub- ject.— America, New York.
Published by
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404
Til.l-J FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
The Classics and a Liberal Education
Noveinl;er I
Benedetto Croce's synthesis of scientific or documentary liistoi\y on the oije hand with philosophic history, as he calls it, on the other (see his ''Storia della StoriogTafia Italiana nel Secolo 19mo"; Bari : Laterza) is a true one. He wants philosophy to be w^edded to re- search. But for that purpose there must be artists who can paint their vision of the wood and draughtsmen who can make intel- ligible drawings of the trees.
History is no less closely con- nected with literature, in the broad sense of the word, than it is w^ith philosophy in Croce's broad sense. Literature, philosophy, and his- tory together constitute humane letters. History can only be inter- preted by processes of thought ; it is therefore connected with philos- ophy. But it deals A^ith all the passions and humors, the joys and agonies of mankind in the past, with all that was noble, terrible, or comic in man's history; and the expression of these things must always be a part of literature. To lock up history, philosophy, and literature in three separate labora- tories, on the ground that they are "separate sciences," is to doom all three to a lingering death. LTnited they may stand; divided they cannot make head in the edu- cational and intellectual world against the attractions w^hich physical science exerts over the best intellects in our day, and the obvious appeal of ''utilitarian" education to the masses.
The counter-attraction of the humane studies can only lie in pre- senting the more spacious aspects of a liberal education, not by copy- ing the narrower part of the spirit of physical science without either
its utility or its broader view. The old classical education at its best had, and, so far as it survives, still has, this great advantage that it taught literature, philosophy, and history together. That is what ''classics," in their higher aspect, meant. That was why they satis- fied so many of the most brilliant minds of AVestern civilization for several centuries. For, in spite of much formalism and pedantry, the "classics" offered, within cer-" tain limits of space and time, a conspectus of all the humanities in a most delightful harmony. Herodotus, Thucydides, Tacitus were history and literature com- bined; Plato, Aristotle, Cicero were literature and philosophy combined, with not a little history throw^n in ; Aristophanes was not a mere book of old plays, but w^as read as a living part of the w^on- derful history of Athens. That was how "classics" at their best gave what was distinctiveh" known as "a liberal education." Our difficult task — so difficult that some refuse to attempt it — is to transfer the best of that spir- it to wider fields of learning. And at this critical juncture the future of the humanities is further en- dangered by the too successful rivalry of physical science. The survival of the humanities, w^hich are in a fair way to die out in some countries, depends not a little on the maintenance of the connexion between philosophy, history, and literature.
Beware of envy, and you will have avoided a great pitfall which engulfs too many good people. For a secret envy in its thousand disguises is too apt to be the vice of the good.
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
405
The "Goligher Circle" Exposed
Among the well-authenticated narratives of "supernormal phe- nomena," the Great Goligher Case, described by Dr. W. J. Crawford in a series of books, de- servedly ranked high. In fact, in the opinion of initiates, only the Parisian performances of "Eva C." appeared to excel those of the Belfast medium. Here was a scien- tific man of considerable academic standing, a mechanical engineer skilled in the manipulation of ap- paratus, who had convinced him- self by a multitude of ingenious and delicate experiences not mere- ly that the phenomena were genu- ine, but that they could be ex- plained by the formation of "psj^chic cantilevers" out of "ectoplasm" drawn from the me- dium's body by discarnate "oper- ators, ' ' and moreover had actually succeeded in photographing these quasi-mechanical "psychic struc- tures."
The experiments were narrated with so little detail about the con- ditions that one had practically to take Dr. Crawford's Avord for it that there was no fraud, just as one would have done with ordi- nary laboratory tests. Dr. Craw- ford had conducted them in the midst of the Goligher family cir- cle, in which he and his wife had always been greatly outnumbered, had neglected to "fortify himself by the aid of other scientific psy- chical researchers, and then final- ly he had broken down and left his work unfinished. Still he had made out a strong prima facie case; and it was no wonder that on his pre- mature death in the summer of 1920 an effort should be made to continue his investigation.
Thanks to the liberality of a
gentleman who had not himself taken any part in the experiments, it was possible to appoint a highly qualified successor to Dr. Craw- ford—Dr.E.E.Fournier d'Albe, an Irishman, a well-known physicist, a believer in the supernormal, who had sat with "Eva C," and had translated Dr. von Schrenck-Notz- ing's monumental work on her: the only possible exception to be taken to him, had he reported in favor of Kate Goligher, would have been that his bias was too favorable. Yet the conclusion to which his experiments unmistak- ably point is unfavorable to her claims, and as nearly conclusive as such an investigation can well be. (The Goligher Circle. May to August, 1921. Experiences of E. E. Fournier d'Albe, Avith an
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
November I
Appendix containing Extracts from the (.Correspondence of the late W. J. Crawford. London: J. M. Watkins). Dr. Fournier d'Albe had twenty sittings with the Goligher family in the summer of last year, and obtained nothing that was truly evidential, all his crucial tests being evaded or re- fused. He caught the medium levitating a table with the foot (p. 34). He took (and reproduces) photographs which show the ''ect- oplasm" to have a manifestly tex- tile structure. And when the con- ditions were made really strin- gent, nothing happened. Perhaps even more damaging to the claims of the Goligher Circle are his rev- elations concerning the laxity of the conditions to which Dr. Craw- ford had submitted, and "the at- mosphere of complete confidence" in which he worked. When we learn that the medium's hands were invariably held b^^ a relative or close friend, that the unseen "operators" who really controlled the experiments required ever}^- tliing to be explained to them and sanctioned, that the lighting — though sometimes sufficient to dazzle the observers— always left the space beneath the table in the dark, and that the taking of every photograph was preceded and fol- lowed by several minutes of total darkness, Ave begin to understand how Dr. Crawford could have been deceived.
The effect of Dr. Fournier d'- Albe's narrative is enhanced by an appendix quoting from Dr. Craw^f ord 's unpublished notes and letters and the testimony of other sitters, by the studious modera- tion of his statement, and by his profession of continued faith in "Eva C." (p. 56). There appear,
moreover, to be some other cases which have not yet been exposed; but the candid reader will hardly escape the conviction that the Goligher Circle, at any rate, has been pretty completely exposed.
"Caseys" and "Shriners;" or, Love's Labor Lost
The efforts at fraternizing with the Freemasons made here and there by Knights of Columbus councils, do not always meet with a favorable response. Thus we read in the Crescent, a monthly magazine published at St. Paul, Minn., "in the Interest of the An- cient Arabic Order of the Mystic Shrine, and Endorsed by the Im- perial Council," edition of August^ 1922 (Vol. XIII, No. 6, p. 20) :
"Since the Knights of Columbus have grown active it has become one of their favorite stunts to rush to the Shrine Entertainment Com- mittee to proffer their club houses for the entertainment of those at- tending sessions of the Imperial Council. As soon as the proffer is made the Caseys rush even more rapidly to the newspapers with a story of their 'loyalty to the city,' and their willingness to do their 'civic duty' even toward the Masons. They capitalize it for all it is Avorth. Their clubs are never occupied by Shrine visitors as headquarters, but the fact that the offer has been made places the Caseys in a position to take a ' dig ^ at Masonry. In the future the Shriners in charge of entertaining' any session of the Imperial Coun- cil* should guard against this sort of thing."
In taking this stand, it seems to us, the "Shriners" are quite con- sistent. Maybe their attitude will teach the "Casevs" a lesson.
19:^2
THE FORTNIGHTLY EEVIEW
Emerson's Anti-Catholic Bias The F. E. has repeatedly had occasion to comment on the pecu- liarly virulent anti-Catholic bias in the writings of Ealph Waldo Em- erson, ' * the Sage of Concord, ' ' still so widely read and admired. Fa- ther James J. Daly, S. J., writing in America (Vol. XXVII, No. 23), states the case concisely as fol- lows :
"There is in Emerson's inherit- ed and more or less natural hatred of the Church a peculiarly provin- cial venom and fixture which one never grows quite used to. . . . AVe cannot recall a really great writer, since the Protestant tradition be- gan to dominate English literature, who had not lucid intervals in his mad obsession against the Church. ... It is possible to weave a gar- land of tributes to the beaut}^ of C*atholic sanctity and the high moral mission of the Church out of the writings of non-Catholic poets and prose-writers of emi- nence who enjoyed no larger op- portunities of enlightenment than Emerson. But no contribution for that garland can be found in him. The hard set and iron compress of New England Puritanism kept him from looking about. From first to last Emerson remained unchanged in his views of the Church.
"One is at a loss to know how to convey some notion of the pecu- liar virulence of Emerson's fanat- ical detestation of the Catholic Church. It was not shared in the same decree, as far as I am aware, by any contemporary American of first-rate intelligence. ... In order to make comparisons here, we should have to search the Masonic lodges of country districts or the isolated hamlets of the Western wilderness. A settled invincibility of- ignorance about Catholic mat-
ters, distorting vision, warping judgment, and dealing in crude in- vective, is a point of resemblance which makes Emerson and Albert Pike curiously alike. . . .
"There is something feminine and spiteful in the inveteracy of Emerson's pique at all things Catholic. It is not the quality of a great man. It belongs more properly to sewing-circles of mali- cious tendencies. It invalidates his claims to be taken for a man of supreme genius. As a village won- der he will always be remarkable. On the large stage of the world he will look more and more diminu- tive as the passionate quarrels of the sixteenth centur}^ subside and the thick dust of its controversies are laid. It is the fate of all mad writers against the Catholic Church to become curiosities rather than classics."
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
November 1
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Thou Shalt Nc
These are the three props of order — of civilization; they are hub, rim and tire in t
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See our leaders of industry moralizing at all times, prating about the sacredness o even the religious press and you will see text, pictures and advertisements that woul Seventh and Eighth Commandments.
Mothers and fathers are solely to blame. They think teachers must be everything hence are sinfully neglected by their unnatural mothers and worse than indifferent f.
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REV. JOHN J. WYNNE, S.J.
Dear Mr. Garrity:
The more I think of Ross's book, the more I feel that it should somehow be made the text- book on Ethics in every Catholic college and school; that with such a standard book it ought i to be considered unsportsmanlike for any Catho- lic to attempt to duplicate it; that if anyone finds any defects in it, or has any suggestions for im- proving it, instead of attempting to supplant it by another book, he should send the criticisms and suggestions to Father Ross. It would mean so j much to have one book acknowledged as beyond ; question, a fit book and the best book in its li Sincerely,
(Signed)
JOHX J. WYNNE, S.J.
NOTE — Nothing in type fits this decadent cycle of time like Doctor Ross's book, is a new book but already in use at Schools of Sociology, at the University of Notr work from men and women who think — who are alive to the deplorable condition (I
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1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
4C^^
UGHT LIVING
-TCE
THE COLLEGE
0 every man and woman and for every ei years of age
Thou Shalt Not Commit Adultery!
)gi Wheel of Life. ese Commandments. You know that these laws of God have largely ceased to bind,
i-n of these chaotic times. Boys and girls of ten and up arrested in bunches for steal- I with steps named after animals but which disgrace even the barnyard. ^1, but thinking nothing of stealing the wives and daughters of other men Round up t brain of the Angelic Doctor himself were he to try to square it all with the Sixth,
to em-balmer for offspring that in many cases come into the world undesired and
( OFTEN TO
I ETHICS
IGHT LIVING
SS, C.S.P., Ph.D.
Club, University of Texas
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book is splendid. Marymount will be glad lUd to adopt it as a text. Your scope is You have covered more ground and you e kernel of the eminent authors studied, references to every conceivable work on phy make a very satisfactory impression, one of the many worthy features of the Then your practical application of prin- is far above any book I have read on the
ARTHUR PREUSS Editor The Fortnightly Review
In preparing my adaption of Koch's Moral Theolog>' the fifth volume of which is in press, I consulted practically all the text-books on ethics in Latin, English, German, Irencti, etc , that have been published during the last quarter ot a century, and I must say that bv all odds the best m the tn- gli<^h language, and one of the best in any language, is -Christian Ethics" by Father J. Elliot Ross, C.S P It not only states the principles of right living— they all do that— but it skillfullv applies these principles to everyday I'te as we are living it in America today. Again and again Father Ross's book was the onlv one among the many available that gave me the information I was looking for, and always, in tuccinct and readable form. There is no better work of its kind in existence, and those m need of a good text-book of ethics— and who is not!— will make no mistake in ordering ■'Christian Ethics" by Father Ross.
cermined to spread it as a means to an end. It will be sent to ^^7°°^, °^^^PPJ°^,^J- J* ndiana, at various Jesuit and other colleges. We have the strongest mdorsemnts of this : You too, no matter who you are, will indorse this, "The Book of Right Living. W and a daughter that they z.ill use Christian Ethics as a guide all through life.
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410
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
November 1
Bishop Von Keppler and His Writings
Since the demise of the late Archbishop J, L. Spalding, the U. S. no longer has a Catholic bi-shop who is at the same time a great writer. Germany is luckier : it has several bishops w^ho are famous for their literary attain- ments. To one of them Fr. W. H. Kent devotes the following sym- pathetic notice in the London Tablet (No. 4298) :
' ' The German diocese of Kotten- l>urg, which, fifty years ago, w^as ruled by Bishop Hef ele, the learned historian of the Councils of the Church, is still the see of a Bishop no less illustrious in the realms of literature, the venerable Dr. Paul Wilhelm von Keppler, wdio cele- brated his seventieth birthday on September 28th. Bishop Keppler has shepherded his immediate flock since November 11, 1898. And for many years past his widely read and voluminous writ- ings iiave carried the influence of his teaching beyond the bounds of his own diocese — 'so iveit die deutsche Zuuge Mingt, und Gott hn Himmel Lieder singt.' Large- ly of a more popular character than the great historical w^ork of his predecessor, the writings com- prise pictures of travels such as 'Tm Alorgenland,' in its fifteenth thousand ; his ' Wanderfahrten und Wallfahrten im Orient,' in its twenty-fourth thousand ; many volumes of sermons and homilies ; and such favorite spiritual w^orks as 'Mehr Freude,' in its 175th thousand, and its companion vol- ume, 'Leidensschule,' in its 60th thousand. Bishop Keppler 's pub- lishers, Messrs. Herder & Co., are appropriately bringing out a vol- ume of selections from his w^ork 'Aus Kunst und Leben.' Many of
his readers will join in wishing the venerable Bishop, m tlie title w^ords of his most popular work, 'Mehr Freude.' "
Fr. Kent should have mentioned that a very excellent English translation of Bishop von Kepp- ler's "Mehr Freude" exists from the pen of Fr. Joseph McSorley, C.S.P. It appeared here in St. Louis (Herder) in 1914, but, per- haps in consequence of the anti- German jDrejudice engendered by the w^ar, has not found the w4de sale to wdiich it is entitled. We would advise all those w^ho have not yet read this beautiful and in- spiring volume, to get a copy and use it for spiritual reading. We are sure no one who follow^s this advice will regret it.
Of Von Keppler 's ' ' Die ^I'men- seelen-Predigt" Father Stephen Landolt, of Ottaw^a, 0., has pre- pared an English translation, which w^e hope to see in print soon. Such writings as those of the learned and genial Bishop of Rot- tenburg should be widely spread and read. They are among the Catholic treasures of our age.
American realism consists chiefly in seeing- life as it really isn't. We have confounded realism and brutality. We see things in parts, not as a whole. To us realism is synonymous with the ugly,- the trivial, the unpleasant.
In the book of Proverbs it is writ- ten, "He that walketh with the wise shall be wise," but "a friend of fools shall become like to them." This is true both of companionships and books ; our opinions and our morals are true or false, elevated or degraded according to our associations. Few men are a fortress in their own counsel or walk a path undiverted by the in- fluence of others.
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
411
Senator Walsh on Group Represen- tation
Senator Walsh, in an article written for the N. C. W. C. News Service, declares that he is not greatly impressed with the sug- gestion advanced by certain French Catholics, that the French senate be replaced by a sort of professional senate representing various economic groups.
"The Senator's article," com- ments the Buffalo Eclio (Vol. 8, No. 35), "discloses his unfamiliar- ity with the issues at stake and the underlying philosophy of the pro- posed change. His outlook is that of the progressive parliamenta- rian, who still has hopes in our political S3^stem. The point at issue is the transformation of our par- liamentary system — of our politi- cal machinery of government — and the introduction of social and economic representation. Our pres- ent system of political representa- tion has been weighed and found wanting in all countries. In its place is advocated representation by economic groups, that is, the various professional and occupa- tional groups in the population — farmers, merchants, manufactur- ers, men in salaried positions, workers, etc. As Arthur Travers- Bergstraem, an English writer, says, the political dreams of 1789 are dissipated and professional- occupational suffrage is not a visionary scheme. The new^ rep- resentation which 'will be taken from the world of production, will be men of action — execution, not elocution — thoroughly knowing their trade or profession, and not . . . the lawyers accustomed to defend all causes, the professors versed in expounding all theories and the journalists trained to treat
all subjects, who are the present rulers of the Republic [i. e., France].' "
The idea of professional-occupa- tional representation, our contem- porary adds, is a modern adapta- tion of the medieval guild prin- ciple.
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Or for
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Edited by
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Noveinher 1
Freemasonry in Washington Tlie F. E. has repeatedl.y point- ed to the strong and growing in- fluence of Freemasonry in AVash- ington, the seat of our federal government. That we have not been mistaken may be seen from a report made by Senator Pearce, who recently paid an official visit to Washington in behalf of the West Australian government, and after his return, at a Masonic lodge meeting in his home coun- try, said, inter alia (we quote from the Christian Science Monitor, Boston, Mass., Vol. 14, No. 265) : ''My friends have been good enough to say that I achieved some success at Washington. I feel I ought to say this, that if I have achieved some success, some of that success is due to Freema- sonry. It may be a fact of inter- est to you as a gathering of Free- masonry to know that the Presi- dent of the United States is a Freemason and that of his Cabinet all but two are Freemasons, and when I tell you that the Secretary of State, Charles Hughes, is a Freemason, and that it w^as he who presided over the gatherings at the conference, you should knoY>' what Freemasonry is to those who really practice its tenets. I had the honor and privilege of pre- senting that letter at the time when the Columbia Grand Lodge was about to install its new Grand Lodge officers and, to my surprise, I was invited by the Grand Lodge to be present at the installation. It was a very interesting cere- mony and I met there the repre- sentatives of many lodges round Washington. ' '
Senator Pearce also confirms the opinion, — which we have held for some time, but never publicly
expressed, because the evidence was rather intangible, — that Am- erican Freemasonry is strongly pro-British and aims at drawing the U. S. within the circle of Eng- land's world empire. He said:
"You have heard that there is in America and has been in Amer- ica anti-British propaganda; but I venture to say from what I learned in America that the strongest friends that Britain has in America are the Freemasons, That Freemasonry constitutes a bond of the Empire of which we are all so proud and of that great Republic of which every American is so proud, and that being so, it is no idle boast to say that the bond which united all Freemasons has played no little part in drawing together in the cause of peace and humanity that great harvest which we were enabled to reap in Wash- ington."
These declarations should be filed for future reference. .
Free Parochial Schools
There was a time — Crede Ro- herto experto! — when to plead for tree parochial schools exposed one to suspicion. Now, some of our most enlightened and energetic bishops bend all their energies in that direction. Thus Bishop Schrembs, of Cleveland, says in a recent pastoral letter:
"As 1 am speaking of our schools I feel urged to state right emphat- ically that they will not fulfill their purpose to the fullest extent until every school in the diocese is a free school, supported and maintained from the general revenues of the Church. School tuition for the in- dividual child, or 'school money,' as it is commonly called, is a hard l>urden upon families at the very
1924
THE FOETNIGHTLY BEVIEW
time of their lives when they are least able to bear this burden. The expense of rearing a large family, with all its incidentals, such as food, clothing, doctor bills, etc., is surely enough without adding the extra burden of such a tax for the Catholic education of the child. The Catholic parochial school is an essential part of every parish, and just as the entire parish is inter- ested in the building pf the school, so also should the entire parish be interested in supporting and main- taining the school. Thousands of children are being deprived of their birthright of a Catholic edu- cation by reason of this special school tax. School money has been a fruitful source of miserj^ to all concerned — the pastor, the teacher, the i3arents and the child. Let us put the burden of maintaining and supporting the school where it rightfully belongs, namely, upon the entire parish as such, and thus bring its blessings upon every Catholic child. "
If ''school money" is depriving thousands of Catholic children of a Catholic education in one diocese alone, how many are losing their "birthright" through it in the whole United States! Verily, the question is a burning one, and un- less it is solved promptly, and in the right way, as indicated by the Bishop of Cleveland, our schools may vanish even before the fanat- ical haters of the Catholic Church succeed in passing dangerous laws against them.
Dr. Scharf Redivivus
The redoubtable Dr. Scharf is
at his old tricks again, it seems.
We read in the True Voice, of
Omaha, Neb. (Vol. 31, No. 40) :
"We received, the other day, a
printed pamphlet edited by Dr. E. L. Scharf, Ph.D., 2603 Mozart PL, Washington, D. C. We are at a loss to explain the purpose of the publication; but we surmise that Dr. Scharf is again in the pay of the Republican National Commit- tee, and must make some showing to draw his salary. He was fully exposed by Congressman Ben Johnson, of Kentucky, some years ago, and at that time he was repu- diated by Cardinal Gibbons and the officials of the Catholic Univer- sity, whose name he was using- without authorization."
Dr. Scharf and his news agency bob up in the Catholic press every three or four years. What amuses us most is that the average Cath- olic weekly, in protesting against his political activities, does not do so because of the way he drags the Church into politics, which is un- worthy and fraught with danger to the Catholic cause; but for the sole reason that Scharf is in the employ of the Republican party. If he were paid by the Democrats, we presume, these papers Avould find his conduct perfectly legiti- mate and proper. ''Duo si faciunt idem, non est idem."
Adorable "JACK''
by M. DeL. Kennedy
The Book for BOYS and QIRLS
Full of adventures, good times and mysteries
Net $1.25
Do not fail to order one
JOHN W. WINTERICH
59 East Main Street COLUMBUS. OHIO
1865 Prospect Avenue CLEVELAND, OHIO
414
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
November 1
Correspondence
The Neglected Negro
7"o the Editor: —
The F. R. of Oct. 15 quotes Msgr. J. E. Burke as saying that very little is done for the Negro misisons. Is that Apostolic man, who has devoted many years to the uplift of the most despised race, exaggerating? Will his well-founded complaint fall on deaf ears? A propos, — the October issue of the N. C. W. C. Bulletin does not even mention the Negro. Are these 12,- 000,000 of American citizens not worthy of our notice because their skin is black? The Negro is our brother; no one can dem- that and claim to be a true ,Catholic. Because the Negro is patient is no reason why he should be neglected.
(Rev.) Raymond Verximoxt
Dcnlun. Tex.
Notes and Gleanings
The Milwaukee Catholic Citicen. whose editor is a prominent K. C. says (Vol. LII. No. 46), that the Board of Directors [of the K. of C] with a cussed fatahsm, invested $1,262,844 in German marks and $366,000 in French rentes, and by this speculation lost to the Order the enormous sum of $1,- 423,000. Our contemporary refers for a full statement to the October number of the official Columbia, page 15.
A pendant to the "Order of De Molay"' for the sons of Freemasons has been started at McAlester, Okla. The new societv is called "Order of Rainbow for Girls" and is intended for the daughters of Masons and of members of the Eastern Star.
Col. P. H. Callahan calls attention to a class of make-believe labor papers that are "used as meal tickets by their publishers," and asks : "Is there not some w^ay of disposing of these para- sites who are doing the cause of labor a great deal of damage, as they collect money from gullible advertisers, some
of whom feel it jis a contribution to or- ganized labor?" There can be no doubt that these spurious labor organs are a serious hindrance to the cause of honest labor, but it is not easy to devise ef- fective means for exterminating them. -•--•-■•--•-
The Christian Science Monitor, the organ of the Eddyites, to-day the best all-around daily newspaper in America, publishes in each issue just one little propaganda article that betrays the real object of its existence. On two days in the week, of late, these articles, appear also in French and German — in French on Tuesday, and in German on Friday. It is not quite clear what the purpose of this innovation is, but if our daily press continues to deteriorate as it has been for the last twenty years or more, those of us who wash to read a daily paper that is worth reading and does not offend one's intellectual convictions and moral sensibilities, wnll probably have to take the Christian Science Monitor in spite of its slight sectarian bias, unless some one should provide a really first-class and worth-while Cath- olic daily, of which, unfortunately. there seems no prospect at present. -•■-••-•--•-
A communication from Dr. Guilday announces that an effort is being made to form a co-operative union of all the Benedictine colleges and houses of study in America for the purpose of in- augurating "a Benedictine historical re- vival," which is long since overdue. A part of the programme is the publica- tion of a historical quarterly and a Benedictine vear book and the compila- tion of a card catalogue, to be duplicated for each house, containing references to all valuable historical material in the various Benedictine monasteries throughout the country. The Fathers in charge of this movement are : Fr. Ed- mund Pusch. of Atchison, Kas. ; Fr. Benedict Seidel, of Peru. 111. ; Fr. Felix Fellner. of Beatty, Pa., and, last but not least, our venerable old friend, Fr. Bede Maler, of Evansville, Ind., who has labored long and valiantly in the field of Church history and has helped
192^ THE FORTNIGHTLY KEVIEW 415
Quincy College
QUINCY, ILLINOIS
TO OUR ALUMNI
Dear Friend and Alumnus:
KINDLY permit us to inform you that we purpose to hold a re-union of all the alumni of Quincy College on Thanksgiving- Da}-. You are aware that, owing to the war and other untoward circumstances, no such gathering has been held within recent years. For that reason it has been impossible for us to remain in touch with all the members : and there are many whom, on account of change of address, we are unable to reach at the present time. Yet, we should not like to miss any of the old students when issuing invitations for the homecoming celebration.
Won't you be so good, therefore, as to assist us in completing our mailing Hst? You can do so by sending us the names and addresses of the Quincy College alumni living in your immediate neighborhood. May we not ask you kindly to comply with our request at your earliest possible convenience?
You as well as the other "old boys" will be interested to know that we intend to celebrate in conjunction with the homecoming of the alumni the golden religious jubilee of one who has devoted the best years of his life to the service of Quincy College in the three- fold capacity of professor, vice-president and president, and as such has been instrumental in shaping the career of many sons of Quincy College. It is no other than our beloved Father Samuel Alacke.
Won't you pleace enhance by your presence the solemnity of the occasion and kindly lend us your aid in swelling the number of invited guests?
The President and faculty of Quincy College will be greatly beholden to you.
\\'ith every good wish.
Yours very sincerely,
QUINCY COLLEGE
Fr. Ferdixaxd. 0.F.]\I..
President
416
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
Novell r i
to make a good deal of it himself in the course -of his long and toilsome career as a missionary, a professor, an editor, and a lihrarian, and through his con- nection with the Priests' Eucharistic League. We hope to see at least the he- ginnings of the predicted Benedictine historical revival hefore we die.
One of the last secret corners of the earth seems ahout to be laid bare In- scientific investigators. Having crossed the Himalayas at a height of 14.500 feet, with baggage that includes gifts for the Dalai IJiama and a kinema aj)- l)aratus, the British Buddhist Mission stands on the threshold of Tibet. If its reception is favorable, it will move by a river route never before travelled by Europeans to Lhasa, and will winter in the country, studying its geologic, an- thropologic, and arcbaeologic problems. Dr. Sven Hedin, the great Swedish ex- plorer, has already announced his in- tention of i)enetrating Tibet from the north-east and tracing the sources of the Chinese river system. Thus the ad- vance guards of civilization are closing on the legendary cradle of humrinitv from two points.
President Hopkins, of Dartnioutli, remarked the other dav that "too many men are going to college." Rather, we thmk, too many are allowed to continue m college who have no fitness for a learned profession, while a great many others are unable to attend because of untoward economic conditions for which they are not to blame. Catholic colleges and universities are not t!ie least "of- fenders in this regard. The necessitv to eke out an existence under a ridiculous financial arrangement, has in a great many mstances led to the lowering of the bars of a reasonable standard."' Ml who enter a college or universitv are not fitted by nature to continue the work. The unfit should be heli)e(l to find some vocation suitable to their abilities. We have not too manv men in our colleges, but too many who are tm- fit to profit by the courses there oflFered
W bile I^Veemasonry, as a rule -x- cludes the fair sex, there is "a int ]Masonic Order" in Denmark whic re- ceives both men and women. Acco ing to a Copenhagen correspondence i the Chr. Sc. Monitor (Sept. llj, the ;ien and the women in this lodge "haviJif- ferent ceremonies, tlie latter bavin the so-called Scottish rite, confcrrin 33 degrees, whereas the former,' the .en's order, is based on the so-called Svlish .system and has only 11 degrees.' The movement is growing. Ten year ago the first large joint lodge was c.-ned in Christiania : now there are our. 'Inhere are also three in Sweden an one in Iceland. Women of all class* are admitted to this onler, including hose who do manual labor as well as \)men of noble birth.
'•■-•■-•■-•'
Our Missions ( Techny, 111.. M. II, No. 9), makes an urgent appeal ir the introduction of "mission scienc< into the school and college curricul. By "mission science'' our estecme con- temporary means what the Grnans call "Missionswissenschaft," f. ., the scientific treatment of everythii: per- taining to Catholic missions inpagan lands. It is a comparatively new .ience, and we doubt the assertion thn it re- presents the only, or even thi chief, means whereby Christians may ope to fufil the desire of Our Lord lat all nations be made to believe in hii; for, "Vixcre fortes ante Agamemvna" , — there were great missionaries ad suc- cessful missions long before th world even dreamed of "missionary nence." Besides, into what schools is tls to be introduced and how is it to e con- ducted? As yet, we have practally no English literature on the subje*. A be- ginning has been made in som of our seminaries, where the studeis can, as a rule, read one or more forgn lan- guages. Through the alumni f these institutions, /. c, the clergy, iierest in the mission cause will, we hpe, be widely spread among the lav, who have always done their shar^ in this important work when duly istructed and encouraged by their pastes.
Westertieidt
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li»22
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
Noveiiibti I
to make a good deal of it himself in the course -of his long and toilsome career as a missionary, a professor, an editor, and a librarian, and through his con- nection with the Priests' Eucharistic League. We hope to see at least the be- ginnings of the predicted Benedictine historical revival before we die.
Oiie of the last secret corners of the earth seems about to be laid bare by scientific investigators. Having crossed the Himalayas at a height of 14,500 feet, wath baggage that includes gifts for the Dalai Lhama and a kinema ap- paratus, the British Buddhist Mission stands on the threshold of Tibet. If its reception is favorable, it will move by a river route never before travelled by Europeans to Lhasa, and will winter in the country, studying its geologic, an- thropologic, and archaeologic problems. Dr. Sven Hedin, the great Swedish ex- plorer, has already announced his in- tention of penetrating Tibet from the north-east and tracing the sources of the Chinese river system. Thus the ad- vance guards of civilization are closing on the legendary cradle of humanity from two points.
President Hopkins, of Dartmouth, remarked the other day that "too many men are going to college." Rather, we think, too many are allowed to continue in college who have no fitness for a learned profession, while a great many others are unable to attend because of untoward economic conditions for which they are not to blame. Catholic colleges and universities are not the least of- fenders in this regard. The necessity to eke out an existence under a ridiculous financial arrangement, has in a great many instances led to the lowering of the bars of a reasonable standard. All who enter a college or university are not fitted by nature to continue the work. The unfit should be helped to find some vocation suitable to their abilities. We have not too many men in our colleges, but too many who are un- fit to profit by the courses there oflfered.
While freemasonry, as a rule, ex- cludes the fair sex, there is "a joint Masonic Order" in Denmark which re- ceives both men and women. According to a Copenhagen correspondence in the Chr. Sc. Monitor (Sept. 11), the men and the women in this lodge "have dif- ferent ceremonies, the latter having the so-called Scottish rite, conferring 33 degrees, whereas the former,' the men's order, is based on the so-called Swedish system and has only 11 degrees." The movement is growing. Ten years ago the first large joint lodge was opened in Christiania ; now there are four. There are also three in Sweden and one in Iceland. Women of all classes are admitted to this order, including those who do manual labor as well as women of noble birth.
Our Missions (Techny, 111., Vol. II. No. 9), makes an urgent appeal for the introduction of "mission science" into the school and college curricula. By "mission science" our esteemed con- temporary means what the Germans call "Missionswissenschaft," i. e., the scientific treatment of everything per- taining to Catholic missions in pagan lands. It is a comparatively new science, and we doubt the assertion that it re- presents the only, or even the chief, means whereby Christians may hope to fufil the desire of Our Lord that all nations be made to believe in him ; for, "Vixere fortes ante Agamemnona" , — there were great missionaries and suc- cessful missions long before the world even dreamed of "missionary science." Besides, into what schools is this to be introduced and how is it to be con- ducted? As yet, we have practically no English literature on the subject. A be- ginning has been made in some of our seminaries, where the students can, as a rule, read one or more foreign lan- guages. Through the alumni of these institutions, i. e., the clergy, interest in the mission cause will, we hope, be widely spread among the laity, who have always done their share in this important work when duly instructed and encouraged by their pastors.
l!)22
THE FOETNIGHTLY REVIEW
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November
BOOK REVIEWS
Society for the Propagation of the Faith
In the, centenary year of the foundation of the Society for the Propagation of the Faith (not to be confounded with the S. Con- gregation de Propaganda Fide) and in view of the steps taken by Pius XI to center the Society's offices at Rome and make it thor- oughly universal in character, scope, and methods, Fr. Edward J. Hickey's doctoral dissertation, "The Society for the Propaga- tion of the Faith: Its Foundation, Organiza- tion, and Success (1822-1922)," which forms Vol. Ill of the "Studies in American Church History," edited by Dr. P. Guilday, comes as a welcome gift. Dr. Hickey, as his "Critical Essay on the Sources" (pp. 163- 182) shows, spared no effort to get at the facts, and his presentation of them is order- ly, clear, and readable. This book for the first time makes us realize how without the aid of the S. P. F. the Holy See would have been hampered during the past hundred years in the work of directing, supervising, and assisting the missionaries in those lands where heresy and infidelity prevailed, and especially also the extent to which the Society for the Propagation of the P'aith "has inter- woven its own history into the story of Cath- olicism's advance in the New World" (p. 183). We Americans owe it a huge debt, which we can pay off at least in part by liberally aiding the Society in its present and future work for the missions in other lands. Under its new constitution prescribed by Pius XI no one can beg to be excused from doing his share on the plea that the Society is "too French" or unfair in its treat- ment of this or that country or mission. We hope the Church History Seminar of the Catholic University of America will present us with similar monographs on the Ludwig- Missionsverein (see F. R., XXIX, 15, 281) and the Leopoldinen-Stiftung. May we add that an alphabetical index of the contents would greatly enhance the value of this book? (Catholic University of America).
"The Imitation of Christ" in German
The Volksvereinsverlag of M.-Gladbach sends us a new German translation by Dr. H. Clementz, of that great spiritual classic, "The Imitation of Christ." It is based on the holographic text found in the Royal Library of Brussels and edited by Karl Hirsche. Hirsche has paid special attention to the punctuation marks and by meticulous observation of the signs employed by Thomas a Kempis himself, has been led to rearrange
the text into short and long lines, which give it the appearance of free verse. Dr. Cle- mentz's translation is well nigh literal and impresses us as the best that has yet been made into any modern tongue. As we peruse it, with the Latin text in hand, we feel how inadequate all our English versions of the Imitation are and how desirable it would be to make an entirely new translation, based on Hirsche's edition, and equal in fidelity ;ind literary grace to this German one of Dr. Clementz, which is issued in a format adapted to the coat-pocket and printed in large, bold- faced characters on good and not too highly calendered paper.
A New Novel by John Ayscough
In "Mariquita" John Ayscough (Msgr. Bickerstaft'e-Drew) describes how a simple solitary girl, half Puritan, half Spaniard, with a dash of Indian blood, on a ranch in Western America develops a vocation for the contemplative life and finally becomes a Car- melite nun. The incidents and characters are few, but the heroine is winningly portrayed with her irresistible urge towards the Divine. The story inculcates the lesson that lives are primarily important and influential by what they are. John Ayscough's shrewdness and charity find happy scope in the sketch of ]\Iariquita's father, Don Joaquin, a queer but not unlovable blend of skinflint and hidalgo. There is a fine eulogy of the contemplative life in this novel, which is a book with a delicate savor for quiet tastes. (Benziger Brothers).
The "Summa Theologica" in English
We have received another volume of the literal translation of the "Summa Theologica" (2a 2ae, qu. loi — 140) of St. Thomas by the Fathers of the English Dominican Province. It completes the treatise on justice and in- cludes the whole treatise on fortitude with its opposing vices. The treatise on covetous- ness (avaritia) is so eminently wise both from the ethical and the economical point of view that Prior Vincent McNabb, in No. 28 of Blackfriars, suggests that the Catholic Truth Society issue it as a reprint "to pro- vide English economic thinkers with an opportunity of discarding the second-best." Students of the Latin classics will note how cleverly all the wisdom and none of the ci'nicism of Seneca has found its way into the treatise on ingratitude. We are glad to see this fine translation nearing completion. It will aid greatly in making the twentieth century familiar with the ever vital thoughts of the greatest of the Schoolmen.
1922
THE FOETNIGHTLY EEVIEW
419
THE BEST BOOK FOR PULPIT USE A Most Helpful and Labor Saving Book for the Preacher
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While this book is of great value to any preacher, it will be especially serviceable in connection with the PAROCHIAL COURSE OF DOCTRINAL INSTRUCTIONS, since the "Outlines" are the same as those incorporated in this work. The ex- planatory matter of the "Parochial Course" will be readily rbrought to the mind of the preacher by hav- ing the chief points before him in the book from which he reads the Epistle and Gospel.
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420
THE FOETNIGHTLY BE VIEW
November 1
Literary Briefs
— In writing "The Anti-Christian Motive," Dominic Francis has done a good service to the CathoHc cause. The majority of Amer- ican Catholics seem to think that persecution is impossible in this country. This pamphlet will help them to see that they are mistaken. The reverend author elaborates seven motives which inspire attacks against our holy re- ligion. Literature racks in all churches should be supplied with this pamphlet. (Our Sunday Visitor Press, Huntington, Ind..)
— "Kompass fiir die Frau im Handwerk" is a little publication of the indefatigable Volksvereinsverlag (M.-Gladbach), designed to present apprentice instruction to young women entering upon the various trades in which women workers become economic pro- ducers. How closely the book follows the facts as they actually exist in Germany is impossible for us to say. One cannot help marveling, however, at the industry of our German brethren in soite of the unfavorable conditions existing. Such zeal is sure to be rewarded.
— Mr. Horace A. Frommelt, who has at different times contributed to the F. R., has adapted into English Father Antony Huonder's, S.J., tine book, "Zu Fiissen des Meisters," which went through a number of editions in the original German. The English version, which is to bear the title, "At the Feet of the Divine Master," will be pub- lished soon by the F). Herder Book Co. It has been edited by Mr. .\rthur Preuss.
— Count T. Gallarati-Scotti's life of An- tonio Fogazzaro, author of "II Santo," of which the F. R. gave some account in its Vol. XXVII, No. 17. has recently appeared in an English translation (London: Hodder & Stoughton).
— Professor Fr. Schulze. D.D., of St. Fran- cis Seminary, ^Milwaukee, is preparing a new (the third) edition of his "Manual of Pas- toral Theology." The book is being thor- oughly revised and enriched with appendices containing specimen instructions for bridal couples, catechetical instructions, instruc- tions for converts, and a collection of legal formularies frequently needed by pastors in matrimonial cases. Advance orders are soli- cited by the B. Herder Book Company. St. Louis, Mo.
—Part I of Vol. XLII of the Journal of Hellenistic Studies begins w^ith an article on "The End of the Odyssey," by Prof. J. B. Bury. Fle agrees that the end of the great epic, from XXIII, 296 onwards must be con- demned, but thinks that the case against it is essentially literary. He does not accept .^lien's theory of a diasceuast, who worked partly on the "Thesprotis" of Musaeus, but concludes that, though the ending of the Odyssey was not composed by Homer, its contents partly represent what he must have designed; the inference is, therefore, that
Homer died before finishing his work, and that a disciple finished it for him, having been supplied by him with a plot of the final section.
— Fr. Henri du Passage, S.J., has pub- lished a new (the sixth) edition of the Jesuit Father Ch. Antoine's famous "Cours de d'ficonomic Sociale," comprising 748 pages and carefully brought up to date (Paris: Felix Alcan). This book first appeared in 1896. It is a Catholic economic classic, which deserves to be adapted into English.
— In the London Tablet for September 2^ the V. Rev. Canon Burton gives a good account of the origins of the American hier- archy from Dr. Guilday's Life of Archbishop John Carroll. He recommends Dr. Guilday's work as "from every point of view a valu- able contribution to Church history and an honor both to the author and to the Cath- olic University of America." In conclusion he makes a suggestion which we cordially endorse, namely, that an abridged edition of the book be prepared for the general reader, who is more cc^^erned with the main events, their causes and effects, than with the de- tail, often purely local or sectional, which Dr. Guilday had to insert for the sake of historical accuracy and completeness.
New Books Received
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A Commentary on the Nezv Code of Canon Laic. By the Rev. P. Chas. Augustine. O.S.B., D.D., Professor of Canon Law. Volume VIII. Book V: Penal Code (can. 2195-2414). With Complete Index, viii & 563 pp. i2mo. B. Herder Book Co. $3 net.
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St. Joseph's Almanac for 1923. Illustrated. Published by the Benedictine Fathers, St. Benedict, Ore.
Mount Angel St. Joscphs-Kalender fiir 1923. 12. Jahrgang. Herausgegeben von der St. Benedikts-Abtei. Mt. Angel. Ore.
The Fortnightly Review
VOL. XXIX, NO. 22
ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
November 15, 1922
The Strange Story of Cornelia Connelly
''The Life of Cornelia Connel- ly, 1809—1870, Foundress of the Society of the Holy Child Jesus," by a member of the Society (Long- mans), to which we referred brief- ly in the F. R., XXIX, Xo. 8, pp. 150 sq., tells the story of a charm- ing- lady, who, in the words of Cardinal Gasquet (Preface), was '*a wonderful woman and a true saint. ' '
ComeUa Augusta Peacock was a captivating, talented, and cul- tured Protestant girl. SheS had been born in Philadelphia, of mingled Yorkshire and Spanish extraction. She met, loved, and married a young Episcopalian minister and became a happy wife and mother. But before mother- hood came Mrs. Connelly had moved to Xatchez, Mississippi, her husband being appointed a rector in that town. A visit to Xew Orleans saw Mrs. Connelly housed within sight of a Catholic convent. The building had a haunting fas- cination for her. "What went on behind the walls of that convent building? So Mrs. Connelly would stand and question. A spirit of en- quiry was born. Information was sought in Catholic books, and soon Cornelia Connelly was convinced that the Catholic faith was true. So was her busband. There was this difference, ho"\\'ever, between them: the wife was eager to re- spond at once to the grace of con- version: the husband wished to be
received in Rome. He announced his intention to become a Catholic and resigned his living. But there were details he would like to settle at the headquarters of the Church. So it came about that Mrs. Con- nelly was received into the Church before she and her husband left America, Mr. Connelly being sub- sequently received in Rome.
So far the story does not differ from that of many another con- vert. The remarkable features of this life-stoiy had still to come. Back in America, the Connellys suffered material loss of fortune, but a professorship of English obtained by Mr. Connelly at the Jesuit college in Grand Cou- teau. La., and lessons in music given by Mrs. Connelly, enabled the days in Grand Couteau to be at least comfortable and happy: so happy that Mrs. Connelly, whose religious life was steadily deepening, felt constrained at a moment of intense gladness by some strange interior impulse to say: ''0 my God! If all this hap- piness is not to Thy greater glorv and the good of my soul, take it from me. I make the sacrifice." Twenty-four hours later her dear- ly beloved son, John Henry, a winsome boy of two and a half years, was taken from her. The be- reaved mother accepted her loss with resig-nation, but it was not the sacrifice.
The chalice of suffering and of
422
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
Noveuiber 15
sacrifice to the full was presented to her when her husband an nounced to her that he had a vo- cation to the i^riesthood and that it would be necessary, as he Avished to become a priest, for them to part and for her to become a nun. This at the very time that Mrs. Connelly was about to become a mother once more! Of the two Mrs. Connelly had by far the more real vocation to the religious life, but she had been happy that the question of vocation had been settled by Divine Providence in making- her a happy wife and lov- ing and devoted mother. But in the husband's spirituality there seemed something of personal Avhim and self-determination in- stead of the sweet humility which belonged to his wife. So, on the Feast of St. Edward, 18th October, 1840, Pierce Connelly told his thirty-one-years-old wife of his wishes and of what it would be necessary for her to do to ensure their fulfilment. Mrs. Connelly, in her spirit of resignation, pleaded for the greatest deliberation on his part, but added: ''Great as is the sacrifice, if God asks it of me I am ready to make it to Him, and with all niy heart." What she felt can hardly be imagined, for what it all meant to her is indicated by her remark vears later to the ef- fect that the" Feast of St. Edward marked the beginning of the So- ciety of the Holy Child Jesus, and that the Society was founded on a breaking heart.
The conduct of Mr. Connelly must seem to the ordinary non- Catholic entirely inhuman and be- \'ond excuse. Even to the Catholic it must appear bewilderingly strange and cruel: Wliy did the
man not feel, as his wife had done, that marriage had settled definite- ly the question of vocation? And surely a time when his paternal responsibility was about to be in- creased was hardly the right one to announce his strange decision and to impose on another an ex- ceptionally poignant sacrifice. But there was something of personal desire about Mr. Connelly's spir- ituality. He had not lightly come to his decision, but even as in his conversion he allowed something of egotism to delay his reception — it must be in Rome, of all places — so now one can only believe that the same streak of egotism was operative.
This strange and exceptional case was not settled quickly by Rome. Mr. Connelly was told bluntly enough by the Earl of Shrewsbury, who had stood spon sor for the American convert on his reception: ''What do you want! To break the laws human and divine ! To give up your love- ly wife and children! No such sacrifice is demanded of you ! You are mad! By ambition the angels fell! Stop at once, and be a good Catholic husband and father!" But Pierce Connelly was bent upon being a Jesuit. Husband and wife formallv agreed to separate, and in 1845 Mrs. Connelly made a A'ow of perpetual chastity in aiiti- cipation of her husband's ordina- tion. Connelly himself gave up the idea of being a Jesuit and was or- dained as a secular priest on the 22nd June, 1845.
So far the story is strange enough, but a tragic and poignant- Iv-moving sequel remained. Mrs. Connelly more than a year earlier had become a postulant in Trinita
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
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Convent of the Sacred Heart, a community to which she was greatly drawn. There she remained for some time enwrapped in tlie maternal fondness and care of Blessed Mother Barat, the found- ress of the Society of the Sacred Heart, although Mrs. Connelly was not to find any permanent home in that community. She Avas not called to join any existing so- ciety, but to found a new one. It was considerd that she would be of usefulness in advancing the cause of Catholic education, and England rather than America w^as selected as the field of her labors. Hence she went to that country to set up the first house of the Socie- ty of the Holy Child of Jesus in Derby.
Very soon after the beginning of the work in Derby Connelly be- gan to reveal his character in a strange and sinister light. Great hopes had dangled before him. Even a cardinal's hat had dazzled his egotistical vision. But the hopes had faded. He remained a secular priest of somewhat vague standing. He began to imagine that, as the husband of Mrs. Con- nelly, he had a right to control the new society, to formulate its con- stitution, to interfere personally in its conduct. Opposed, he mani- fested virulence. Despite the heart- breaking sacrifice wlhich he had imposed upon his wife, despite her solemn vow and his owm, he ulti- mately proceeded to the length of suing her for restitution of con- jugal rights in a court of the Eng- lish Protestant Church; he apos- tatized, became a slanderer of the Church, and remained an apostate until death. He swept their chil- dren into apostasy with him —
only the daughter came back ulti- mately to the Church — and th^ anguish which he inflicted upon his noble wife is beyond imagin- ing.
She at least was heroically true to her second vocation, and for more than thirty years labored in the work of extending her socie- ty's usefulness and in setting a high example of capacity, sw^eet- ness, and sanctit}^ before not onl}^ her spiritual daughters, but be- fore all who knew her. Something of those labors and of that high example may now be known to all readers of this exceptional book — exceptional not only because it deals with an exceptional woman, but also for the dignity and can- dor, the tenderness and affection, and the literary skill and distinc- tion with which it is written. Only the strange human element in the story has been considered here, but the greater part of the volume is occupied in telling of thirty years of religious and educational work. The book has therefore a fine spiritual value, and it is deep- ly interesting as carrying us back to days of great beginnings and of unusual difficulties. But the human story is som.ething unique ; unique too is the contrast between two vocations, one of which came to utter shipwreck and the other to true heroism of sacrifice, con- stancy and splendor of achieve- ment, with only divine consola- tions for its surpassing great reward.
.^►kS^.-.^
To be nameless in worthy deeds ex- ceeds an infamous history. The Ca- naanitish woman lives more happily without a name than Herodias with one; and who would not rather be the SOO(\ thief than Pilate?
424
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
November 15
The Church and the State
By the Rev. E. P. Graham, Canton. Ohio
Mr. Norman Thomas writing in The Nation a review of "The Church and the State," by John A. Ryan and Moorhouse I. X. Millar, S. J., remarks with satis- faction how scrupulous the authors are in buttressing their position by quotations from the highest authorities and that they make a good showing for the political liberalism to be derived from Aquinas, Suarez, etc., and quite successfully demolish the notion that Catholicism would make the Pope a world emperor, or that it is necessarily opposed to political democracy. Then he makes some objections which seem curiously lacking in force and betray a lack of appreciation of the Christian position on the nature of the State.
It displeases him, for instance, that in Catholic theory the State is not one form of human associa- tion among others, but one with a peculiar validity. As the State, unlike others, arises of necessity from the need of men dwelling to- gether under their God-given so- cial impulses, it is perfectly right to regard it as lia\dng a peculiar validity , the more so, as the Church repeats with St. Paul that all authority comes from God, which may be phrased in our case, authority comes from God through the people. As the bond of matri- mony is to the family so is the political bond to society.
As long as man's inalienable rights are untouched, ''The state as we know it," which Mr. Thomas considers "as a convenient crea- ture of a dominant economic class," is not so entrenched by any sanction as to impede its growth into the State as we may desire it.
Another objection is that the Church's nature and history pre- vent our accepting the possibility of her being a leader in the van of democracy. As far as her history is concerned, the objection may have some apparent weight, as she did not favor revolution, except when abuses were unbearable and resistance practically sure of suc- cess. He who sees the ravages wrought by war wall not readily blame her for this attitude. On the other hand, under her influence and without bloodshed, the ad- vance of Christendom toward democracy was certain and rapid until the sixteenth century revolt upset the steady march of prog- ress and gave to revived absolu- tism a new lease of life.
As to her nature, it is accepted of course by her children as God- designed in its broad lines, yet one of its worldly charms is its democ- racy which springs from the order of Melchisedech, without father or mother, i. e., no hereditary caste determines who shall be its rulers.
The indirect authority which she might exert by her successful moral influence is also mentioned as an objection, but surely this is straining a point to the extreme and fighting against the very na- ture of man. To try to justify it, Mr. Thomas asks, "What if the Church went back to the position of the first two centuries and would say war is wrong?" To which we may reply that the re- viewer would be hard put to prove that the Church ever taught such a doctrine. The Thundering Legion still awakens echoes ; and, anyhow, we fear no Utopian civilization will ever prevail which will make
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
425
war wrong under all circum- stances.
Apparently Mr. Thomas is very much impressed by the book of Fr. Millar and Dr. Eyan. Of the latter he says some nice things, but old time feeling compels him to try to weaken the force of the impression and hinders him, perhaps uncon- sciously, from giving his heart's adherence to his mind's conclu- sions. One good of his review may be to inform some among us, who heed outside encouragement, that the work is well worth buying and reading.
The Vulgate Text of the Apocalypse
The Rev. H. J. Vogels, D.D., professor of New Testament liter- ature in the University of Bonn, probably the most eminent living- Catholic authority on the text of the Xew Testament and its his- tory, has lately published "Unter- suchungen der lateinischen Apo- kalypse - Uebersetzung ' ' (Diissel- dorf : Schwann).
It is well known that the Vulgate text of the New Testament is not an independent translation b}^ St. Jerome, but merely an emendation of older Latin versions, made on the basis of Greek manuscripts. Dr. Vogels shows that the different N. T. books were not treated equally in the process, but that the Apocalypse was one of those books of which St. Jerome adopt- ed the Vetus Latina text with but few corrections.
Besides the Vulgate version we have two other complete Latin translations of the Apocalypse, that of Primasius and that from the Gigas Librorum. A third, that of Tyconius, is incomplete.
By a careful process of collation and sifting Dr. Vogels finds that
at least two older translations are combined in our Vulgate version. The Primasius-text has also passed through a lengthy process of development. In the Gigas- text an ancient Latin substratum has been modified bv the influence of the Vulgate. The text of Ty- conius, so highly regarded by St. Augustine, is more faithful to the Greek original, but it, too, derives from several sources.
Many a problem still remains unsolved, but it is astonishing how much Dr. Vogels has been able to read out of the fragments of the extant translations of the Apoca- lypse. He shows that the Apoca- lypse has been translated from Greek into Latin at least three times, and possibly oftener, — which conclusion renders the cus- tomary distinction between the "African" and the "European t^TDc" inadequate and obsolete.
Christmas Gifts
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426
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
Novetiiber In
The Church and Interest-Taking
The essence of the problem of interest-taking, which has been re- peatedly discussed in the F. R. (see, e. r/., Father J. E. Rothen- steiner's articles in Vol. XXVIIT) is : Why is the taking' of interest, which was formerly forbidden, now permitted? There is undeni- ably a difference between the former and the present practice of the Church. In what precisely does this difference consist? Has the Church given up the ethical principles underlying her ancient prohibition, or is the taking of i;i- terest rendered licit by changed external conditions ?
Dr. A. Ott surveys the teaching of modern theologians on this sub- ject in a paper on "Neuere katho- lische Literatur liber das kanoni- sche Zinsverbot" in No. 34 of the Theolof/ische Revue. He divides them into three main groups.
1. The first group holds that the Scholastic teaching on interest, as embodied in the ancient canon law, is founded on the law of na- ture and the Bible, and therefore is unchangeable, and that interest- taking to-day is permitted only on the strength of certain external considerations, or ''titles," as they are called, which have become so common nowadays as to justi- fy a contrary practice. The differ- ence between past and present practice, according to this theory, is based entirely on the existence of these external titles. Fr. Albert M. Weiss, O.P., is the principal representative of this group of theologians. To justify their po- sition they must prove that the ex- ternal titles permitting the taking of interest have changed their na-
ture completely and are no longer individual, but general.
2. This consideration led the second group of theologians to ex- plain the difference between llie former and the present practice of the Church l)y the change hi eco- nomic conditions. Its principal defender is Fr. Victor Cathrein, S. J., who maintains that, in con- sequence of a radical change in economic conditions, money, which used to be sterile, has now become fruitful. This theory rests on the assumption that he who loans money to another is entitled to a portion of the gain made by the borrower if the money is invested for productive purposes. But it was pi'ecisely this proposition that Benedict XIV emphatically denied in his famous encyclical, ''Vix pervenit" (1745).
It may be noted that Dr. F. X. Funk,, who advocated this theory in his book "Zins und Wuclier", published in 1868, did not main- tain the distinction between purelj' consumptive and productive loans in his later writings, but in his "Geschichte des kirchlichen Zins- verbotes" (1876, p. 45), speaks of ."the false economic notions in which the Scholastics became in- volved in consequence of their all too slavish dependence on Aris- totle."
3. The third group, which is represented by the late Bishop Linsenmann, thinks it necessary to admit that a change has taken place in our u^ulerstanding of the teaching of the Bible and of the natural law and that the principles underlying the ancient practice of the Church were based, not so
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
421
much on a dictate of the moi'al law of nature, as on certain legal fictions devised for a definite set of conditions which no longer ex- ist. As a matter of fact Luke VI, 35 ("mutuum date nihil inde spe- rantes"), which was believed to contain a positive prohibition of interest, is now interpreted ditfer- ently by the majority of Catholic exegetes (cfr. Schanz, Commen- tary on St. Luke, p. 226; S. Weber, ^'Evangelium und Arbeit," 2nd ed., p. 201; A. Yermeersch, S. J., "Quaestiones de lustitia," page 443).
That the Scholastic notion of "usury" (interest-taking) was de- fined as an article of faith by the fifth Lateran Council (1515), has long been asserted, but can now be denied with good reason. The definition of usury in the bull ''Inter multiplices" (May 4, 1515), which Avas issued for the purpose of putting an end to the controversy waged over the so- called mantes pieioAis, was not a dogmatic definition of the Council, as Fr. Holzapfel has shown. Fr. Bannwart has consequently omit- ted this document from his recent editions of Denzinger's "Enchi- ridion," where it appeared as late- ly as 1888. Holzapfel says the bull simply quotes the definition of usury held by the enemies of the monies pietatis, while Dr. Ott in- clines to the opinion that the bull, and the council which adopted it, simply accepted this definition as generally received, without intend- ing to promulgate it as authorita- tive or, still less, making it an article of faith.
So much is certain : Catholic theologians have attacked the philosophical and biblical founda- tions of the ancient teaching on
interest-taking, and their right to do so has not been contested. Cardinal D'Annibale even goes so far as to declare (vSummula Theol. Mor., Vol. II, 4th ed., p. 448) that it cannot be shown by any mani- fest natural or divine law, that interest-taking is per se illicit or otherwise forbidden ("nullo igi- tur manifesto seu naturali sen di- vino iure constat, usuras per se illicitas aut alias vetitas esse"). It were vain to assert, however, that any of the attempts so far made to explain the apparent con- tradiction is perfectly satisfac- tory. Dr. Ott thinks the question needs further elucidation in the light of histoiy, with due regard to the undeniable change in eco- nomic conditions that has set in since the time of Benedict XIV. That we shall not have to be ashamed of the Church's age-long
The Parables of the Gospels
An exegetical and practical explanation. By Leopold Fonck, S.J., President and Lecturer of the Biblical Institute, Consultor of the Biblical Commission in Rome. Translated from the third German edition by E. Leahy. Edited by George O'Neill, S.J., M.A., Professor of the English Language in the National Uni- versity of Ireland. Lexicon 8°. 829 pages. 3rd Edition. Bound in cloth, net $4.00.
"The Parables of the Gospels'' should he given a prominent and honored place in the library of ezery priest. No one certainly can hereafter pretend to haze made a thorough study of the parables zvho has not made its acquaintance. Indeed, it is not too much to say that it has become a classic on the sub- ject.— .4ntcrica, New York.
Frederick Pustet Co.
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428
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
November 15
struggle against usury, he says, may be concluded from the atti- tude taken by such eminent non- Catholic authorities as Knies and Schmoller. The latter says: ''It is decidedly wrong to represent the teaching of the Church as based upon an egregious error concern- ing the nature of capital and credit and as a fruitless battling against the alleged laws of polit- ical economy. Though the Church may have committed theoretical and practical mistakes in matters of detail, it remains true, as Knies says, that the war against usury is one of the things for which the medieval Church deserves the highest praise." (''Grundriss der allgemeinen Volkswirtschaftsleh- re," Vol. II, 1904, p. 200).
Fr. Cathrein says in his ''Mo- ralphilosophie" (Vol. II, 5th ed., p. 361), that few subjects have given rise to so many books and treatises as interest. It seems safe to predict that many more will be written before this problem is satisfactorily cleared up in all its aspects.
What Ails the Protestant Churches
The Methodist Conference of the State of Nebraska recently placed on the retired list the Rev. J. D. M. Buckner over his protest and that of his congregation, for the sole reason that Bishop Stuntz and the other members of the Con- ference objected to Mr. Buckner 's "new school" views, especially his rejection of the verbal inspiration of' the Bible.
In his defense Mr. Buckner as- serts that he w^as given no trial and that ''intolerance inside of the Christian churches is the worst enemy of Christianity to-day." The New Republic (No. 413) does
not agree with him. "The w^orst enemy of Protestant Christianity at the present time," says our contemporary, "is not lack of tol- eration: it is lack of vital convic- tion. Bishop Stuntz and his asso- ciates are not honest fanatics. If they had been they would have re- joiced in the opportunity of de- claring by competent authority that a minister who rejected the verbal inspiration of the Scrip- tures was not a Methodist and of discharging him from any parti- cipation in their special brand of salvation. They are cowardly ec- clesiastical politicians who are thinking primarily of the unity of the Methodist church and w^ho are perfectly willing to preserve its unity at the expense of its integri- ty. They have humiliated and de- prived of his chosen work a worthy man and a most useful Christian minister, not because he cherished possibly un-Methodistical opin- ions, but because he conspicuously published them. They are afraid of the frank and thorough-going discussion of the fundamental truths of Protestant Christianity or of Methodism. In this respect they do not stand alone. Their responsibility for the humiliation of the Rev. Mr. Buckner is per- sonal, but their cowardice is not. All the more powerful Protestant Christian sects shirk in one way or another the same issue. They are all, that is, sacrificing the pos- itive assertion of religious con- viction to the perpetuation of their churches as organizations; and their churches tend consequently to become political rather than re- ligious societies."
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High ideals are sometimes almost as unmanageable as aeroplanes.
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY KEVIEW
429
Hallowe'en
The example set by the city of Independence, Kan., to prevent destructive activities on Hal- lowe'en night by youngsters, might be followed to advantage by other cities. Four years ago the plan was initiated and in four years there has never been a gate missing, a chair misplaced, or a cow found in the barn loft. The town gives a big party for the children, the agreement being that they shall run the town to their hearts' content on that day, and that when they are tired out with the day's activities, which end with a big bonfire, they shall go home and stay home. There are parades and bands, and the young- sters dress up and carry pumpkins and jack-o'-lanterns and have a "good time," their parents either staying at home or standing on the sidelines. The merchants and business men of the city foot the bill. The schools are dismissed early in the afternoon and the rest of the day is given over to the festivities.
The God of Freemasonry D. A. Embury, evidently a prom- inent Mason, writes in the Masonic Builder (Anomosa, la.. Vol. VIII, No. 10) on the question: "Does Masonry Exclude the Agnostic!" Many Freemasons pretend that it does'. Mr. Embury is of a different . opinion. He says that "w^hereas no man may be made a Mason without expressing a belief in a Deity, there is nothing in Masonry to exclude the agnostic," and adds: "Indeed, to my personal knowledge, many rnemlQers of the Craft are agnostics."
Mr. Embury's definition of an agnostic is rather vague, but he
explains in the course of his pa- per: "The agnostic, . . . while he may believe in a personal deity or in several gods, or merely in the pantheistic doctrine of the one Keality of which all earthly ex- pressions are but integral phe- nomena, he at the same time rec- ognizes the fact that his belief is nothing more than a personal con- viction and a guess ..." In other words one may hold what one pleases about the existence and nature of God and yet be a good Mason.
How true this is the reader may see from the chapter, "The God of Freemasonry," in "A Study in American Freemasonry," edited by Arthur Preuss, pp. 141 — 169, 4th ed., St. Louis, Mo. : B. Herder
Book Co., 1920.
.-.^>^-.^
The man with a few words doesn't have to take so many of them back.
Missa pro Defunctis
for
MEN'S VOICES
Three-part (T. T. B.) WITH ORGAN
Composed by SAC. CAROLO ROSSINI A member of the Congregation of St. Charles Borromeo. Graduate of the Pontifical Superior School of Sacred Music, Rome.
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
November 15
Atrocity-Mongering in the World War 111 a paper "In Catholic Ger- many" ill the October Mouth, Fr. J. Keating, S. J., who recently visited Germany, says inter alia : "It did not of course require a visit to Germany to persuade one that, however it was with their several leaders, the populations of the States engaged in the late war were not to blame for its incep- tion. The ordinary citizen, where- ever found, does not want war : he wants security and peace and the chances of prosperity which they provide. If his rulers can persuade him that his welfare is in danger because his security and peace are threatened, then he is prepared, however reluctantly, to fight. If he is further convinced that his enemies are the incarnation of all that is wicked, that they intend to plunder and enslave him, "and that the iniquity of their purpose is only equalled by the barbarity of their methods, then his zeal for his material interests becomes sub- limated into moral fervor, and he goes to battle as to a sacred duty, prepared to die for a holy cause. Thus did innumerable young men belonging to the Allied nations : thus also — and this is my point — did the youth of Germany and Austria.
"So much was evident from the first to anyone who strove to keep his mental system free from the war-fever and to react judiciously against the poisonous press-pro- paganda which those who begin war know to be essential if war is to be continued. Civilized man cannot slay his fellow unless he regards him as worthy of death; an * unjust aggressor' who must- pay the penalty of his aggression.' And so on all sides truth was sacri- ficed or 'economized' in order to
provoke the hatred necessary to keep the soldiers from fraternizing in the very trenches, and to induce others to join their ranks. This Avas called keeping up the morale of the forces. The inevitable atroci- ties, wrought by * a brutal and li- centious soldiery,' were on all sides exaggerated, multiplied and elevated into a system. The Bel- gians gouged out the eyes of the German wounded, the Germans cut off the hands of Belgian babies. The press of every nation lent itself eagerly to the work of atrocity-mongering, for the press lives on sensation, and to hint dciibt was to endanger morale. And the result of some four years of this work is that it is now prac- tically impossible to convince either of the belligerent sides that the balance of badness rests against it, and even the neutral historian of some far-off day, confronted with the conflicting testimonies, will have to give up the task of determining the truth as hopeless.
"As the first condition of peace is mutual understanding, it is surely time that those who know how imperative peace is should do their best to appreciate their op- ponents' views."
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THE FORTNIGHTLY KEVIEW
Post-Industrialism In spite of Mr. Cliestertoii's t'litliusiastic preface and the high hopes raised by "A Guildsman's Interpretation of Historv," Mr. A. J. Penty's latest book* "Post- Industrialism'' (London: Allen & Unwin), is a disappointment. Catholic Book Xotes (Xo. 266) says of it:
"The main contention that the present system of production is simply worn out is more frequent- ly stated than jDroved. The con- stant arraignment of machinery as the villain of the piece is rather beside the point, since machinery has come to stay. Xor is it any- where indicated with precision, how t-he machine is to be employed for the advantage of the individu- al. At all events, the author de- mands: 'Any new machine intro- duced shall be made the subject of a public inquiry, which shall take evidence as to its effect upon the conditions of labor.' (p. 56.) We agree that the worker should be rescued from the deadly monotony of mere manipulation, but from cardinal pints our author allows himself to be too frequently de- flected to movements of attack and defence. . . .
"It may be that our industrial unrest is truly 'industrial col- lapse,' as Mr. Chesterton smartly names it; but the suggestions of Mr. Penty are not very illuminat- ing. He warns us at various junc- tures that the future is in the making, and that for the present the one thing left to do is 'to con- centrate our attack upon the sub- division of labor and the un- restricted use of machinery, which are carrying our civilization to its destruction.' (p. 157.)
"The book raises more ques- tions than it solves; and after
years of discussion one might have hoped for a greater precision in the results obtained, and a fuller and more inviting suggestion of the features of the new order, with some clear indication of the prac- tical methods by which the great transformation is to be effected."
Intelligent children love to stretch their brains as they love to stretch their legs, and their desire to learn must not be met by an attitude of prejudice against foreigners and foreign lan- guages. It is absurd to limit our chil- dren to a knowledge of one tongue when they can with ease learn others. and in doing so can gain profit and pleasure. And let us remember that a knowledge of languages is not part of the "useless frills of the upper classes"', but a basis of education for all. Knov.l- edge means toleration, and what tolera- tion signifies we have — most of us — vet to learn.
By a Famous Spiritual Writer
The Fairest Flower of Paradise
COXSIDERATIUXS OS THE LITA.W i)F
THE ULESSED VIRGIN
By Very Rev. A. M. Lepicier, 0. S. M.
12mo., cloth, with frontispiece.
Net $1.50. Postage 10 cents.
Father Lepicier has a seemingly inexhausti- ble treasure of practical aids to piety and de- votion, and his latest addition to Marian literature, "The Fairest Flower of Paradise," possesses th= same unctuous spirit, clarity of tieatment, and thoroughness of his previous works. Taking successively each invocation of the Litany of the Blessed Virgin, he traces out some mvstery, incident, or virtue of our I'.lessed 'Lady's life, shedding new light or arresting our attention more strongly upon it. Each consideration is divided into three sec- tions of moderate length, to which is adde<t a suitable example followed by a prayer. This arrangement makes it an excellent book for <lailv siiiritual reading or meditation.
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
November 15
BIRTH CON!
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"Dr. O'Malley's book is one of the most important contributions to medical jurisprudence ever made in this country. Indeed, I know no medical book written in our generation that is more significant. He has taken some of the most important problems in medical morals and given principles on which they must be solved. He is the first, so far as I know, who has ever written on this subject in this country who knew all the facts and then knew the principles to apply to them. It is a great book, that represents a landmark in the literature of morals and medicine."
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St. Mary's Seminary, Cleveland, Ohio: "Dr. O'Malley has done more than one good to theology and morals. In some matters he only man I have been able to find to follow, long been a thesis with me that anything Dr. C has written is worth reading. In the few p which I differed from him we agree almost now."
REV. J. ELLIOTT ROSS. C.S.P., Ph.D.:
"Dr. O'Malley's book ought to be in the ha every minister, priest, physician, teacher and w
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19-^2
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
433
L. MURDER?
=^
bnables and idle rich, seek a marriage licence as a police permit to turn what should be where the law of the State — to say nothing of the law of God — sends any doctor who
educated (?) lady — and "a male rat." The Catholic Church, divine guardian of pure
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V. J. HARDING FISHER, S. J.,
in America, The National Catholic Weekly; 'There never was a time, perhaps, when there was ater need of a clear exposition of the ethical and ristian principles which should govern medical prac- ;. The scarcity of Catholic medical schools, and necessity of correcting the principles not infre- ;ntly taught in non-Catholic schools, are the reasons ich justify the scholarly work now published by . O'Malle'y. The diversity of his acquirements ke him well qualified to write it. A physician of challenged eminence, a moralist of so high an order It for years it has been the practise of theologians ask his advice, and a Catholic of uncompromising 'ally to the Church and her decrees, he has put into s book the fruit of prolonged study. It cannot be I warmly recommended to priests and doctors."
THE ECCLESIASTICAL REVIEW
"A book like Dr. O'Malley's comes as a liberating force. It sweeps away the cobwebs and the chaff. It disperses the mists of sentimentality and makes men see things as they really are. in the clear, cold light of reason. Dr. O'Malley does not mince matters. The very title of the book vouches for that. By those who indulge in the practises so unceremoniouslv con- demned it must be felt as the lash of a whip. Killing may sometimes contain elements of courage and dar- ing; medical murder has no redeeming features, requiring neither skill nor bravery. It is right that these practises should be shown up in all their hide- ousness and their stupidity; for we expect of the physician that he should save life, not that he should destroy it. The book is so packed with information that vvere we to give only an outline of its contents this would carry us far beyond the limits of a review."
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r of the Church. The Censor of the New York Archdiocese was so impressed with the )rimatur, to get acquainted with them, and to assure them of "the value, the greatness of )thers and individuals.
isted. A third large printing is now ready. A copy will be and your money promptly refunded if at all dissatisfied.
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434
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
November 15
"Miracles" at Lourdes 111 our No. 15, pp. 284 sq., we quoted the opinion a fair-minded Protestant critic had formed of Dr. Le Bee's book on Lourdes, hitely translated into English under the title, "Medical Proof of the Miraculous." His verdict was that Dr. Le Bee has not proved his case. We added that "there are not a few Catholics who feel the full weight of these objections and who consequently wish that some- thing more convincing were ad- vanced by the champions of Lourdes."
Since then an eminent Catholic phvsician, in a letter to the Lon- don Tablet (No. 4294), has pointed out a number of serious defects in Le Bee's book. He says:
"For example, in the case of M.
X (p. 113), Dr. Le Bee gives
no description of the ulcers which, from the context, we infer were cured at Lourdes. This omission
is serious. M. X was examined
a few days before his visit to the shrine, yet there is omitted a de- scription of an implied pre-cure condition ! Again, there is no cridotcc that Mile. Durand ever sutlered from organic hip disease or that the Potts disease was still active at the time of her visit. Ap- parently she did have Potts dis- ease in 1917, but the abscess men- tioned, and which presumably arose from this condition, was aspirated in 1917, and there is nothing to indicate that the cure of the Potts disease was not then initiated or did otherwise than proceed to cure in the normal man- ner. It is very possible that the 'symptoms of hip disease' which are stated to have existed had their origin either in the muscular spasm frequently excited by a tu-
bercular lesion situated anatomic- ally, as was that of Mile. Durand 's Potts disease or, otherwise, were hysterical simply. Moreover, the meningitis stated to have occurred was, as far as the published evi- dence shows, recovered from sev- eral months before the Lourdes visit. Finally, in the case of Mile. Verzier, the extent and nature of abnormal mobility on July 7 is not noted and does not exclude fibrous union on this date. True, Dr. Tou- naire declares the condition of the fracture on the 7th to have been as it was on the day of its occur- rence. This, by implication, ex- cludes fibrous union. Yet, in an- other place, mention is made of a false joint — which must indicate fibrous union. And, certainly, if there was fibrous union in an over- lapping fracture on July 7, the wonder is not that Mile. Vezier was able partially to bear her weight and walk with assistance on this limb on July 9, but rather that examination of the limb should have been painful for some weeks preceding. The evidence of consolidation, stated to be estab- lished on July 9, inadequate and meagre as it is, is further rendered valueless for our purpose by the phrase, 'as far as I was permitted to verify' it (italics mine)."
To trust a friend is not to believe that he can do no wrong ; we must trust no man like that; for all fall at times. — R. H. Benson.
Because I have shifted a few grains of sand upon the shore, am I in a position to understand the abysmal depths of the ocean? Life has un- fathomable secrets. Human knowledge will be erased from the world's ar- chives before we know the last word concerning a gnat. — Henri Fabre.
lUii
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
435
Correspondence
Importing Church Goods
To the Editor: —
The letter on this subject by "'Sa- cerdos" in No. 20 of the F. R. reminds me of an experience of my own. 1 ordered a very plain vellum, but the manufacturers charged me, not the regular price, but a stiff sum in American dollars. On top of that the '"spediteur" sent a stiff bill for his trouble — also in America dollars. I have come to the conclusion that we priests do better to buy our church goods at home. We have a good selection and, in the end, can buy just as cheaply here as we could abroad, and obtain the goods with far less in- convenience. (Rev.) W. PiETSCii
Liberty. III.
Secret Societies in War
To the Editor: —
Not long ago, at the railroad station of a mid- western city, I met an officer of Camp Dodge, who told me the fol- lowing story : "A good friend of mine came very near being shot in Germany when he was arrested as a spy. His partner, a Catholic, was shot; but on discovering that my friend was a Free- mason, the officer in charge, himself a Mason, first delayed the execution and finally got him pardoned.''
To which I remarked : "Another proof that army men should not belong to secret societies, for they are not trustworthy if their society is dearer to them than their country.''
To defend himself the officer retort- ed : "But would not the Knights of Columbus do the same?" To which I answered: 'T trust not; but if they would. I should have no use for them." Sacerdos
A Plea for Justice and Charity
To the Editor: —
I have just finished reading Dr. Jo- seph Eberle's book. "De Profvmdis,'' ?ind feel with him the indignation ex- pressed in the last chapter over the fact that Catholics generally neglect their plain duty of demanding a revi-
sion of the peace treaties in their plat- forms and press. If a Jew is wronged in some distant corner of the globe, the whole world is mobilized in his defense. How many of our public men and pa- pers have demanded a revision of the treaties in order to prevent the starva- tion of millions of Catholic men, women, and children ? ! What has be- come of Christian brotherhood in view of the flagrant injustice inflicted on the people of Austria? li "might is right,''
LAPPA mom
Liturgical and Other Functions
Compiled by
Rev. Thomas Rust, O. F. M.
Edited by
Peter Griesbacher of Ratisbon
APART from its other merits, Father Rust's little man- ual is of more than or- dinary importance and interest, for it introduces a novel and rather ingenious system of nota- tion to fix the rhythm of plain chant. This is based upon the rhythmic principle of modern notation, according to which cer- tain notes in each measure are accented, while others are un- accented. This system will, no doubt, provoke discussion.
— J. G. H. IN America
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Organ accompaniment by P. Griesbacher
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THE FORTNIGHTLY BEVIEW
November 15
then woe to all of us ! It seems that the masses have well learned the lesson taught by the war lords and would-be peace-makers. The Ku Klux Klan and the framers of anti-Catholic school laws are merely doing on a small scale what the League of Nations is doing in a w^holesale manner. Perhaps our negli- gent fellow-religionists will come to their senses when they are themselves tarred and feathered and their schools forcibly closed as nests of disloyalty !
Clearly, there can be no peace as long as the eternal laws of justice and charity are violated. M. S. J.
The Pelletier-Flaherty Case — A Denial
To the Editor: —
It was stated in the September i5th issue of the F. R. (p. 342), on the authority of a delegate to the recent supreme convention of the K. of C, that while the Pelletier-Flaherty resolu- tion was under consideration, "Deputy Supreme Knight Carmody was in the chair, w^ho would only recognize friends of the administration, and entirely ignored Coyle, Dunn, O'Brien and others who were leading the 'Progres- sives.' '' That statement is absolutely false. Throughout the entire discussion on the resolution to which the article refers, the presiding officer recognized alternately those brothers known to be for or against the resolution. To appreciate the situation, it must be known that after each speaker, there would be from ten to twenty delegates on the floor asking recognition, and the chair, knowing the members on both side of the proposition, was careful to recognize first one side and then the other. As to Brothers Coyle, Dunn, and O'Brien being ignored in the dis- cussion of the resolution, the facts are that Dr. Coyle was recognized, O'Brien never asked for recognition, and Dunn sought to obtain the floor but once, at which time another brother had already been recognized. A full and fair dis- cussion was given, the chair refusing to close the debate long after the "pre- vious question" had been called, and not until a vote was taken on the "pre-
vious question," which was carried al- most unanimously.
As to the further statement that "the convention, as usual, was crowded with lay-members, mostly all of whom parti- cipated in the aye-and-nay voting," — that is also false. There w^ere many visiting brothers present, but before the vote was taken, the chair carefully cautioned them that they must not participate in any manner in the vote. I then carefully watched to see if any did take part and can say positively to the best of my knowledge that no per- son not a delegate voted. From the volume of the vote, coming solely from the delegates, and from the demonstra- tion by the delegates during the discus- sion and before the voting, I can say positively that the resolution was lost by a vote of approximately two to one. One of the delegates, in reporting the proceedings to his Council, stated "that the resolution was lost by nine to one, only a few disgruntled members voting for it."
The further statement that the pre- siding officer "had previously declined to make it a. roll call and afterwards ignored the formal and regular request for a 'division,' " is also false. Before the vote was taken a motion was made for a roll call, which motion was voted on and defeated by a vote of more than three to one. This action of the body determined its own form of procedure, and left the chair without any discre- tion in the matter. No "division" was asked for on the vote. After a viva voce vote had been taken, the results showed so clearly that the resolution was lost that the Convention broke forth into spontaneous cheers. The Chairman then secured perfect order and announced the result of the vote, and at no time did any delegate ask for a "division" on the vote. No other business followed the vote on the reso- lution, but the presiding officer, before the adjournment, expressed to the Con- vention his appreciation of the courtesy and consideration shown to him throughout, and the Convention ad- journed in due form.
192*
THE FOETNIGHTLY EEVIEW
437
Thanking you for the courtesy of being permitted to answer this false statement, I am
Very respectfully yours,
^Martin H. Carmody,
Deputy Supreme Knight Grand Rapids, Mich.
-.^?>^
Notes and Gleanings
The Freeman (No. 138) character- izes J\Ir. Lloyd George as "next to Mr. Wilson to be the worst and most un- principled of all those engaged in manipulating the war and the peace." Nevertheless, our contemporary thinks that "like Mr. Wilson, the world owes him something, for he did more than anyone to undermine pubHc confidence in politics and parliamentary institu- tions .... His lack of integrity, his self-seeking, his incapacity for truth or loyalty in any form, are conspicuous chiefly because of the unusual oppor- tunities which he had for the exercise of these qualities, and the unusual vul- pine cleverness and dexterity with which he managed both his qualities and his opportunities. The lesson to be had from his career is that any politician as clever as Mr. George and with the opportunities that Mr. George has had at his disposal, would be an- other Mr. George.'" He was and is the ''practical politician" par excellence.
The London Universe {No. 3216) agrees with us that Fr. Coppens' book, "Moral Principles and Medical Practice," in its new edition should have been brought up to date. "It is true that fundamental principles have not changed, but medical practice has developed very considerably and it is changing daily, in a direction which brings it more into line with the teach- ing of the Church. A quite recent con- tribution to the Lancet, for example, on the thorny question of hyperemesis gravidarum, suggests a line of treat- ment by which the life of the mother may be saved without the evacuation of the uterus, which is usually pre-
scribed in extreme cases. This is only one example of many recent contribu- tions to gynecological science which the Catholic doctor may well ponder upon in the defence of his own immutable position." Again, "the chapter on insan- ity .. . offered an opportunity for the exposition and discussion of the huge amount of work that has been done in psychotherapy in recent years."
Several correspondents of the Lon- don Times, apparently thinking the con- tents of the couplet appropriate to the present crisis, have been discussing the legendary lines :
Conturbabantur Constantiuopolitani, Innumerabilibus sollicitudinibus. One correspondent ascribed their com- position to a schoolboy; another told how he had heard in his schooldays that the lines were the joint production of the Universities of Oxford aud Cambridge. A third pointed out that the hexameter contains two false quan- tities. Another ingenious writer sug- gested that these errors might be ob- viated by transposing the first two words. Yet another correspondent noted that the lines in the original order, and beginning "Conturbabantur" are to be found in "The Comic Latin Grammar," by Percival Leigh, pub- lished in 1840. In this connection Fr. Kent notes in the Tablet (No. 4,300), that not only two-word verses, but one- word verses, are to be found in Sans-
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Do not fail to order cue
JOHN W. WINTERICH
59 East Main Street COLUMBUS. OHIO
1865 Prospect Avenue CLEVELAND, OHIO
438
THE FOBTNIGHTLY REVIEW
No%-embei 15
krit j)oetrv. Thus, in "The Story of Xala." an episode in the ^laha-bharata. is found the following line (Book XII. sloka 39) :
Simhasardulamatangavaraharkshamrgayutani.
This line of sixteen syllables — three syllables longer than the Constantino- politan hexameter — is formed by a sin- gle compound adjective, and ' merelv means "Lion-tiger-elephant-boar-bear- deer-frequented.'"
According to a recently published U. S. Treasury statement, interest amounting to about $83,000,000, belong- ing to the owners of the various Liberty Bond issues, has not been claimed. More than 7,500,000 separate temix)rary bonds of the different denominations are still in the hands of owners who have not exchanged them for permanent bonds with the interest coupons at- tached. The total amount of such un- exchanged bonds is given at more than SLOOO.OOO.OOO. This state of affairs shows extraordinary ignorance or care- lessness on the part of a great many Americans. The Treasury Department has requested the Investment Bankers' Association to call attention to the fact that many citizens, especially working- men, are overlooking the collection of funds due to them.
-••-•--•--♦■
Referring to the new federal bond issue of half a billion dollars or more, the Freeman (No. 137) says: "Nomi- nally, this money is to be used to redeem maturing Liberty Bonds, as the \\'ilson administration, in a spirit of pleasantry, called its financial war- brides. This phrase, as we recall, was distributed on a fifty-fifty basis; the politicians made off with our liberty, and, in the subsequent period of defla- tion, the bankers gathered in the bonds. Nominally, . . . the current issue is to serve for the retirement of Liberty Bonds, but it is admitted that 'some of the money,' no inconsiderable portion, it is fair to assume, is to be used to meet current expenses," which, during the present fiscal vear, will exceed the revenues by at least $700,000,000. "This is interesting indeed. One would think
that taxes were in all conscience suffi- ciently high to satisfy the spending in- stincts of the most ambitiously extrav- agant of governments, but it seems that Mr. Harding and his colleagues must pile still more debts on our backs in order — in a double sense — to make both ends meet." As long as we permit professional politicians to govern us, \\Q .shall be exploited to the limit. -•■-•--•--•-
During the war Samuel Gompers united with the patrioteers and prof- iteers, outdoing them in denunciation of Germany and Russia, and rivalling them in piling up profits for labor out of the general loot of the country. The American Federation of Labor to-day is just where we should expect to find it under such leadership. In despair, people are inquiring what possible hope there is for the future. There is only one — in the education of labor to greater knowledge of its functions, greater responsibility for their fulfillment, and greater control of the processes in- volved. To this end, the Neiv Republic thinks. W'm. Z. Foster and the Trade I'nion Educational League are making a valuable contribution. What are we Catholics doing?!
♦--•--♦--•-
Pius XI, in his Apostolic Letter on Seminaries, emphasizes the importance of Latin for the clergy, and Fr. J. E. Rothensteiner, in an article in the Amerika, extends the proposition to the Catholic laity. He says that a knowl- edge of Latin would give our educated laymen a better appreciation of their mother tongue, serve as a course in logic, and a protection against shallow- ness and the ragtime of language which we call slang. "Let our educators," he savs in conclusion, "take occasion in the words of Pins XI to renew their alle- giance to the noble language of imperial Rome. Under the present circum- stances there is no branch of secondary studv of equal importance with Latin." The most discouraging symptom of in- tellectual decay among us is the gro\y- ing neglect of classical scholarship in our colleges, seminaries, and universi- ties. How alarming this has become
1322 THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW 439
Quincy College
QUINCY, ILLINOIS
TO OUR ALUMNI Dear Friend and Ahtinnns:
KINDLY permit us to inform you that we purpose to hold a re-union •of all the alumni of Quincy College on Thanksgiving Day. You are aware that, owing to the war and other untoward circumstances, no such gathering has been held within recent years.
For that reason it has been impossible for us to remain in touch with all the members : and there are many whom, on account of change of address, we are unable to reach at the present time. Yet. we should not like to miss any of the old students when issuing invitations for the home- coming celebration.
Won't you be so good, therefore, as to assist us in completing our mail- ing list? You can do so ly sending us the names and addresses of the Quincy College alumni living in your immediate neighborhood. May we not as you kindly to .comply with our request at your earliest possible convenience ?
You as well as the other "old boys" will be interested to know that \vc intend to celebrate in conjunction with the homecoming of the alumni the golden religious jubilee of one who has devoted the best years of his life to the service of Quincy College in the threefold capacity of professor, vice- president and president, and as such has been instrumental in shaping* the career of many sons of Quincy College. It is no other than our beloved Father Samuel Macke.
Won't you please enhance by your presence the solemnity of the occa- sion and kindly lend us your aid in swelling the number of invited guests ?
Fr. Ferdinand, O.F.M.,
President PROGRAMME Wednesday, November 29, Jubilee Day
8 :30 a.m. : Golden Jubilee Mass "coram episcopo." 1 :00 p.m. : Jubilee dinner and speeches. 8:30 p.m.: Congratulatory programme. 9:30 p.m.: Informal meeting ci the alumni.
Thanksgiving Day, Nov. 30, Alumni Day
8 :30 a.m. : Alumni Mass, Pontifical Highmass by the Mt. Rev. A. Dae.trcr,
Archbishop of Santa Fe. 10 :30 a.m. : Business meeting of the alumni. 1 :00 p.m. : Lunch. 2 :30 p.m. : Football game, Quincy College vs. Macomb XoVmal : burlesque
game between halves. 6 :30 p.m. : Alumni banquet.
440
THE FOETNIGHTLY REVIEW
November 15
appears from the well authenticated fact that candidates for admission to the Catholic University of America have been found to be unable to construct a simple sentence in Latin and as much as simply read the New Testament in the original Greek ! Let us hope that the late Apostolic Letter will inaugurate a revival of classical learning in our in- stitutions.
-••-•••♦-••
Commenting on Cardinal O'Connell's protest against the un-American prac- tice of discriminating against the Jews at Harvard and his assertion that "Holy Mother Church, so wise with all human wisdom gained by experi- ence in all her problems through the ages, bars the doors to none," a South- ern priest writes to us : "But why are there not more Negro students in our Catholic colleges? Negroes are under the impression that they are not wanted. Why not tell them that the doors of our Catholic colleges are wide open to them — that they can become priests and sisters just as well as white men and women? God wants the doors wide open. The Negro is His child, and woe to the man who treats him as a castaway ! The last will be the first. May it not be that on judgment day the Black* will be on the right and their white persecutors on the left?''
Henrik Van Loon's "Story of Man- kind," says a critic in the London Universe (No. 3222), is bad history. The author "is dogmatic in his theoriz- ing, and not reliable in his statement of facts. To avoid the error that over- took Wells in his treatment of the Atonement, he speaks of Our Lord in the most vague terms, thinking prob- ably that he will satisfy Christian and neo-pagan, with the result that he be- comes the spokesman of Rationalism. The causes, influence and effects of the Reformation are sadly mishandled. Indeed, a number of glaring inaccur- acies make it an impossible book for child reading — the purpose of the author — and a source of irritation to the student of history." While "The Historv of Mankind,'" therefore, is not
a lit book for children, teachers may learn something useful from Dr. Van Loon's style of writing as well as his illustrations, which with all their crudity not only illustrate events, but convey ideas.
A contributor to the Freeman (No. 136) bitterly denounces the arrogance of the average motorist. "There is in all of us," he says, "a streak of the Widow Douglas, who would not let poor Huck Finn smoke, but as to taking snutif, 'that was all right, because she done it herself.' As Mr. Bedott used to remark in contemplation of the human race, 'We're all poor critters.' That being the case, I shall make the most of my weakness ; and I therefore register here and now the solemn and irrevocable wish that all motorists were swept at once from the face of the earth, to be interned with their motor-cars in some inferno, there to stay until they have hooted them- selves into lunacy with their horns, and stunk themselves to death with their gasoline-fumes. Amen and Amen."
A discussion on the fewness of con- verts has latelv been going on in America. E. A. D. (XXVII, 20) is Itrobably right when he says that the principal reason why we have so few converts is the lack of interest in their religion shown by the great body of Catholics. "They neither want to think about it, read about it, nor talk about it, they want to believe in it, and im- mediately forget it, take an occasional (lose of it with a grimace, and then relapse into the universal disgust for religion which they experience to the full." Quite naturally thoughtful out- sider ask themselves: "If this be the estimation in which the pearl without price is held by its possessors, why should we estimate it more highly?" Outsiders will first have to notice that we Catholics take an interest in our religion before they can be expected to make such a revolution in their own affairs as is involved in a change of religion.
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
441
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442
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
November 15
BOOK REVIEWS
Tourscher's Christian Classics
vSiimiltaneously witli Teubner's "Eclogue Graeco-Latinae," which aims at "widening tlie reading courses in our higher institutions of learning and together with them the mental range of the student, by showing him how especially the Latin language, not only in ancient times, but also in the Middle Ages, and in the so-called Renascence period, hai been a principal vessel of human thought and feeling," and which begins with a volume of selections from St. Augustine's "Confessio- ncs," Father F. E. Tourscher, O.S.A., of Villanova College, Pa., has undertaken the publication of a series of what his publisher announces as "Christian Classics." Four in- stallments have so far appeared, all contain- ing short treatises by St. Augustine: "De Beata Vita," showing that the Stoic attitude towards the essential aim of life is untena- ble; "Soliloquiorum Libri Duo," informal meditations on questions of the soul ; "De Immortalitate Animae," an. outline of the leading arguments to prove the nature and substantial character of the human soul ; and "De Magistro," which traces the relations between language and the inner energy of the mind. There is a brief introduction on the life and writings of St. .\ugustine, and there are explanatory notes (all too few) scattered here and there under the text. The plan of supplementing the pagan classical writers with selections from the Fathers is a happy one and deserves every encourage- ment ; only we wish that the explanatory notes were more numerous and more com- j)rehensive. A. Kurfess' "Auswahl aus den Confcssiones," in the "Eclogae Graeco- I.atinae" series (Lcipsic: B. G. Teuhner ) might servr as a model in this respect. (Philadelphia: Peter Rcilly).
A Life of Pius XI
"Papst Pius XI., ein Lci)ens- und Zeithild von Dr. Max Bierbaum," one of the chap- lains attached to the Canipn Santo Teutonico, next door to the Vatican, is an altogether delightful book. The author begins with an account of the last days of Benedict XV and the vacancy of the papal see following his lamented demise, and then sketches the life and career of Achille Ratti up to a month or so after his election and inthronization as supreme shepherd of Christendom. The pic- ture he draws of our Holy Father is a most engaging one and after reading this well- documented account of his career, one can-, not but entertain high hopes for a blessed
and successful ix.tiiicate. The volume, from whicli we intend • quote later, is embellished with twenty line llustrations^ is (beautifully printed and tasteilly bound. We could not conceive of a ukc attractive and appropri- ate Christmas pnt-nt for any Catholic, cleric or layman, who : able to read the German language, which, <- the way, Pius XI learned in early youth ai speaks and writes with remarkable correciess and fluency. He told Cardinal Schultcof Cologne a few days after his electionlhat his predilection for German caused hn to be known as "il te- desco" already a-a student and that, as a seminary professt. he was for years a reg- ular and attentiv. reader of the Kdlntschc Volkszcitung, at lat time the leading daily organ of the Catolics of Germany. It was fit, therefore, tha the first real biography of the new Pope hould appear in German. Dr. Bierbaum is t he heartily congratulated on his successful effort. (Cj^logne: J. R. Bachem).
The Parable BooV
The Extension Vess, Chicago, has pub- lished "The Parabl Book, Our Divine Lord's Own Stories RetoC for you by Little Chil- dren," to which w give a hearty welcome. It is gratifying toKihold artistic workman- ship and costly nr;erials entering into the production of a Ixk of tliis kind. We trust that this is an indution that the publication of Catholic books Is passed out of the brick and mortar stage. The interweaving of the story-teller's art \th that of the divine parables has been Imirably done. The re- productions from he paintings of great masters are apt ancbcautiful. It is said that the author is a rekious of the well-known teaching order of ti Sisters of Notre Dame de Xamur. This lok deserves to be found on the table of eve Christian homo.
The "Summa Theogica" in English
The final installniits of the literal Engli.sh tran.slation of the Summa Theologica" of St. Thomas .\quina arc now following one another rapidly. TIi latest one to hand com- prises questions 36 • 68 of the Supplement to the Pars Tertia.lealing with the Sacra- ments of Holy Orcrs and Matrimony and the marriage impediients. We may not ap- prove such renditio! as "pay the debt" for reddcrc dcbitum. y. must admit that the translation, on the hole, is both accurate and idiomatic, and he completion of the work, now no longt far off, will mark an epoch in the hi-Stor of \eo-Scholasticisni. (Benziger Brothers)
JEEPISTLE
VM. IW »vT'
^)05EPHF.fACMBtlii
I'm
TH FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
443
THE EPISTLES OF ST. PAUL
witb Introduciio: and Commentary for Priests and Students liv tlu' KK\ CllAliLHS ,]. (ALLAN. O.V.
Protestor of Sacred Scriptv io the Catholic Foreign Mission Seminary, Maryknoll, N. Y.
\'<)l. I. ( K(»inaii. First and Second Corinthians, (lalatian.s) Aliont i\(H) p. HnuK, with Maps. Cloth, net $6.00
This new volume of Fatbr Callan's Scripture Commentaries will be found to sliare the eyelleut qualits which characterize the volumes already issued (The
Folk (".> the umiu.
The «
irwiiiiii.i' tl.c Ai . -•
K.,. : iMIf.l .. •
iiig, atitht
and ThkVcts of thk Apostles) and which secured for them praise an«approval of foremost Catholic Scripturists
iriih
an rshartivr General In-
n ! fiis V»llrs, iliscuitSinK
■ ' and labors,
il>or«. death.
riler. dates,
lUh Special
i.ice of writ-
i I- K i« . ric, of each.
The coininciitary is critical throughout and is hased everywhere on the best Greek reading of the text. Out ordinary English translation and the N'tilgate are everywhere corrected in conformity with the best Greek MSS.
The commentary is, furthermore, expository, and aims to give in the light of the latest and best scholarship all that may be necessary or desirable for a thorough understanding of the meaning and (e.-.ching of St. Paul.
Previously puMishfd by the iwe author:
THE FOUR (.OSPJ.S, with a Ptactical Critical Commentary for Priests and
Students. Clot, net $f iw THE .tCTS OF TiE APOSTf^ES. with a Practical Critical Commentary for
Priests and Stients. Cloth, net $2.30
JOSEPH F. WA3NER, Inc. 23 Barclay Street, New York
S( Loui";; B. Herder Rook Co.)
Wagner's Sweepstakes
50-$4.00 a^!l^ir') 100-$8.00
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THi:COMIilN.\TION
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Sent PoM Paid on Receipt f Money Order or N. Y. Draft — if not sati«clory, pack and return by Parcel Post. Mtry and Postage Refunded by return mail.
Matt.Wagner&Son
58 North Pearl St., Buffalo, N. Y.
America Press
it fOB PRISh\C. ii
done with neatness id dispatch
■ The PortniKhtly Revic* is piintcd t>y iis
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^f^^^^^Si
442
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
November 15
BOOK REVIEWS
Tourscher's Christian Classics
Simultaneously with Teubner's "Eclogae Graeco-Latinae," which aims at "widening the reading courses in our higher institutions of learning and together with them the mental range of the student, by showing him how especially the Latin language, not only in ancient times, but also in the Middle Ages, and in the so-called Renascence period, has been a principal vessel of human thought and feeling," and which begins with a volume of selections from St. Augustine's "Confessio- nes," Father F. E. Tourscher, O.S.A., of Villanova College, Pa., has undertaken the publication of a series of what his publisher announces as "Christian Classics." Four in- stallments have so far appeared, all contain- ing short treatises by St. Augustine : "De Beata Vita," showing that the Stoic attitude towards the essential aim of life is untena- ble; "Soliloquiorum Libri Duo," informal meditations on questions of the soul ; "De Immortalitate Animae," an. outline of the leading arguments to prove the nature and substantial character of the human soul; and "De Magistro," which traces the relations between language and the inner energy of the mind. There is a brief introduction on the life and writings of St. Augustine, and there are explanatory notes (all too few) scattered here and there under the text. The plan of supplementing the pagan classical writers with selections from the Fathers is a happy one and deserves every encourage- ment; only we wish that the explanatory notes were more numerous and more com- prehensive. A. Kurfess' "Auswahl aus den Confessiones," in the "Eclogae Graeco- Latinae" series (Leipsic: B. G. Teubner) might serve as a model in this respect. (Philadelphia: Peter Rcilly).
A Life of Pius XI
"Papst Pius XL, ein Lebens- und Zeitbild von Dr. Max Bierbaum," one of the chap- lains attached to the Campn Santo Teutonico, next door to the Vatican, is an altogether delightful book. The author begins with an account of the last days of Benedict XV and the vacancy of the papal see following his lamented demise, and then sketches the life and career of Achille Ratti up to a month or so after his election and inthronization as supreme shepherd of Christendom. The pic- ture he draws of our Holy Father is a most engaging one and after reading this well- documented account of his career, one can-, not but entertain high hopes for a blessed
and successful pontificate. The volume, from which we intend to quote later, is embellished with twenty fine illustrations^ is (beautifully printed and tastefully bound. We could not conceive of a more attractive and appropri- ate Christmas present for any Catholic, cleric or layman, who is able to read the German language, which, by the way, Pius XI learned in early youth and speaks and writes with remarkable correctness and fluency. He told Cardinal Schulte of Cologne a few days after his election that his predilection for German caused him to be known as "il te- desco" already as a student and that, as a seminary professor, he was for years a reg- ular and attentive reader of the Kolnischc Volksscitung, at that time the leading daily organ of the Catholics of Germany. It was fit, therefore, that the first real biography of the new Pope should appear in German. Dr. Bierbaum is to be heartily congratulated on ills successful effort. (Cj^flngne: J. B. Bachem).
The Parable Book
The Extension Press, Chicago, has pub- lished "The Parable Book, Our Divine Lord's Own Stories Retold for you by Little Chil- dren," to which we give a hearty welcome. It is gratifying to behold artistic workman- ship and costly materials entering into the production of a book of this kind. We trust that this is an indication that the publication of Catholic books has passed out of the brick and mortar stage. The interweaving of the story-teller's art with that of the divine parables has been admirably done. The re- productions from the paintings of great masters are apt and beautiful. It is said that the author is a religious of the well-known teaching order of the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur. This book deserves to be found on tlie table of every Christian home.
The "Summa Theologica" in English
The final installments of the literal English translation of the "Summa Theologica" of St. Thomas Aquinas are now following one another rapidly. The latest one to hand com- prises questions 36 to 68 of the Supplement to the Pars Tertia, dealing with the Sacra- ments of Holy Orders and Matrimony and the marriage impediments. We may not ap- prove such renditions as "pay the debt" for reddcrc dcbitnm. yet must admit that the translation, on the whole, is both accurate and idiomatic, and the completion of the work, now no longer far off, will mark an epoch in the history of Neo-Scholasticism. (Benziger Brothers).
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
443
THE EPISTLES OF ST. PAUL
with Introduction and Commentary for Priests and Students By the KEY. CHAKLES J. CALL AX. O. P.
Professor of Sacred Scripture in the Catholic Foreign Mission Seminary, Maryknoll, K. Y.
Vol, I. (Romans, First and Second Corintliiaus, (lalatians) About 600 pp. 8mo., with Maps. Cloth, net $6.00
This new volume of Father Callan's Scripture Commentaries will be found to share the excellent qualities which characterize the volumes alread}' issued (The Four Gospels and The Acts of the Apostles) and which secured for them the unqualified praise and approval of foremost Catholic Scripturists.
The work opens with an exhaustive General In- troduction on St. Paul and his Epistles, discussing the Apostle's birth, education, early life and labors, conversion, journeys, imprisonments, labors, death, etc., also the number, authenticity, order, dates, teaching, style, etc. of his Epistles.
Each Epistle is preceded by a thorough Special Introduction, dealing with time and place of writ- ing, authenticity, integrity, language, etc., of each.
Previously published by the same author:
THE FOUR GOSPELS, with a Practical Critical Commentary for Priests and
Students. Cloth, net $4.00 THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, with a Practical Critical Commentary for Priests and Students. Cloth, net $2.50
JOSEPH F. WAGNER, Inc. 23 Barclay Street, New York
(St. Louis: B. Herder Book Co.)
The commentary is critical throughout and is based everywhere on the best Greek reading of the text. Our ordinary English translation and the Vulgate are everywhere corrected in conformity with the best Greek MSS.
The commentary is, furthermore, expository, and aims to give in the light of the latest and best scholarship all that may be necessary or desirable for a thorough understanding of the meaning and teaching of St. Paul.
Wagner's Sweepstakes
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444
THE FOETNIGHTLY EEVIEW
November 15
Literary Briefs
—Like "St. Michael's Almanac." of Tech- ny, 111., "St. Joseph's Almanac," of Mt. Angel, Ore., comes in two editions, one English, the other German. Both are inter- esting and neatly illustrated. (Published by St. Benedict's Abbey, Mt. Angel, Ore.)
— The "Regensburger Marien - Kalender" for 1923 is of unusual excellence. The idea of interlarding the calendarium with appro- priate extracts from the writings of mystics, ancient and modern, is a happy one indeed. This almanac is in its 58th yeir and is per- haps the best known of its kind. (Fr. Pustet Co.. Inc.)
—Messrs. Matre & Co., of Chicago, have published a cheap paper edition of Father Joseph Husslein's "Work. Wealth, and Wages," which was reviewed some time ago in the F. R. We are glad the little book is linding such favor, for — whatever may be said in criticism of it — its perusal is apt to prepare the reader for something more solid along social reform lines.
— For those who still love the homely virtues. Father Francis X. Doyle, S. J., has prepared a delectable volume in "The Home World." "Cherishing the Home," "Building the Home," "Sorrow and Death in the Home," and "Work," are a few of the chap- ters whicli give us a new love for the home. The little book should be a good stimulant to the jaded nerves of many moderns ; but it deserves a better cover. (Benziger Bros.)
— Dcr Wandcrcr-Kalcndcr for 1923 is up to its usual standard, both textually and pictorially, and that standard is the highest attained by any similar publication in the U. S. For twenty-one years this admirable annual has kept the light of faith aglow in the hearts of German-speaking Catholics in this country: may it never cease to perform il' noble ta.sk as long as there are a thousand Catholic families speaking the German tongue left among us! (St. Paul, Minn.: The Wan- derer Printing Co.)
— The present year marks the 150th anni- versary of Goethe's "Wetzlaer Zeit," those mcriths, namely, which the poet spent at Wetzlar and during which he fell in love with Charlotte Buff, an episode on which was founded "Die Leiden des jungen VVerthers," published two years later. As one part of the celebration the Goethe So- ciety has acquired Charlotte's house, and now Erich Lichtenstein, of Weimar, gives us an- other memento in an excellently produced facsimile edition of the "Ur-Werther." A long critical essay by Dr. von Branca is given in conclusion.
— "Draw Me After Thee, O Lord" is "a manual for the adoration of the Bl. Sac- rament, adapted especially for persons who wish to lead an interior life," by a Poor Clare. The tact that a second edition of
15,000 copies has been printed shows that the booklet has found much favor. Besides the meditations and devotions to the Bl. Sacrament, which constitute its fond, there are prayers for daily use in sufificient abun- dance to make the book to serve as a gen- eral prayer book. The meditations are most- ly cast into the form of a dialogue be- tween Jesus and the Soul. (Chicago : D. B. Hansen & Sons; 27 N. Franklin Str.)
— We have received from the Catholic Extension Societv, Chicago, 111., a copy of "The Catholic Art Calendar for 1923." It is prettily gotten up, contains information about holydays. days of fasting and absti- nence, etc., and, on the back, "Facts about Rites, Rituals and Practices of the Church," including a table of movable feasts, instruc- tions concerning the administration of Bap- tism by lay persons in cases of necessity, and a brief "Summary of Christian Faith and Practice." Copies of this Calendar, which is an ornament for the Catholic home, can be had from the Extension Press, 25 E. Lake Str., Chicago, 111.
New Books Received
San Juan Capistrano Mission. By Father Zephyrin Engelhardt, O.F.M. (The Mis- sions and Missionaries of California. New Series. Local History. No. Ill), xiii & ^59 PP- 8vo. Los Angeles, Cal. : Printed for the .\uthor by the Standard Printing Co.
■Pnu,' Mc After Tlicc, O Lord." A ^lanual for the Adoration of the Blessed Sacra- ment, for Confession and Communion. Adapted Especially for Persons who Wish to Lead an Interior Life. By a Poor Clare. Second Edition. 256 pp. .32mo. Chicago : D. B. Hansen & Sons, p.j N. Franklin Str.
The Gospels and Epistles of the Sundays and feasts. With Outlines for Sermons. Pre- pared and Arranged by Charles J. Callan and John A. McHugh, of the Order of Preachers, ix & 420 pp. 8vo. New York: Joseph Wagner, Inc. Flexible imitation morocco, red edges, with rii)bon marker. $3 net.
The Epistles of St. Fanl. With Introduction and Commentarv. for Priests and Students. By the Rev. Charles J. Callan, O.P. Vol. I: Romans, First and Second Corinthians, Galatians. liv & 670 pp. 8vo. Joseph F. Wagner, Inc. $6 net.
Congregational Prayers for the Children's Mass. With Hymns, iv & 106 pp. i2mo. Jos. F. Wagner, Inc. Flexible cloth, 35 cts. net. Organ accompaniment, heavy paper covers, $1 net.
Saranae. A Story of Lake Champlain. By John Talbot Smith. New Edition, ii & 280 pp. New York : Blase Benziger & Co., Inc. $1.90. postpaid.
The Fortnightly Review
VOL. XXIX. NO. 23
ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
December 1, 1922
Mental Dietetics
By Kevin Guinagh, A. M
Of readers there are two classes : those who believe a small part of w^hat they read, and those who swallow all printed matter with- out the slightest thought as to its food value. The latter soon devel- oj) indigestion, which becomes acute when they do not exercise their minds sufficiently to throw oft' the poisons resulting from an ungarded indulgence in reading.
The gullible reader may profit by some of the considerations w^hich follow. First of all, he must know that there is a numerous class of writers who engage in this occupation, not because they have any passion to propagate the good, the true, and the beautiful, but be- cause they find that it affords them. a good livelihood, perhaps even an otimn emu digmtate. A glance at some of the more practical writers ' periodicals will reveal the fact that money is the sole motive which impels many a writer to write. To-day he may find a mar- ket for a salacious story, to-mor- row he will compose a pious uplift tale about ^Master William's re- turn to Sabbath School. These authors have not enlisted their sympathies in any great under- taking. They have no definite code of ethics. Their articles may be a statement of their conviction, and again they may not lie.
To illustrate the point we need only inspect the demands of some editors, as found in W. B. Mc-
Courtie's work, entitled, "Where and How to Sell Manuscripts." One magazine lays down these re- quirements : "We use short stories . . .very radical or unconventionaL These stories may deal without gloves with religious, political, race and color, or sex questions, and be iconoclastic in tone." The demands of another periodical are that "all material must have a strong sex interest or else be of a very unusual or striking kind." What a grand opportunity these maga- zines offer to unprincipled writ- ers! Tt is much easier to be an iconoclast than a sculptor. A men- tal imbecile may advance objec- tions, or inveigh against existing institutions, but it requires earnest thought to do constructive work. Yet the masses always crown ^hc objector and regard him as a pro- found thinker who has the courage of worthy convictions.
Another magazine says that it "aims not to reflect or supplement public opinion, but to create it," and that most of its articles are v-ritten "after consultation witli those who are competent by reason of their knowledge and experience to formulate and express note- w^orthy views." A recent issue carried an article on birth control, in Avhich Archbishop Hayes' utter- ances on the subject were held up to ridicule. In another article the Archbishop of Boston is placed at the head of a parade of "financial
446
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
December 1
satraps . . . and that criminal demi- nioiide which lives by the corrupt administration of the law."
This magazine is typical of a class of publications in which the writer is merely the one who elab- orates the ideas given him and words them becomingly. The con- clusions at which he wdll arrive are placed before him, and it is his duty to construct the needed premises. Such is the labor of many an editor, the mental slave of some dominant faction or own- er. He is compelled to propagate, not what he believes, but what he is paid to make others believe. Just as in the days of less diffused education a local celebrity might be employed to write an amatory epistle for an illiterate youth, so there are at the elbows of many influential men ([uill-drivers who wil] construct a philosophical basis for any desirable tenet or move- ment.
Cheap journalism delights in exi)]oiting the sensational and the bizarre. The most noteworthy ex- ample is Darwin's theory of the descent of man. Doubtless the "science" page editors are anxi- ously awaiting the advent of an- other theorist like him. When will there come such another! Some time ago we were informed by a full page article in a Washington paper that the world is nervously awaitiiig the verdict of science relative to the examinations made on the brain of the late Daniel, a famous monkey owned by Ring- ling Bros. Real scientists have thrown DarAvin overboard, but the popular writer knows that what- ever attempts to be scientific and is at the same time intelligible to the average reader, will be ap-
plauded by the many. As Goethe puts it in his *' Faust":
Gaudy colors, outlines blurred, A spark of truth, the rest absurd; Such the brew that takes the masses. All the world hold out their glasses.
The reader will doubtless re- call JMiss Crawley in Thackeray's ''Vanity Fair." Wealthy, unmar- ried, and considerably advanced on the journey of life, she was ca- joled and flattered by the ambi- tious Becky Sharp and her dear husband. Readers are in a posi- tion similar to Miss Crawley's, and not a few authors and editors are playing the role of Becky Sharp and her military spouse. When they dip their pen in ink, they keep one eye on the purse- strings of the reader. They side with his prejudices, feed his curi- osity by exploiting the bizarre, and flatter his intelligence with quasi-scientific articles.
The persuasion that whatever apiJears in print must be true is still with us. "I saw it in the new^s- papers," is by many regarded as the final and crushing argument in a discussion. Readers should remember that many journals are endeavoring to promote vicious propaganda, while others are trying to please their subscribers and are not particularly inter- ested whether or not the matter they print is true. The reader should realize that in many cases he is the victim of a conspiracy. He should, therefore, substitute many question marks for periods. In a word, he must think more. Independent thinking will create a need for more substantial men- tal nutrition. If readers thought more, careless and dishonest iournalism would soon become an
msmamm
I rfiiw
THK FOKTNIGHTLY KEVIEW
447
uiiprolitaljle r)ccupatioij, and tlu; children of many opulent jjublish- ers and authors would drift into paper hanging, plastering, and kindred occupations better suited
to their talents.
•-•-^-•-«
A Lay Pope
The new Code of (.'anon Law says (can. 154) : '*()ffices which in- volve the care of souls either in the intenial or external forum, cannot be validly conferred on clerics who have not yet received the priesthood." And again (can. U74): ''H the holding of any benefice requires the reception of orders, such orders ought to be received before the benefice is con- ferred." From these two canons a correspondent of the Examiner argues that "the faculty of elect- ing a simple cleric or subdeacon or deacon as bishoj) or parochus, and a fortiori, as Roman pontiff, is abrogated." But, as Fr. Hull jjoints out (ihid., Xo. 40) canon 160 says: *'The election of the Roman Pontiff is regulated solely (miice) by the constitution of Pius X, 'Vacante Sede' — ; other elections are regulated by the fol- lowing canons."
The "Vacante Sede" is given in the appendix to the Code. It makes clear that the cardinals are the sole electors, but says nothing as to what persons are eligible. And yet the actual formula of elec- tion runs: *'Eligo in Summum Pontiticem Rev'". Dominum meum 1). Cardinalem ..." This looks as if only cardinals were eligible. Xow cardinals can be either bish- ops, priests or deacons; and it is provided that if any cardinal has not yet received the diaconate, he shall not be allowed to vote, un- less he has an undoubted pontifical privilege.
Still there is no provision say- ing that such an unordained car- dinal could not be elected pope. So it looks as if a "lay cardinal" could after all l)e elected; that is, a cardinal who has not yet re- ceived holy orders.
Of course, the question is purely academical and of no practical importance whatever.
•-•-<i>-»-»
Little Luxemburg
]i\ Ar.KEKT r. ScHiMBERG. Milwaukee Wis.
O Little Land of Luxemburg,
Fair, peaceful corner of the world !
In councils high you have no part. Your ancient battle-fiags are furled.
Vour only spoils, a people's heart.
0 Little Land of Luxemburg!
O Little Land of Luxemburg,
1 know your storied Keltic morn: Romances of your youthful brow,
The saints and heroes you have borne. .\nd crown of olives you wear now.
0 Little Land of Luxemburg!
O Little Land of Luxemburg,
1 sing of Siegfried's fairy wife, The fabled tragic Melusin:
Of Irmasinde's golden life. And John the Blind, your paladin. O Little Land of Luxemburg!
O Little Land of Luxemburg,
You draw my exiled heart to you:
When shall vour castled heights I see. And valleys which my father knew.
And at vour shrines, when bend my knee, O Little Land of Luxemburg*
Adorable "JACK"
by M. DeL. Kennedy
The Book for BOYS and GIRLS |^,
Full of adventures, good times and mysteries
Xeti? 1.2.5
I>o not fail to order one
JOHN W. WINTERICH
59 East Main Street COLUMBUS. OHIO
1865 Prospect Avenue CLEVELAND, OHIO
446
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
December 1
satraps. . .and that criminal demi- moiide wliicli lives by the corrupt administration of the law."
This magazine is typical of a class of publications in which the writer is merely the one who elab- orates the ideas given him and words them becomingly. The con- clusions at which he will arrive are placed before him, and it is his duty to construct the needed premises. Such is the labor of many an editor, the mental slave of some dominant faction or own- er. He is compelled to propagate, not what he believes, but what he is paid to make others believe. Just as in the days of less diffused education a local celebrity might be employed to write an amatory epistle for an illiterate youth, so there are at the elbows of many infJuential men quill-drivers who will construct a philosophical basis for any desirable tenet or move- ment.
Cheap journalism delights in exj^loiting the sensational and the bizarre. The most noteworthy ex- ample is Darwin's theory of the descent of man. Doubtless the '* science" page editors are anxi- ously awaiting the advent of an- other theorist like him. When will there come such another? Some time ago we were informed by a full page article in a Washington paper that the world is nervously awaiting the verdict of science relative to the examinations made on the brain of the late Daniel, a famous monkey owned by Ring- ling Bros. Eeal scientists have thrown Darwin overboard, but the popular writer knows that what- ever attempts to be scientific and is at the same time intelligible to the average reader, will be ap-
plauded by the many. As Goethe puts it in his "Faust":
Gaudy colors, outlines blurred, A spark of truth, the rest absurd; Such the brew that takes the masses, All the world hold out their glasses.
The reader will doubtless re- call Miss Crawley in Thackeray's "Vanity Fair." Wealthy, unmar- ried, and considerably advanced on the journey of life, she was ca- joled and Mattered by the ambi- tious Becky Sharp and her dear husband. Readers are in a posi- tion similar to Miss Crawley's, and not a few authors and editors are playing the role of Becky Sharp and her military spouse. When they dip their pen in ink, they keep one eye on the purse- strings of the reader. They side with his prejudices, feed his curi- osity by exploiting the bizarre, and flatter his intelligence with quasi-scientific articles.
The persuasion that whatever appears in print must be true is still with us. "I saw it in the news- papers," is by many regarded as the final and crushing argument in a discussion. Readers should remember that many journals are endeavoring to promote vicious propaganda, while others are trying to please their subscribers and are not particularly inter- ested whether or not the matter they print is true. The reader should realize that in many cases he is the victim of a conspiracy. He should, therefore, substitute many question marks for periods. In a word, he must think more. Independent thinking will create a need for more substantial men- tal nutrition. If readers thought more, careless and dishonest iournalism would soon become an
Irfii!?
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
uiiprolitable occupation, and the children of many opulent publish- ers and authors would drift into paper hanging, plastering, and kindred occupations better suited to their talents.
A Lay Pope
The new Code of Canon Law says (can. 154) : ''Offices which in- volve the care of souls either in the internal or external forum, cannot be validly conferred on clerics who have not yet received the priesthood." And again (can. 1474) : "If the holding of any benefice requires the reception of orders, such orders ought to be received before the benefice is con- ferred." From these two canons a correspondent of the Examiner argxies that ''the faculty of elect- ing a simple cleric or subdeacon or deacon as bishop or parochus, and a fortiori, as Roman pontiff, is abrogated." But, as Fr. Hull points out (ibid., No. 40) canon 160 says: "The election of the Roman Pontiff is regulated solely (nnice) by the constitution of Pius X, 'Vacante Sede' — ; other elections are regulated by the fol- lowing canons."
The " Vacant e Sede" is given in the appendix to the Code. It makes clear that the cardinals are the sole electors, but says nothing as to what persons are eligible. And yet the actual formula of elec- tion runs: "Eligo in Summum Pontificem Rev™. Dominum meum D. Cardinalem ..." This looks as if only cardinals were eligible. Now cardinals can be either bish- ops, priests or deacons; and it is provided that if any cardinal has not yet received the diaconate, he shall not be allowed to vote, un- less he has an undoubted pontifical privilege.
Still there is no provision say- ing that such an unordained car- dinal could not be elected pope. So it looks as if a "lay cardinal" could after all be elected; that is, a cardinal who has not yet re- ceived holy orders.
Of course, the question is purely academical and of no practical importance whatever.
Little Luxemburg
Bv Albert P. Schimberg, Milwaukee Wis.
O Little Land of Luxemburg,
Fair, peaceful corner of the world !
In councils high you have no part, Your ancient battle-flags are furled.
Your only spoils, a people's heart.
0 Little Land of Luxemburg!
O Little Land of Luxemburg,
1 know your storied Keltic morn; Romances "of your youthful brow.
The saints and heroes you have borne. And crown of olives you wear now.
0 Little Land of Luxemburg!
O Little Land of Luxemburg.
1 sing of Siegfried's fairy wife, The fabled tragic ^Melusin;
Of Irmasinde's golden life, And John the Blind, your paladin, O Little Land of Luxemburg!
O Little Land of Luxemburg,
You draw my exiled heart to you:
When shall your castled heights I see, And valleys which my father knew.
And at vour shrines, when bend my knee. O Little Land of Luxemburg?'
Adorable "JACK"
by M. DeL. Kennedy
The Book for BOYS and GIRLS
Full of adventures, good times and mysteries
Net !? 1.25
Do not fail to order one
JOHN W. WINTERICH
59 East Main Street COLUMBUS. OHIO
1855 Prospect Avenue CLEVELAND, OHIO
448
THE FOBTNIGHTLY REVIEW
Decenibtr 1
Towards the Great Peace
Mr. Ralph Adams Cram calls his new book ' ' Towards the Great Peace'' (Boston: Marshall Jones Co.). A more descriptive title would have been "Towards a Christian Sociology," for this is what the book is really about. He faces the fact that modern civili- zation is doomed. We are in the last years of a closing epoch, on the decline that precedes the open- ing of a new era. Yet we must not give ourselves up to pessimism, because the old order is coming to an end; for what the new epoch will be depends entirely upon the use we make of these declining years. The present is seed-time. The embryo of the new^ social or- der is developing within the w^omb of the old system.
"In the harlequinade of fabul- ous material success the nations of modern civilization suffered a moral deterioration, in themselves and in their individual members; by a moral regeneration they may be saved. How is this to be ac- complished? How% humanly speak- ing, is the redemption of society to be achieved? Not alone by a change of heart in each individual, though if this could be it w^ould be enough. Humanly speaking, there is not time and we dare not hope for the divine miracle where- by 'in the twinkling of an eye w^e shall be changed. ' Still less by sole reliance on some series of new po- litical, social, economic and educa- tional devices; there is no plan, however wdse and profound, that can work effectively under the dead weight of a society that is made up of individuals W'hose moral sense is defective. Either of these tw^o methods put into
operation by itself will fail. Acting- together they may succeed." In other words the solution of the problem of modern civilization is to come from the interaction of material and spiritual forces.
Though the material and spir- itual forces co-operate and re-act upon each other they must not be considered separately. "The peril of all philosophies outside that of Christianity as it was developed under the Catholic dispensation," insists Mr. Cram, "is dualism." The modern world has fallen into the grave error of divorcing spirit from matter. Mr. Cram, though a Protestant, sees the remedy in a levival of the sacramental philos- ophy of the Middle Ages. Sacra- mentalism is the antithesis of du- alism, inasmuch as, according to the sacramental system, every ma- terial thing is proclaimed as pos- sessing in varying degree sacra- mental potentiality. It is therefore to sacramentalism that w^e must return, not only in religion and its practice, but in philosophy, if we are to establish a firm founda- tion for the society of the future, for it alone is consonant with the revealed will of God.
Coming to the concrete problem of society Mr. Cram sees that the great obstacle to the realization of the Kingdom of God upon earth is the quantitative standard of in- dustrialism. "Industrialism is not only the Nemesis of culture but of civilization itself. Out of its gross scale of things come many other evils; great states subsisting on the subjugation and exploitation of small and alien peoples; great cities wiiich w^hen they exceed more than 100,000 in population
imz
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
449
are a menace, when they exceed 1,000,000 are a crime; subdivision of labor and specialization wdiich degrade men to the level of ma- chines; concentration and segre- gation of industries, the factory system, high finance and interna- tional finance, capitalism, trade unionism and the International, standardized education, metropol- itan newspapers, pragmatic phi- losophy and churches 'run on business methods,' and recruited by advertising and publicity agents. Greater than all, however, is the social poison that atfects society wnth pernicious aucPmia through cutting man off from his natural social group and making of him an undistinguishable part- icle in a sliding stream of grain."
Viewing the problem in this light Mr. Cram sees two possible roads that society may travel. ''Either these institutions will continue, growing greater and more unwieldy with increasing speed until they burst in anarchy or chaos," or mankind will take time by the forelock and renounce materialism and industrialism — the wiiole system of specialization, segregation and unification of in- dustries and the subdivision of labor — before it is too late, and after the fashion of monasticism build small communities of the right shape and scale, in the very midst of the imperial states them- selves, wiiich will gradually leaven the lump. He insists, moreover, on the fundamental importance of the restoration, first of all, of the holiness and joy of w^ork to any solution of the industrial and eco- nomic problem that now confronts the entire world.
In the new societv of the future
which he visualizes, industry will ])e organized under guilds of the mediaeval type. National guilds he considers a contradiction in terms ; "they take on the same element of error that inheres in the idea of one big union." He is of opinion that "the g-uild cannot function under intensive methods of pro- duction or where production is primarily for profit, or where the factory system prevails, or where Capitalism is the established sys- tem, or under combinations, trusts or other devices for the establish- ment and maintenance of great aggregates tending always to- wards monopoly." "However much we admire the guild sys- tem," he says, "we may as well recognize this fact at once. The imperial scale must go and the humane scale be restored before
CHRISTMAS GIFTS FOR THE YOUNG
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A Life of Our Lord Written Esfccially For Young People By REV. CORNELIUS J. HOLLAND, S.T.L. Author of "His Reverence — His Day's Work," etc. With 8 full page illustrations. Net 75c ; postpaid 90c "Tn this little volume Father Holland has rendered the children of the nation an in- estimable service." — Cath. Educational Reitew.
The Boy Who Looked Ahead
r.y JOHN TALBOT SMITH Net 90c; postpaid $1.00 " \ hook that will bring abounding gladness to the juvenile world."— Fa(/icr Finn.
The Boy Who Came Back
P.y JOHN TALBOT SMITH Net 90c; postpaid $1.00
"\ delightful, absotbing, and above all in- spiring, well-told tale." —Catholic Tribune. For Sale hy Catholic Booksellers
Blase Benziger & Co., Inc.
98-100 Park Place New York
THE FOBTNIGHTLT REVIEW
Dewaibn'
tke ^uiid can ccune back in any general sense."
He applies the same general principles to the political problems of the United States, to education and to art, with a r>?al comprehen- sion of the problems to be faced and with a fine grasp of detail. Mr. A. J. Penty, also a non-Cath- olic, reviewing Mr. Cram's book in the Xtbc Wit mess (No. 516), says : ' ' His thesis is an important one. The subject of a Christian sodok^y is one that is ttvday en- gaiging the attention of many minds; for as it becomes inereas- ni^ty evident that Socialism is no It, that labor politics ar«^ and bankrupt, the need ci separatiEig the ideas of brother- l»od, feUowsliqi, and mntaal aid frcMR tike KtatoFiafist philosophy and relatiii^ than to the principles of Cliristianitr is beins^ widelv felt"
L&y Cjuechists The new Code of Canon Law provides for lay catechists. Led by the Cardinal Ardibishop of Westminster, most bishops in England now have them in their dioceses. Why are they not found dsieviKTe! At present the bulk, cnem of tbe intellectual laity, here as in ESBPopev leam their religion in cidldhood. and leave it at that. They wlQ go to Mas*, receive the Sacraments^ say their prayers. tind oftcB gt»eToiisly support < *atbo5c paiisikes and institutions with money; bat a further study of their faith, a stady worthy of tbeir adfllt maoAood or woman- Ttt--^ L« ahniofft ■anknown. They : even.' conceivable thing under ;^.: ...im, hut to read the glories of theoki^^ worald seem presnmption to tbetTL Tbev are elever doctors.
lawyers, merchants. In every branch of knowledge they w^ould be ashamed not to have made progress since the days of their childhood, but in the scientific de- fence and exjx>sition of their faith they have remained children.
\\liy! For many reasons, no doubt, but surely also for this rea- s<>u. that there would have been no outlet for their energies even if they had acquired a knowledge of theology. Many fear almost to be intruders, and usurp the prerog- ative of the priests if they speak or write abi>ut the glories of the faith. If the institution of lay catechists were developed, the lay- man would readily come forward and assist the priest in his work. The divine commission to teach rests, of course, ^ith the priest- hood,— there is absolutely no dan- ger of Catholics forgetting that now. after the appalling fiasco of the Reformation. But the Catholic Church would be immeasurably enriched by tens of thousands of lay apostles, comparable to the military orders of the ^liddle Ages, but of far greater import- ance, because entrusted with a more responsible office.
Catholics insist upon religion in tbe school, because God is the Creator and Scvereign Lord of all men. To teach withocrt mentioning- His name gives a distorted viei^- of the imi verse and a false ontlook on life.
Epigrams are worth little for guid- ance to tbe perplexed, and less for comfort to the wounded. But the plain, homiely sayings which come from a soul that has learned the lesson of patifcnt courage in the school of real experience fall upon the wotmd like drops of balsam, and, like a soothing lotion upon the eyes smarting and Llinded with passion.
I
wiimm
»9
'^*
^- .
1^-4^
THE FOBTNIGHTLT KEYIiTV
^i
The Founding of New Eitgland
""The FonndiTig: of Xe-w Eng- land,'' by James Tmelov Adams, (Tlie Atlantic Montidy Press l is the best work upon the early Ms- tory of Xev England that "sre hav..^ yet seen. Mr. Adams has adopted a line of his own. He has revalned former judgments and, in the shaping of his narrative, has chief- ly borne in mind the fact that the American colonies, in the colonial period, were dependencies and merely fonned part **of a lai^er :.nd m<:»e campr^emtave imperial and eeoifcoinie orgaunxadaom'' **The ,^m English colonies vere by-products
of her [England's] commercial history," "pawns in the game of European policy'' with Spain and the French. The sole value to Eng- land of her edoaaies throughout the sixteenth, aeventeenth, and eighteenth centuries was the value of their trade. In this re- spect and becamse they supplied her with the materials she lacked at home, England's West Indian colonies were more important to her than those of the mainland of America. "The American colonies in their inception were largely business ventures of groups of in- dividuals or joint stock companies, and as such were but episodes in the expansion of English com- merce." Eight American charters were granted between 1606 and 1629. This imperial background has been maintained by Mr. Adams throughout his book; and, in his oT^Ti words, he has discarded "the old conception of New England history, according to which thn: ^ection I of America] was consid- ered to have been settled by per- secuted refugees, devoted to liber- tv of conscience, who, in the ilis-
purtes with tike mKJitifcer formed a miiteii maasm vi loving patiMis -Moammmm^ mp- poBed to an -Gsm^agiftBd tyxam- my." rnder the 1^ «£ I't'seareh this view las 1 ing for years. EoGaaem tbfl-n religious fact;ors played the greatest part in the emigration of 65,0Ch:» Englishmen to the New World, and of this number only about 4.(KX> earn be iBDJtrked down as religious refi^:«eB.
Mr. Adams vividly portrays the Mayflower and the reEgioiis
ohgarehy, attern^itiiia: to taif-wcBe rigid conformity to their ideas of religion and morals, with, in the latter ease, rather ^saslfciPOiiis re- snlts and a large aHwymit of ac- companying hypocrisy. If tbey
The Parables of the Gospels
An exegeticaJ and pracdciil espimnTirm By Leopold Fanck. S.J^ President and Leemrer of the TtibTiral lusntme, Cansnlinr of the EEblicaJ Conmiisskm in Rome. Transiaied from the third German editicm by E. Leahy. Edned by George CNein, S.J., MJU Proiessor^ of the F-ng-'ltt;h Language in the National ITm- versity of Ireland. Lerirnn S'. &29 pages. 3rd Edition. Bound in cloth, net $4.D(L
"Tlie Parahlrs rf the Gospels" slwuii be aken a prirmincvi and henwed place in tkc Izbrarx' cf cTrrj' priest. Kc one certainly eav hcrci^rr pretend tc has-e made a tkerauph study c-f the parables whe has nor nuuie its aeguarntanec. Indeed, it is not toe mnch to say thiit •: ^2.-= berrme e rlsssic p-n the stib-
Frederick Pustet Co.
52 Sirclay Street
He-w Tork. K T
460
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
]>eccniber 1
the guild can come back in any general sense."
He applies the same general principles to the political problems of the United States, to education and to art, with a real comprehen- sion of the problems to be faced and with a fine grasp of detail. Mr. A. J. Penty, also a non-Cath- olic, reviewing Mr. Cram's book in the New Witness (No. 516), says: ''His thesis is an important one. The subject of a Christian sociology is one that is to-day en- gaging the attention of many minds; for as it becomes increas- ingly evident that Socialism is no remedy, that labor politics ar*^ moribund and bankrupt, the need of separating the ideas of brother- hood, fellow\ship, and mutual aid from the materialist philosophy and relating them to the principles of Christianity is being wddelv felt."
Lay Catechists
The new Code of Canon Law provides for lay catechists. Led by the Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster, most bishops in England now have them in their dioceses. Why are they not found elsewhere? At present the bulk, even of the intellectual laity, here as in Kurope, learn their religion in childhood, and leave it at that. They wdll go to Mass, receive the Sacraments, say their prayers, and often generously support Catholic parishes and institutions v\'itli money; but a further study of their faith, a study worthy of their adult manhood or woman- hood, is almost unknown. They read every conceivable thing under the sun, but to read the glories of theology would seem presumption to thoni. Tliov are clever doctors.
lawyers, merchants. In every branch of knowledge they would be ashamed not to have made progress since the days of their childhood, but in the scientific de- fence and exposition of their faith they have remained children.
Whyf For many reasons, no doubt, but surely also for this rea- son, that there would have been no outlet for their energies even if they had acquired a knowledge of theology. Many fear almost to be intruders, and usurp the prerog- ative of the priests if they speak or write al)out the glories of the faith. If the institution of lay catechists were developed, the lay- man would readily come forward and assist the priest in his work. The divine commission to teach rests, of course, with the priest- hood,— there is absolutely no dan- ger of Catholics forgetting that now, after the appalling fiasco of the Reformation. But the Catholic (Uiurcli would be immeasurably enriched by tens of thousands of lay apostles, comparable to the military orders of the Middle Ages, but of far greater import- ance, because entrusted with a more responsible office.
Catholics insist upon religion in the school, because God is the Creator and Sovereign Lord of all men. To teach without mentioning His name gives a distorted view of the universe and a false outlook on life.
Epigrams are worth little for guid- ance to the i)erplexed, and less for comfort to the wounded. But the plain, homely sayings which come from a soul that has learned the lesson of patient courage in the school of real experience fall upon the wound like drops of balsam, and, like a soothing lotion upon the eyes smarting and blinded with passion.
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
451
The Founding of New England
"The Founding of New Eng- land," by James Truslow Adams, (The Atlantic Monthly Press), is the best work upon the early his- tory of New England that we havii yet seen. Mr. Adams has adopted a line of his ow^n. He has revalued former judgments and, in the shaping of his narrative, has chief- ly borne in mind the fact that the American colonies, in the colonial period, were dependencies and merely formed part ''of a larger and more comprehensive imperial and economic organization." "The English colonies w-ere by-products of her [England's] commercial history," "pawns in the game of European policy" with Spain and the French. The sole value to Eng- land of her colonies throughout the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries w^as the value of their trade. In this re- spect and because they supplied her with the materials she lacked at home, England's West Indian colonies were more important to her than those of the mainland of America. "The American colonies in their inception were largely business ventures of groups of in- dividuals or joint stock companies, and as such w^ere but episodes in the expansion of English com- merce." Eight American charters were granted between 1606 and 1629. This imperial background has been maintained by Mr. Adams throughout his book; and, in his own words, he has discarded "the old conception of New England history, according to w^hich that section [of America] w^as consid- ered to have been settled by per- secuted refugees, devoted to liber- ty of conscience, who, in the dis-
putes with the mother country, formed a united mass of liberty- loving patriots unanimously op- posed to an unmitigated tyran- ny." Under the light of historical research this view^ has been pass- ing for years. Economic rather than religious factors played the greatest part in the emigration of 65,000 Englishmen to the New World, and of this number only about 4,000 can be marked down as religious refugees.
Mr. Adams vividly portrays the Mayflower and the religious refugees — who soon became an oligarchy, attempting to enforce rigid conformity to their ideas of religion and morals, with, in the latter case, rather disastrous re- sults and a large amount of ac- companying hypocrisy. If they
The Parables of the Gospels
An exegctical and practical explanation. By Leopold Fonck, S.J., President and Lecturer of the Biblical Institute, Consultor of the Biblical Commission in Rome. Translated from the third German edition by E. Leahy. Edited by George O'Neill, S.J., M.A., Professor of the English Language in the National Uni- versity of Ireland. Lexicon 8°. 829 pages. 3rd Edition. Bound in cloth, net $4.00.
"The Parables of the Gospels" should be ghen a prominent and honored place_ in the librarv of ciery priest. No one certainly can hereafter pretend to have made a thorough stiidv of the parables ■ who has not made ils acquaiintance. Indeed, it is not too much to say that it has become a classic on the sub- ject.— America. New York.
Published hy
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Incorporated 52 Barclay Street 436 Main Street.
New York, N. Y. Cincinnati, Ohio
462
THE rOETNIGHTLY EEVIEW
December 1
must rebel, Bradford told the hall players of Plymouth, let them do it out of sight, ''since which time nothing hath been attempted that way, at least openly." Twenty years later on he was compelled to reflect that the immense amount of unnameable crime in New Eng- land had developed "as in no place more, or so much, that I have known or heard of." Time after time did the New England preachers raise their voice in fa- vor of religious persecution. Their vote was always cast for death; and since all questions were re- ferred by the ruling oligarchy to the clergy, the results were thor- oughly illiberal. Samuel Gor- ton, a heretic from the gospel of New England, with nine of his followers, was captured and taken to Boston in 1641. The clergy de- livered their written opinion that all deserved death "by the law of God." The magistrates concurred, and only the people's representa- tives prevented the carrying out of the death penalty. The natives, even before they knew what the Christian religion was, as Massa- chusetts understood it, were re- quired to observe the "Sabbath"; and the theory was formulated that a native could be punished for a breach of the Englishman's laws, and that the tine or mulct inflicted might take the form of a cession of land. And, since the Indian theor}^ of ownership of land was something vastly differ- ent from that of the whites, while the English, for the most part ob- served the legal forms of their race, the resulting "parchments which the savage signed with his mark were ethically as invalid as a child's sale of his inheritance for a stick of candv."
When the inevitable rebellion took place, the Massachusetts Gen- eral Court, after examining the question of why God had thus af- flicted them, came to the conclu- sion that He was then engaged in burning towns nnd murdering women and children along the frontier because Massachusetts had been somewhat lax in perse- cuting the Quakers, and because her men had begun to wear peri- wigs and their women to indulge in "cutting, curling and immodest laying out their haire." The re- sults of all this — the contribution to American life of what the author terms the "New England conscience, with its pathological questionings and elaborate system of tal)oos" — is neatly rounded off by a contrast between the diaries of Evelyn and Pepys and that kept by the Massachusetts official Sewall, who could amuse himself on (Uiristmas Day by arranging the coffins in the family vault and pronounce the occupation to have been "an awful yet pleasing Treat. ' ' Men of this kind were the people who advised' the hunting down of the Indians with mastiffs. Perhaps the most horrible in- stance of this is Colonel Moseley's treatment of an unfortunate squaw, taken prisoner by him in his expedition to Hatfield. She "was ordered to be torn in pieces by Doggs, and she was soe dealt withall."
Age is not all decay — it is the ripen- ing, the swelling of the fresh life with- in, that withers and bursts the husk.
Public opinion is a weak tyrant compared with our own private opin- ion. What a man thinks of himself, that it is which determines, or rather indicates, his fate. — Thoreau.
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New Light on the Life of St. Catherine of Siena
For practically the first time, so far as the public is aware, all the sources for the history of St. Catherine have been subjected to a searching- investigation by Dr. Kobert Fawtier in his recently published work, ""Sainte Catherine de Sienne: Essai de Critique des Sources ' ' ( Paris : Boccard) . The author has examined every avail- able manuscript and document that can throw any light upon the subject.
The result of his researches, if not quite conclusive, has at least shaken our confidence at mam- points as to the historicity of the tradition; though it leaves (and we feel sure that the author him- self would agree with us) our con- ception of the beauty and nobilit}' of her character unaltered. Even
the
Leggenda maggiore,'
he
shows, must be regarded as a ten- dencious work ; Fra Kaimondo was writing to procure the canoniza- tion of Catherine and the recogni- tion of the third order ; he was at- tempting to show that the dis- credited Urbanist party had the support of a personage of heroic sanctity and supernatural insight, ("■onsciously or unconsciously, his treatment is colored by the desire of suggesting a parallel between her life and that of Christ, even as Bartolommeo da Pisa was simul- taneously doing in the case of Francis of Assisi, thereby to give tlie Dominicans a great popular saint of the same kind. Hence the modifications of chronology (in- clridiiig, perhaps, the post-dating of her birth by at least ten years), and the exaggeration of the politi- cal activity and influence; the lat- ter feature appearing particularly
at the end of the "Leggenda," where Calfarini had a hand in the composition. Caffarini himself car- ried the work farther. More sys- tematically and (if Dr. Fawtier is right) quite unscrupulously, he suppressed inconvenient details and variants, and organized and superintended the "Processus," which, together with the ' * Supple- mentum" and the "Leggenda minore," crystallizes Baimondo's presentation.
An earlier stage in the forma- tion of the legend, in Avhich the writers recorded Catherine 's deeds fo]' information and edification, but with no ulterior purpose, is represented by the "Miracula" of Tommasso delta Fonte and Bar- tcjommeo di Dominico, who knew her before Kaimondo took over
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the charge; this was in part util- ized and then suppressed. Sources from this stage have been pre- served in the vernacular '*Mira coli" of an anonymous Florentine and the letter describing her death written by one of the saint's secre- taries, Barduccio Canigiani, to Caterina Petriboni. The former is given in full in an appendix, and is particularly important as show- ing— a fact suppressed elsew^here — that Catherine was at one time held in grave suspicion by the authorities of the Order.
There is one important consid- eration that prevents us from un- reservedly accepting Dr. Faw- tier's conclusions. The purpose of his work has made it necessary for him to abstain from treating Catherine's letters as historical documents. He proposes to deal with them in a subsequent volume, but it is clear that judgment upon various questions affecting the credibility of Raimondo and Caf- farini must depend upon the view taken of the historical value of the letters. Here w^e are not in agree- ment with the author's preliminary remarks. It is indisputable that only six originals have been pre- served, and that the rest have come to us in manuscript transcrip- tions, the larger collections hav- ing been made — and expurgated or, at least, shorn of many per- sonal details — by her associates with a view to her canonization. But we cannot accept Dr. Faw- tier's theorj^ that, in the case of letters to potentates and govern- ments, w^here the originals pre sumably could not be recovered, they were reconstructed by the compilers and are necessarily of doubtful authenticity. He regards it as out of the question that her
secretaries should have kept a register of copies. Yet if we re- member how, before her public ca- reer began, Tommasso della Fonte recorded day by day her actions, it seems incredible that at a later stage, when Catherine was sur- j'ounded by followers who prized her every word, copies of her epistles should not have been kept and treasured. Nor do we think it impossible that the Casanatense manuscript, diifering in arrange- ment and selection and presenting a fuller text, may represent such a series of direct copies as ^ve as- suredly have in the Florentine manuscript of the letters to Fran- cesco di Pippino. The fact that a I)olitical letter of the first import- ance, Catherine's farewell to the government of Florence after the tumult of the Ciompi, should have been found in an isolated codex and in none of the larger collec- tions, shows that such letters cir- culated without reference to the canonization process. Even if Rai- mondo and Caifarini be discredit- ed, it may yet be possible to con- struct from the letters the real Catherine — immeasurably more ''virile" (her own favorite epi- thet) and spiritually significant than the traditional figure of the legend.
Two letters addressed to Rai- mondo, referring to episodes not mentioned by him but recorded by Caffarini, Dr. Fawtier dis- misses as spurious. With respect to one, announcing the miraculous acquisition of the gift of writing, he has succeeded in proving that it is at least not wholly authentic. He fails to convince us about the other. If there is one episode in Catherine's traditional life which evcrvone knows, it is the story of
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THE FORTNIGHTLY KEVIEW
455
how she converted and strengthen- ed the young man doomed to death, stood by the scaffold and received his severed head in her hands. The episode does not find place in the "Leggenda maggiore"; it is told in full by Catherine herself; it is recorded by Caffarini — who claims to have been present — in the ''Leg- genda minore" and the "Supple- mentum." No name is mentioned in the letter; it is Caffarini who identifies the condemned man with Niccolo di Toldo. Now Dr. Faw- tier produces documents which show that this man was arrested at a time when Catherine was not at Siena, and that the Legate of Perugia intervened on his behalf in a way that makes it question- able whether he was executed. Fawtier leaps to the conclusion that Caffarini, having himself forged the letter, deliberately lied
in support of his own invention. To us it appears quite possible that Caffarini confused the name of the victim \vith that of another prisoner, or that Niccolo di Toldo may even have been beheaded after the rupture between Siena and the Church. No argument can safely be drawn from the silence of Kaimondo, who confesses his lack of memory. To us the internal evidence of the letter itself is con- clusive against the theory of a fabrication. It is incredible that a friar could have forged this unique mystical document of blood and fire, of which the ''terrible dol- cezza "is colored throughout by the sex of the writer.
It must not be thought that Dr. Fawtier is purely destructive. His minute researches have rectified many points in the life of Cath- erine, and at times even confirm tradition.
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THE t'OBTNIGHTLY REVIEW
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*'Maria Chapdelaine"
C)ddly enough, there are two English translations of Louis Hemon's French- Canadian novel, ''Maria Chapdelaine," which ap- peared in Paris in 1921 and has been sold since in editions com- prising nearly half a million cop- ies. Why two translations w^ere made is related thus in the Liter- ary Supplement of the Londoji Ti}72 cs :
Mr. W. H. Blake and Sir An <h-ew Macplmil together began to make a translation of the book, but, differing amicably as to method, they decided to dissolve the partnership and each to pro- duce his own version. Sir Andrew Macphail reproduces some of Suzor-Cote's drawings, rather- blurred impressions but still de- lightful. Apart from this attrac- tion, Mr. Blake's is the better book, obviously undertaken with the keenest pleasure and interest by a man who knows and loves the country and the people of French Canada. Nevertheless, the story of Maria Chapdelaine in English is frankly dull. Neither translator has quite enough literary charm to make it effective, and with the color of the words washed off, it is surprising how little remains. Mr. Blake says in his preface, "This English version strives rather to capture the spirit Louis Heraon has imprisoned on his page than invite its escape in a too-literal rendering " ; — but he might very well have departed farther from the original in many instances than he has done, with advantage to his owm book. Mr. Blake is hampered by his literary conscience, which keeps dragging him back to Hemon's sentences
just when he has determined to follow the spirit and not the let- ter.
Henion has been criticized for givhig a one-sided picture of the life in Northern Quebec; for dwel iing on the joylessness and toil of the pioneer's lot, rather than the freedom from certain other hard- ships of the city dweller, and for making him solemn and dull when he is essentially cheerful and light-hearted. This is the judgment of one who stands com- pletely outside the conditions de- l)icted and who from the point of view of the easier life of civiliza- tion bestows a pity which would not be accepted nor understood upon those Avho live by their hands. The pioneer is not a man who wants to be somewhere else. To him life is good as he lives it. Maria, conscious in her grief of the cruelty of the country, of iso- lation and rebellion, is the figure of youth anywhere, rebelling against grief itself.
Hemon is an artist and he keeps austerely to the task he has set himself, which is to give the his- tory of a year in the life of a hahifant family struggling against the forces of nature in the wilder- ness. He speaks of the unquench- able gaiety of the French race, and it is apparent in the opening scene where the people are coming out of church, and in the philosophic serenity that pervades the book. But the life is a life of solitude, and except for that first scene the stage is never again crowded. There are two children in the book, and perhaps the happiness and re- source of the little '^Cannuck," who is as jolly and ingenious in
1M22
THE FORTXIGHTLY REVIEW
finding fun for himself as any child in the world, are not ver}' apparent. It is not a comfortable book of course. You get the full depression of the life and little of the compensating exhilaration which as certainly exists. You are tormented by black flies and mos- quitoes, which surround Maria and Francois in a cloud even when they are exchanging their ^'ows. There are too many blueberi-ies, a dull fruit which produces a ''purple-stained mouth," but no accompanying rapture. But these faithful details do not obscure tho beauty of the picture, — the most complete and intimate study of Canadian life that has yet ap peared.
The Real Paul Revere Dr. 8. E. Morrison, who has recently taken up his work as pro- fessor of American history at Ox- ford, has written for the "Old South Leaflets," issued by the Old South Association, Boston, Mass., "Paul Revere 's Own Ac- count of His Midnight Ride — April 17-19, 1775," with a short sketch of his life.
The author begins by assuring us that Paul Revere was a real person, far more versatile and prominent than the reader of Longfellow's famous poem would imagine. For he was "patriot, l)olitician and soldier, goldsmith and silversmith, artist and engrav- er, mechanic and inventor, bell founder, industrial pioneer, and contributor to the efficiency of the American navy and merchant marine." Resources being few. Revere, it is explained, was accus- tomed himself to ride on horseback to deliver his finished work to his customers; and so, when the Bos-
ton patriots needed an expert rider to act as messenger, this man was chosen. He carried im- portant news to Xew York and Philadelphia, making the latter jouniey from Boston in six days ; so it is easily seen why he was chosen for the sensational "mid- night ride." The account of the ride, based upon letters and docu- ments written by Paul Revere him- self, is quite as interesting read- ing as, and more authentic than, that found in Longfellow's poem.
The King's Throne
Bv L. M. LoERKE
But One may occupy the throne Within the palace of thy heart.
If thou the true King willst not own. Behold thy kingdom falls apart!
An Important and Scholarly Work
The Hymns
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her care — influence of a superb womanhood — than was so impressed with the worth of SPIRITUAL r, that he sent his daughter to the College where happy in the assurance that the one he loves will for a mixed marriage and thence the Divorce
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Deceinher 1
A Pre-Columbian ''League of Nations"
By the Rev. Albert Muntsch. S. J., St. Louis University
"Nothing under the sun is new," said the Preacher, and he spoke truly. Even the League of Nations has been anticipated in ancient times. Who would have be- lieved that the Iroquois, ''most warlike of men," should have drafted the plan of such an insti-
been proposed by Allied states- men, and that they deserve all the glory of such an invention. The glory should go to a ''savage" people which has received practi- cally no recognition for this ex- alted notion.
"The proposal," continues Dr.
tution, in what Dr. J. N. B. Hewitt ^Hewitt, "to include all the tribes
of the Bureau of American F^thnology calls "the stone age of America"?
In the Annual Report of the Smithsonian Listitution for 1918 (pp. 527—545) Dr. Hewitt writes interestingly of this attempt on the part of the five tribes — the Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayu- ga and Seneca. Dr. Hewitt is the formost authority in the country on these Iroquoian tribes.
"Of more than passing inter- est," he says, "is the fact that in the sixteenth century, on the North American Continent, there was formed a permanent league of five tribes of Indians for the purpose of stopping for all time the shed- ding of human blood bv violence
of men in such a league of comity and peace is the more remarkable in view of the fact that that was an age of fierce tribalism, whose creed was that no person had any rights of life or property outside of the tribe to whose jurisdiction he or she belonged, and that every ])erson who went beyond the limits of his or her tribe's protection was an outlaw, and common game for the few who still indulged in the horrid appetite of cannibalism." Our surprise will not be lessened when we learn that the five Iro- quois tribes, who once dwelt in the central and eastern regions of what is to-day the State of New York, not only established a league, based on peace, righteous-
and of establishing lasting peace ness, justice and authority, but
among all known men by means of a constitutional form of gov- ernment based on peace, justice, righteousness, and power, or auth- ority. Its founders did not limit the scope of this confederation to the five Iroquoian tribes mention- ed above, but they proposed for
also possessed knowledge of three very modem political institutions. For the women of marriageable age and the "clan mothers" held councils, at which they had the right to formulate some proposi- tion for discussion by the tribe. This, says Dr. Hewitt, is "in em-
themselves and their posterity bryo at least, the modern so-called
the greater task of bringing under this form of gov- ernment all the known tribes of men, not as subject peoples but as confederates."
To-day many seem to believe that a League of Nations has first
right of initiative."
Again, it w^as the practice to "submit to the suffrages of all the people, including infants (the mothers casting their votes), any question which might be occupy- ing the attention of the council."
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THE FOBTNIQHTLY REVIEW
461
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
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This borders somewhat on the modern so-called right of referen- dum. Finally, if a chief would not conform to the expressed wish of his people, "he is at once de- posed." . . . "This is, in brief, the recall of modern times."
The origins of the League of Peace among the five associated tribes have been interwoven in a medley of history, tribal myth and folklore. Four leading "actors in the events leading up to the in- stitution of the league" are men- tioned : Deganawida, Hiawatha, Djigonsasen and Atotarho. Dr. Hewitt gives a brief sketch of these four "league-makers."
The efforts of the five associated tribes deserve the honors of "first steps towards a league of na- tions," because it was the inten- tion to extend the advantages of such a union to all people. "The dominant motive for the establish- ment of the League of the Five Iroquois Tribes was the impelling necessity to stop the shedding of human Ijlood by violence through the making and ratifying of a uni- versal peace by all the known tribes of men, to safeguard human life and health and welfare. More- over, it was intended to be a type or model of government for all tribes alien to the Iroquois. To meet this pressing need for a dur- able universal peace these reform- ers proposed and advocated a con- stitutional form of government as the most effective in the attain- ment of so desirable an end."
A scheme so vast and beneficial proves that the "mental grasp and outlook of these prophet statesmen and stateswomen of the Iroquois looked out beyond the limits of tribal boundaries to a
vast sisterhood and brotherhood of all the tribes of men, dwelling in harmony and happiness. This indeed was a notable vision for the Stone Age of America."
But how were the high demands enforced? "Some of the practical measures that w^ere put in force were the checking of murder and bloodshed in the ferocious blood- feud by the legal tender of the prescribed price of the life of a man or a woman — the tender by the homicide and his clan for ac- cidentally killing such a person Avas 20 strings of wampum, 10 for the dead man and 10 for the for- feited life of the homicide; but if the dead person were a woman, the legal tender was 30 strings of wampum, because the value of a woman's life to the community was regarded as double that of a man. And cannibalism, or the eat- ing of human flesh, was legally lirohibited. ' '
The science of ethnology has given us a deeper insight into the mind of the lower races. We have not yet fully realized what we owe to the culture of our American aborigines. Not all that they brought forth was evil. Certain features in their social, political, and aesthetic life might easily be made to enrich our own institu- tions. At least we are taught a wholesome lesson in humility when wo compare this aboriginal at- tempt to form a universal brother- hood with our own abortive scheme of a "League of Nations."
We need not be afraid that we shall go too far in serving- others. There is no likelihood that any of us will become too bountiful, too kind, too
lielpful to his neighbor.
192ie
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
463
A Catholic Lecture Guild "The Lecture Guild" presents its programme for 1923. The Guild furnishes speakers for "Catholic schools and colleges, social and religious societies, banquets, con- ventions, commencements, etc." Its list of speakers comprises, among others, the following: Rev. Dr. Charles Bruehl, of Overbrook Seminarv; Tom. A. Dalv; Father Michael Earls, S. J. ; the Rev. Dr. Peter Guilday, Ph.D.; Fr. C. M. de Heredia, S. J. (with his unique exposure of Spiritism) ; Mr. F. J. Kinsman, formerly a bishop of the Episcopalian Church; Mr. Denis A. McCarthy, well kno^^^l to our readers bv his occasional con- tributions to the F. R.; Prof. A. F. J. Remy, of Columbia Univer- sity; the Rev. John A. Ryan, D.D., of the Catholic University of Am- erica, easily our foremost Catholic sociologist; Father John Talbot Smith, whose novels are enjoying a well-merited revival ; Msgr. John Slattery, D.D., whose book on Dante, published last year, has given him a wide circle of admir- ers; Sir Bertram Windle, one of our best known Catholic scientists, whose books deserve a far larger circulation than they have yet re- ceived in this country' ; also a few ladies, foremost among them Miss Katherine Bregy, whom Paul Elmer Moore classes among our finest hterary critics. Miss Blanche Mary Kelly, editor of the Signet, the national organ of the Sacred Heart Alumnae, and Mrs. Aline Kilmer, the widow of Joyce Kil- mer, and herself a distinguished poetess.
The Lecture Guild has its head- quarters at 7 East 42nd Street, New^ York City. It is now in its fourth vear and constantly grow-
ing under the executive manage- ment of our former fellow-St. Louisan, Miss Blanche Mary Dil- lon, advised by a board to which belong Fr. Tierney, S. J., editor of America, Fr. Schwertner, O.P., editor of the Rosary Magazine, and others. We recommend the Guild to our readers and trust they will make use of its services when thev have need of a lecturer.
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TO MEET the demand for a compact and handy col- lection of certain plain- chant tunes which are found scattered through the various Hturgical books a number of publications are already on the market. None of these, how- ever, is more attractive than Father Rust's compilation. Handsomely i)rinted in black and red, the rubrics being m English, it c xatains within about 140 pages all that could be de- sired in such a manual.
The selections are judiciously chosen and show good taste, the various settings of the five ap- proved litanies being particu- larly commen lable.
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464
THE FORTNIGHTLY KE\ lEW
December 1
Correspondence
Need of a Catholic Press
To the Editor: —
"What ails the Protestant Clnirches" ? (F. R. No. 22, p. 428). It seems that the Methodist Conference which recent- ly took place in Nebraska, was not all one heart and soul. The tragedy which occurred at the Tower of Babel was repeated. At the present moment the Baptists in Texas are passing through a crisis caused by the teaching of Darwinism in their Sunday schools. Who will restore peace amid such con- fusion? God is good; He loves all His children, and in a mild way tries to l)ring them all into His sheepfold. When confusion among the misguided brethren is at its zenith, the wiser ones will begin to say: "\\'here can truth be found? Where is unity of minds and hearts still existing?" Then they will see (lod's Church planted on the hill.
As Catholics we should consider it our duty to enlighten our erring brethren who are seeking the truth. We can do this most effectively through the Catholic press. The burning (pies- rion to-day is the propagation of the Catholic press.
(Rev.) Ravmoxu X'krmmoxt ncntou, Texas
A Correction
To the Jutitor: —
In }()ur November 15th issue. Martin H. Carmody. Deputy Supreme Knight of the Knights of Columbus, says that the statement that Deputy Supreme Knight Carmody "entirely ignored Coyle. Dunn and O'Brien and others is absolutely false.'' He says further, "as to Brothers Coyle, Dunn and ( )'l)rien being ignored in the discussion of the resolution, the facts are that Covle was recognized". 1 regret to say that Mr. Carmody's recollection or statement is entirely wrong in so far as it refers to Dr. Coyle. After the resolution was presented by the Com- mittee headed by Judge ^loynihan. !)c]iiity Su]M-enic Knight Carmody did
not rc^cogn.ize Dr. Coyle to take part in the discussion, although he arose seven separate times.
Mr. Carmody did recognize, and per- mit to speak, a gentleman who was, so far as I know, not a member of the Convention, namely, Past State Deputy M. J. McEnery of Pennsylvania.
(Dr.) JoHx G. Coyle
State Deputy .V. r. ciiv
Doctor Scharf and His Activities
To the T.ditor: —
Without any desire to prolong the discussion of this nuisance (see F. R.. No. 21. \). 413). it may be well to know for our future guidance :
Dr. Scharf and his kind do not work in the interest of any one party, for he just as often projX)sed to deliver the Catholic vote to the Democratic party as he did to the Republican party, working mostly with Congressmen in Washington, although he would en- deavor to deliver the votes by sending letters from Washington with the nec- essary propaganda to Catholic papers, and at times appearing and making lectures l)efore Knights of Columbus and other Catholic gatherings.
While it is not very complimentars to the intelligence of Catholics, in the 1916 campaign, for instance, the Re- publicans were busy with exaggerated stories of the outrages in Mexico and tlie fact of no Catholic being put in the President's cabinet, and especially charging the administration for not suppressing the Mcnaec and similar publications, addresses of this charac- ter were given everywhere, even in my own K. of C. Council, right before tht- election. The Democrats were equally Inisy and would relate in glowing terms the great prominence that Wilson gave to so many Catholics in the Wash- ington government, of the fight he had on his hands to retain Tumulty as his private secretary, and the very great number of post offices and other offices that were filled with Catholics and Knights of Columbus.
One party is just as bad as the other in respect to jjlaving upon our |)reju-
1922 THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
NOW COMPLETE
A Commentary on the New Code of Canon Law
by
The Rev. Chas. Augustine, O. S. B , D. D., Professor of Canon Law
Vol. I. Introduction and General Rules. (Canon 1—86.) 8vo. 8-r282 pages.
Cloth, net $2.00. Vol. II. Clergy and Hierarchy. (Canon 87—486.) 8vo. 9f 592 pages. Cloth,
net, $2.50. Vol. III. Ecclesiastical Persons, Religious and Laymen. (Canon 487—725.)
8vo. 15+469 pages. Cloth, net $2.50. Vol. IV. On the Sacraments (Except Matrimony) and Sacramentals. (Canon
726—1011, 1114—1153.) 8vo. 10+572 pages. Cloth, net $2.50. Vol. V. Book III: Administrative Law, Marriage Law. (Canon 1012—1143.)
Matrimonial Trials. (Canon 1960—1992.) 8vo. 10+444 pages. Cloth,
net $2.50. Vol. VI. Administrative Law. (Canon 1154—1551.) 8vo. 14+617 pages. Cloth,
net $3.00. Vol.' VIL Ecclesiastical Procedure. (Book IV.) (Canon 1552—2194.) 8vo.
9+487 pages. Cloth, net $2.50. Vol. VIII. Book V: Penal Code (Canon 2195—2414) with complete index. 8vo.
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APPRECIATIONS
W'c like the work more as we make use of it more. It gives conlideiice to one's judgments and interpretations of the text of the code, and reminds one of the things which might be overlooked, and is a general help all around. It is a book v.'e turn to always when in need. — Bombay Examiner.
We heartilv recommend Father Augustine's treatise. An excellent Intro- duction of sonic sixty pages is prefixed to the Commentary, and admirable liistorical notes are found in the volumes. The printing and binding of the vol- umes arc excellent. — Catholic Book Notes, London.
Father Augustine has undertaken to comment on the Code in the manner pt a professor of Canon Law, who not only wishes to make his students understand its meaning, but who is anxious to influence their action in its observance. He therefore takes the matter part by part, and after giving the Latin text, explains it in English, hv reference to the recognized authorities on ecclesiastical aw. and to the official or semi-official declarations of later date. The author displays a wide reading in all pertinent fields that border upon his topic as well as m the immediate province with which he deals. He shirks no labor to confirm his conclusions by reference to erudite sources. And for the pupil in the class, the style is probablv the one to be preferred to the strictly didactic method of the ordinary text book of Canon Law. Much of the volume is, of course, simply translation of the text of the canons ; and herein the author serves no doubt a large class of readers. The typography and general make-up of the volumes are excellent. — Ecclesiastical Rcvie'-ui\
B. HERDER BOOK CO., 17 S. Broadway, St. Louis, Mo.
466
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
December
dices, and it is my reliable information that non-Catholics and other groups of our citizenry are played upon in the same way, and for the rank and file of our citizens, who always vote in protest rather than for a man or thing, propaganda of this kind is the most effective means of getting votes.
This nefarious and continuous plan of always keeping the kettle boiling, telling what the other fellow is doing or going to do to you, especially in municipal politics, led me to conclude some years ago that politics in cities is the principal cause of religious preju- dice.
P. H. Callah.\n
Louis:ilIc, Kv.
Notes and Gleanings
The "Fraternal Order of Beavers" according to the Christian Cynosure, of Chicago (Vol. LV, No. 6), has pre- pared a ritual and regulations for a side degree, to be known as the "Supernal Order of the Rapids" — which suggests
"shooting."
■•■■•■-•■■•■
The Berlin correspondent of the Lon- don Daily Nezvs announces that a motion picture showing the basic prin- ciples of the Einstein theory of relativ- ity will soon be released in Frankfort- on-j\Iain. Whirling models and beams of light form part of the modus operandi by which the picture is made. The plan of illustrating cosmic theories by means of the motion picture camera is a new one, and undoubtedly pos- sesses many possibilities. Why could not pictures be used in the schools to present the relative movements of the sun and the planets?
••-••-••■••-
]\Ir. M. W. Kreigh, of Washington, r.n official of the American Mining Cf)ngress, has published figures to the effect that the annual cost of collecting the federal taxes is very nearly ten per cent of the total amount collected. "This." says the Freeman (Vol. VI, No. 137), "is an outrage and a dis- ijrace. Anv tax that costs ten per cent
of its sum i(> get itself collected is not a tax; it is blackmail. If the American people tolerate that kind of administra- tion, they deserve what they get. The old German bureaucracy was pretty in- flexible, but it had three merits which ours has not : it was honest, intelligent, and efficient ; and these three virtues look mighty large to the contemplative American to-day."
There is a story current in Wash- ington, the mere circulation of which faithfully reveals the attitude of the intelligent Republicans at the Capitol toward their own party with respect to Democratic rivalry. The acute, rather cynical. Senator Moses, of New Hamp- shire, is said to have gone to Senator Borah, urging him to take the stump for the Republicans in the Maine election. "Well, George," the straight- thinking Borah is said to have asked, "what shall I talk about in praise of our party?" "Oh, the devil, Bill!" replied Moses. "Don't you know there is but one issue in this campaign, and that is that the Democrats are worse
than we are?"
«•-•■-•■••-
The only way to combat radicalism effectively is to give the square deal to all Americans and primarily to those whom we so patronizingly call the "un- assimilated." "It is because some Americans know that the multitudes arc exploited through tariffs and end- less other forms of special privilege and legalized robbery," says the Nation (No. 2989), "that there is a tide of revolt rising in America — though not along the lines our self-constituted saviors of society dread. Let all 'Sentinels of the Republic' take notice: It is not the foreigner who comes over here to make trouble who is to be feared. The dangerous enemies of the Republic are home born and home bred. They are to be found in every chamber of commerce and in many a bank and trust company — and finger- printing would reach them not at all." The only thing that can save us as a nation is social justice.
^^■^■■^ THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
467
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468
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
December ]
To those interested in the Coue meth- od, the formula for which is, "Day by day in every way I'm growing better," the following verses from a recent issue of the X. Y. World may be wel- come :
1 have eighty separate ailments by the newest
diagnosis. Ranging all the way from fever to arterio-sclerosis; There are pains around my kidneys more severe
than tongue can utter; My digestion simply isn't and my heart has quite
a flutter; 'I'here is something bent or missing in the strongest
of my vitals, .\nd the fniest organ in me's off the key in its
recitals: ^\t my mind is all unconquired and acknowledges
no fetter, For in sjiite of all my aches and pains, I know I'm
getting better, (^h: I'm really getting better, better, better, better,
better. Yis, I'm really getting better, better, better, better.
Germany may be on the verge of financial ruin, but her intellectual life continues as vigorous as heretofore. Aloreover much of this has its inspira- tion in Catholicism. From the pages of a monthly publication entitled Volks- kunst, the like of which English-speak- ing Catholics know not. there have been gathered in booklet form hints for evening entertainments in the family circle. Thus the cultural life of this stricken nation takes new form. Ger- many lost her "place in the sun", but fortunately she is finding a place in the homes of her people. Perhaps when American imperialistic strivings shall have ceased, we too may look for "Fa- milienabende," which today have rather become "Strassenabende.'" "Familien- abende," a publication of the Volksver- eins-Verlag. ]\I.Gladbach, is but one of a number of similar publications de- signed to elevate the cultural life of the people. German Catholic families in this country would do well to make use of these splendid publications. English- speaking Catholics must continue to hope that some day they. too. may ar- rive at the point where such publica- tions will be forthcoming from a press of their own.
-•■■•■-•-•••
Men are carrying in a frail vessel an inestimable treasure — grace — and yet they steer their barques against the rock- of every temptation.
BOOK REVIEWS
"Dominus Vobiscum"
Under this title Matre & Co. (Chicago) 1 ave just published for the Rt. Rev. Msgr. Francis C. Kelley, President of the Catholic Extension Society, "a Book of Familiar Epistles Addressed to a Young Man who is about to be Admitted to the Ranks of tlie Priesthood by one Father William, a Ven- erable and Experienced Pastor, whose own Desires are directed to the End that the Said Good Youth may Show the Fruit of his Counsels in a Happy and Useful Life for God, His Service." The book is in Msgr. Kelley's happiest vein and bristles with epigrams. We like particularly the repeated insistence on habits of study for the young priest. "He is no finished product when he leaves the seminary. In fact, he rarely knows how crude an article he is. Very few semi- nary graduates are an immediate credit to their traiiiing; and too many fa.st lapse into intellectral inertia." In theology, he gives 1ms readers this bit of good -xdvice: "Use your seminary books until you have need for something bigger, and then juinp right into St. Thomas." Some of the chapters of this book are veritable gems, c. g., "Following Christ." "Fitting In," "The Charity of Justice," "The Priest-Gentleman." The book is beautifully gotten up by the publishers, and wc can imagine no more appropriate present for a seminarist or a young priest than "Dominus Vobiscum." It is a real pleasure to recommend it. — C. D. U.
Three Novels for the Holidays
Blase Benzi^er & Co., Inc., have repub- lished Dr. John Talbot Smith's "Saranac," a novel that still reads well and will probably live long because it is a genial, humorous, sympathetic transcript of life on the Cana- dian border. — In "Mary's Rainbow" (Matre & Co.) the clever writer known as "Clemen- tia" narrates the events leading from the period in which her "Mostly Mary" was written, to the time of "Uncle Frank's Mary", thus satisfying her readers' demand f(-ir more about "Berta and Beth," those lovable mischievous "twinnies" who furnish mucli of the amusement in the "Mary Sel- wyn Books." It is a splendid tale for Cath- olic children, especially girls. — "No Handi- cap." by Clarion .A.mes Taggart. is a novel of "life in a typical American town." in- vested with an originality that is pleasing and supported by an admixture of Catholic
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
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470
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
December 1
lirinciple that is unobtrusive yet impressing. The autlior sets at peace the hearts of two young men, friends from boyhood and mu- tually devoted, who are unfortunately in love with the same charming girl. The story is lull of vitality and may be read a second time witli pleasure and satisfaction. (P.en- ziger Bros.)
' ' Spiritual Pastels ' '
It is gratifying to be assured that the ■"heart talks and meditations" gathered to- gether under the title, "Spiritual Pastels, by J. S. E.," first published in 1918, has gone into a fifth edition. It is a book of real ci.arm and genuine piety, similar to a pastel, which has been likened for delicacy of beauty to the "colored dust upon the velvet of but- terflies' wings." In view of the fact that tlie author is a nun, the dedication takes on particular significance : "In memory of my Beloved Father, whose Example of Solid Christian Virtue has ever been to me a Powerful Inspiration." The daughter's heart- to-heart talks will prove an inspiration, let us hope, to many a Catholic father, — not to speak of religious, Cliristian mothers, and Children of ^lary. The book is l)cautifully printed and handsomely illustrated. (Xew York : The Dcvin-.\dair Co.")
' ' Augustinian Sermons ' '
Under this title Blase Benziger & Co.. Inc., have put out the first of a series of sermons on the principal truths of religion and on the Ten Commandments, by the Rev. J. A. Whelan, O. S. A. There is no explana- tion of the title. AVe presuine it was chosen because the author is an Augustinian and naturally loves to quote St. Augustine. Ac- cording to the foreword these sermons were originally intended for the use of mis- sionaries. Most of them are too long for the ordinary preacher, but it is easy to pick out the salient noints l)y means of a synopsis printed at the bead of each sermon. Other voluines are to follow if this one !.= received with favor, as we think it will be.
A Book for Pulpit Use
Joseph F. Wagner, Inc., has published a new edition of "The Gospels of the Sundays and Feasts." prepared by Frs. Charles J. Callan. O.P., and J. A. ^IcHugh, O.P. It has two outstanding features, first, the indi- cation of the pronunciation of difficult Scripture proper names, and, second, the outline of two sermons, one on a dogmatic, the otiier on a moral subject, ba-ed on tbc
text of each Scripture portion. The matter of these outlines is so distributed that all dogmatic subjects of prime importance are treated within the space of one year, and all moral subjects, likewise, within the limits of a year. Thus, by means of this v.-ork, both clergy and laity, while keeping in close touch with the Epistles and Gospels, will be taken every two years over the whole field of practical Christian doctrine. The plan of these outlines is identical with that of the "Parochial Course of Doctrinal Instructions" lately published by the same firm and cor- dially recommended in the F. R. The pres- ent volume is bound in flexible morocco with red edges and has a ribbon marker. The print is large and can be easily read, even in a dark church. We know of no better book for pulpit use. — S. "The Wonderful Crucifix of Limpias"
The Rev. Baron von Kleist's lx)ok, "Auf- fallende Ereignisse an dem Christusbilde von Limpias" has been translated into En- glish by E. F. Reeve under the title "The Wonderful Crucifix of Limpias. Remarkable Manifestations" (Benziger Bros.). We have nothing to add to our previously expressed opinion of this book and the manifestations which it describes. The canonical court of in- quiry bas not yet pronounced judgment, and until it does we shall cling to our repeatedly expressed view that there is nothing in these "sensational occurrences" which would require the assumption of a supernatural influence. Tiie apologetic value of such books as this U very doubtful (see F. R.. XXIX, No. 8, PP- 137 >Qf]-, and No. 15, pp. 278 sq.) A Complete Moral Theology in One Volume
Herder & Co., of Freiburg, Germany, have begun the publication of a series of "Theo- logischc Grundrisse." in which the entire domain of theology is to be treated in small volumes, very concisely, for the use of stu- dents. The first volume in this new series is "Moraltheologie," by the Rev. Dr. O. Schilling of the University of Tubingen. On 555 closely printed i6mo pages it gives a complete survey of moral theology. This tour dc force became possible only by rig- orously excluding all dogmatic, canonical, etc., questions and treating moral theology as briefly as clarity and completeness would permit. The autlior follows the method and disposition of Linsenmann and Koch and agrees with their teaching in nearly every important point. His book might be called a German Arregui, though it is less skeleton- like in form than the "Summarium" of that able Spanish moralist. (B. Herder Book Co.)
1922.
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
471
Give a Book for Christmas
NEW BOOKS:
THE EPISTLES OF ST. PAUL
With Introductions and Commentary for Priests and Students By the REV. CHARLES J. CALLAN. O.P.
Jr'rofessor of Sacred Scripture in the Catholic Foreign Mission Seminary, Mari-knoll, N. Y.
Vol. I (Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Galatians)
LIV -f 670 pages, 8vo. With Map, cloth, net, $6.00
FACULTIES OF PASTORS AND CONFESSORS
For Absolution and Dispensation
According to the Code of Canon Law
By the REV. J. SIMON, O.S.M.
Cloth, net, $1.50
VVith a summary of the New Formula of Special Faculties recently granted to American
Bishops by the S. Consistorial Congregation.
THE GOSPELS AND EPISTLES OF THE SUNDAYS AND FEASTS
WITH OUTLINES FOR SERMONS
Prepared and Arranged by REV. C. J. CALLAN, O.P., and J. A. McHugh, O.P.
Flexible Imitation Morocco, Red Edges, with ribbon marker, net, $3.00
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472
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
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Fr. Augustine's Commentary on the New Code V^oluine VIH, comprising canons -'195— J414, has just appeared of Father Aiigat- sttne's, O. S. P>., "Commentary on the New- Code of Canon Law," — a truly mcnumental work, botli on account of its scope and be- cause of the rapidity with which it has been written and printed. It is to-day, so far as we know, the most comprehensive work of its kind in any language. After what has Iteen said in tlie F. R. about the previous volumes, there is no need of praising this one, wliich deals with the sections on crimes and penalties and contains a general index to the whole work. No priest can afford to be without this Commentary, and we know of at least one pastor who would not do with- out it if he had to pay $100 instead of twenty dollars for the set. We may add that several of the earlier volumes have already appeared in a third edition. The work is being kept constantly up to date by tlic addition, in each new printing, of references to new de- cisions of the Pontifical Commission for tlie Authentic Interpretation of the Code. (P.. [ferdcr T'.ook Co.)
Literary Briefs
—Father Maurus Witzel, O.F.^L (Fulda, Frauenberg, Germany), is publisliing a series of "Keilinschriftliche Studien," which is meeting with great praise by As.syriologists, Sumeriologists, and student,-^ of the history 'if religions.
— "His^ Holiness Pope Pius XI : A Pen Portrait," by Cardinal Gasquet. is announced by Messrs. Daniel O'Connor (London) in a litnited edition, with a chapter entitled "The Pope as Alpine Climber," translated from an article by himself. The text is accom- panied by a portrait and twenty-eight other illustrations.
—Professor Albert Einstein's new book, "The Meaning of Relativity," translated by Professor E. P. .\dams. of Princeton, has just been published by Methuen (London). The same publisliers have issued Dr. H. Levy's translation of "The Mathematical Theory of Relativity." by Dr. August Kopff, Professor of Astronomy in the University of Heidelberg, explaining the physical as well as the mathematical foundations of the the- oryand leading to the latest works on the subject.
— Professor W. M. Lindsay proposes to issue a journal of Latin palTography. partic- ularly of Latin bookscript, until tlie middle of the eleventh century. The journal will be cosmopolitan in its contributions. Articles in French, Italian, German, will be as welcome as those in Englisli. The editor hopes that f'alacpgraphia Latvia will appear eacli year.
Part I has just been issued by Alilford (Lon- don) for the St. Andrew's University.
— Mr. Shane Leslie has persuaded the editor of the Quarterly Revieiv (No. 473; London. John Murray) to insert an article on James Joyce's much-discussed "Ulysses." Mr. Leslie treats that amazing and uncon- scionable story with judgment and humor. He finds most of the book "tediously obscure and irrelevantly trivial" ; with literature "in patches ; but who can wade through the spate in order to pick out what little is at the same time intelligible and not unquot- able?"
— Msgr. 1). I. Lanslots' popular "Handbook of Canon Law for Congregations of Women under Simple Vows" has been revised and enlarged and brought into conformity with the Code. The tenth edition, just published, contains the new "Normae," together with the latest decrees of the S. Congr. of Relig- ious regarding congregations of women with simple vows. The book is as useful as ever and a copy of it should be in the hands of every Sister. (Fr. Pustet & Co., Inc.)
— -Dr. Guilday has had the regulations for students who wish to take up graduate studies in American Chnrcii history privately printed as "American Church History Seminar Pub- lications No. 4." This informational brochure shows that excellent work continues to be done in this important department of the Catholic LTiiiversity of America. Earnest young men, ecclesiastics and laymen, who are interested in this field of labor, should write for a copy of Bulletin No. 4 to the Rev. Peter Guilday, Ph.D., Catholic University of Amer- ica. Washington. D. C.
New Books Received
.l/(/r_v',s- Raiiibozv. Wy "Clementia." Author of "Mostly ]\Iary," etc. 157 pp. i_'mo. Chi- cago, 111.: Matre & Co. $1.
The Story of Bxteiision. By the Rt. Rev. Francis C. Kelley, D. D., LL. D. Proto- notary Apostolic, etc. x & 302 pp. <Svo. Chicago: Extension Press, 180 N. Wabash Avenue.
Xn Ilandieaf. A Novel by Marion Ames Taggart. 348 pp. 8vo. Benziger Bros. $2 net.
li'ighteeiith Jnmial Report of the Parish Schools of the Diocese of Pittsburgh, 1921-1923. 102 pp. 8vo. Pittsburgh, Pa. : The Observer Press.
Do mill us J'obiscinii. A Book of Letters by the Rt. Rev. Francis C. Kelly, D.D., LL.D. 274 pp. 12mo. Chicago : Matre & Co. $1.50 postpaid.
l\'rporf of tlie I'roeeediiigs and .Iddresses of the Xincteeiith Annual Meeting of the Catholic P.ducational Association, Phila- delphia, Pa., June 26 — 29, 1922. 564 pp. 8vo. Columbus, O. : Office of the Secre- tary General, \()S\ E. Main Str.
The Fortnightly Review
VOL. XXIX, NO. 24
ST. LOUIS, iMISSOURI
December 15. 1922
CHRISTMAS AT THE CRIB
(A Group of Quatrains by the Rev. Charles J. Quirk, S.J. College St. Jean Berchmans, I^ouvain, Belgium)
THE PRISONER
Prisoned within frail flesh as you and I,
Leaving His peace and beauty far above, Wishing to labor, suffer, and to die —
This, this is God and this is Love!
TREASURE-TROVE
All, all is found within this shed:
Faith, Hope, Love, Sacrifice; Salvation and the veiled Godhead,
And Peace and Paradise!
HIS LESSON
E'en at His birth He taught that pain
And sorrow and the deep dread loss Which, after life is Life's great gain,
Gives all the victory to the cross.
THE CHRISTMAS GIFT
Christmas brings gifts and joy and mirth,
Yet, what wilt thou, 0 my heart, give To God! Who brings to-day to earth
Himself as gift that thou shouldst live ! "
THE MYSTERY Only God's love could understand, Wliy leaving all for our sad land, He should by Love be slain for Love And thus lead Love, the prodigal, back to Love's Home above!
474
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
December 15
Is Our Growth Satisfactory ?
By Sacerdos Detroitensis
According to the latest census our Catholic population is slight- ly less than eighteen millions. Just fifty years ago we claimed to be nine. Evidently the growth is by no means what w^e might have ex- pected. Under normal conditions natural increase alone should double the population in consider- ably less than fifty years. Not many of us would be surprised to hear that the surviving posterity of Catholics who immigrated dur- ing that time along with the im- migrants who themselves still sur- vive might easily total nine mil- lions. How account for the deficit?
Let us take another view of the case. Fifty years ago we were al- most one-fourth the entire popu- lation— ^nine million out of thirty- eight. To-day we are little more than one-sixth. Wliy have we not held our own! Why have our nine millions increased only to eighteen, whilst a non-Catholic twenty-nine million has risen to eia'hty- seven or eighty-eight! Why have thev trebled when we have only doubl- ed!
There are three sources of in- crease in por)ulation — ^natural in- crease, immigration, and conver- sion, or -perversion, as the case mav be. How have we fared mth each of these!
(l)We have always claimed an encouraging list of converts and been very sanguine of possibilities for the future. On the other hand every one recogTiizes a leakage from different causes. Just how losses and gains in this respect compare no one is very clear. (2) Can the department of sta-
tistics at Washington tell us ex- actly how many Catholic and how- many non-Catholic immigrants we have admitted since 1872! If so, let us examine their figures. Pending the receipt of such in- formation should we not make a safe guess in supposing that the proportion of Catholic immigrants during those fifty years kept pace with the strength of Catholicity at the beginning of tlie period! That is to say, have not one-fourth of the immigrants been Catholic*^' When we remember the unceasing large influx from Catholic coun- tries in Europe — Ireland, South Germany, Austria, Hungary, Po- land, Bohemia and the Slav dis- tricts generally, Italy and Portu- gal, not to speak of our indebted-- ness to French-Canada and to Sy- ria, we should be disposed to as- sume that more than one-fourth must have been Catholic.
(3) By every law and creed we are obliged to maintain that under similar conditions, climatic, social, occupational, etc., the natural in- crease among a Catholic popula- tion w^ould be much in excess of what is likely to obtain in non- Catholic districts. Else what be- comes of our assurance that mo- rality founded on the true Faith presents a barner against inroads of race suicide, disease and phys- ical degeneracy from sin, etc.! It would seem, therefore, that from both natural increase and immi- gration the advantage has been entirely in our favor and still re- sults are not in accordance. Why have not these nine millions, of which we boasted half a century
1922
THE FOETNIGHTLY EEVIEW
475
ago. increased to twenty-five mil- lions to-day? T\^iy have not the millions of Catholic immigrants within that time given ns at least an additional fifteen millions? That is to say, to-day, why are we not forty millions instead of eighteen? One or both of two things have happened. We have failed to increase, or we have been subjected to an alarming leakage, or we have been losing ground in both ways. We know there has been a leakage, but have we any accurate evidence that would ac- count for a loss of more than a million or two? True, there are found ever^'where genuine Catholic names which no longer belong to us. It is a circumstance we are ac- customed to associate with the South and scattered districts of the newer West; but from the very beginning but a very small proportion of Catholic immigrants found their way to those parts.
The more we examine the whole question, the more does it seem that we are as few as we are to- day chiefly because we failed to increase. The only question re- maining, therefore, is why did we fail to increase?
It is difficult to estimate the rate of natural increase among our more recent immigrants, whoso length of stay here has been so varied and among whom there has always been so large a pro- portion not to be reckoned among the stable elements of our popula- tion. Catholics of Irish origin, therefore, constitute the most sat- isfactory subject for examination in this particular. We are assured that four and one-half million Catholics have migrated from Ire- land to the United States since
1776. Calculating Cathohcs of Irish origin who came here from Canada and the West Indies, along with those already residing here before the Revolution, we can safely fix upon five millions as representing our original indebt- edness to the Emerald Isle. How many of Irish origin have we to- day ?
Other nationalities can put for- ward a reasonable claim upon the following number respectively :
millions Germans (from Germany
and Austria) 3
Poles 3
Italians 3
Hungarians, Ruthenians, Bo- hemians, Croatians and
other Slav races iy2
French (from France and
Canada) 1
Europeans from other coun- tries, England, Scotland, Holland, Belgium, Switzer- land, Spain, along with Asiatics, South Americans, Mexicans, Cubans, Indians,
and Negroes IMi
A total of thirteen milHons, leaving only five million Catholics of Irish origin in the United States to-day, or in other words, no increase at all in a population that has been coming in regularly for over a century and a half. The possibility of such is appalling. The above figures are in round immbers and, of course, make no claim to accuracy. Nevertheless it is doubtful if eveiy nationality so listed would not claim a higher representation than that given. (To be concluded) ^♦^j_»_»
The wise are silent when fools ven- tilate their notions.
476
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
December 15
Canonical Parishes in the U. S.— An Important Decision
All official communication from Archbishop Hanna, of San Fran- cisco, published in the Monitor of that city (edition of Nov. 25th), embodies an important decision of the Commission for the Authentic Interpretation of the Code. It is to the effect (1) that it is not necessary for the erection of a parish which has not the character of a canonical benefice, that the Ordinary should issue a formal decree declaring explicitly that he erects a certain district into a parish, and (2) that it is sufficient, quoad hoc, i. e., for the erection of a parish, that the Ordinary define the territorial limits and assign a rector to the people and the church within said limits. Cardinal Gas- parri, the President of the Com- mission, added that a parish is always an ecclesiastical benefice, according to canon 1411, No. 5, whether it has the proper endow- ment (resources or revenue) as described and defined in canon 1410, or even if, lacking such en- dowment (resources or revenue), it be erected according to the pro- visions of canon 1415, No. 3.
In a second duhium, submitted, like the first, by Msgr. Bonzano, it was asked w^hether after the promulgation of the New Code, a special decree on the part of the Ordinary was necessary to consti- tute as canonical parishes those which, previous to the promulga- tion of the Code, had been estab- lished in the manner described in the second part of the first duhi- um as set forth above. The answer was that no decree is necessary, and that such parishes became canonical parishes, ipso facto, on the promulgation of the Code.
"It is evident, from this official answer," says, the Apostolic Dele- gate in a letter to Archbishop Hanna, dated Nov. 10, 1922, "that all the parishes of the United States having the three necessary qualifications, viz.: (1), a resident pastor; (2) endowment (resources or revenue according to the pro- visions of canon 1410 or 1415, n. 3) ; and (3) boundaries, are not only parishes in the strictly canon- ical sense, but are also ecclesias- tical benefices. Hence pastors in the United States are real, canon- ical pastors {parochi), having all the duties and obligations pertain- ing to such an office and according to canon 466 and 399 are specifical- ly bound to apply the Missa pro populo on Sundays and on feast- days of obligation (including those that have been suppressed), this obligation binding them in con- science unless dispensation or commutation be received from the Holy See."
In relation to the foregoing declaration Archbishop Hanna directs the attention of his clergy to the following points:
1. The status of National Churches or of rectors attached thereto is not altered. (Canon 216, No. 4.)
2. All territorial parishes in this Archdiocese are hereby declared com- prehended in the terms of the final paragraph.
3. The declaration, having the qual- ity of an authentic interpretation, goes into effect immediately upon its pro- mulgation herewith ; but is not retro- active, because the matter concerned was for several years involved in a dubiiiin iiiris positiznim, as the intro- ductory paragraph of the Instruction itself admits. (Canon 8, No. 1; canon 17. No. 2).
I92i4
THE FORTNIGHTLY KEVIEW
477
4. For the present the respective personnel of irremovable and remova- ble parochi remains unchanged. (Canon 454, No. 3).
5. The instruction neither makes nor entails any immediate alteration in the prevalent system of parochial and personal finances, which must be con- tinued in the same operation and en- forcement as heretofore until the proper authority shall decree otherwise in accord with the sacred canons.
6. Attention is earnestly directed to the duties of parochi described in the Codex, especially canons 462 to 470.
7. The list of days on which the Missa pro Populo is to be celebrated is given on p. 5 of the Ordo. Approved com- mentaries on canon 339 will give the correct interpretation of this prescript.
Similar declarations will no doubt be made by the other
bishops.
—^-.-.^
Christmas Caroling
When it is remembered that ten years ago outdoor Christmas eve caroling- by itinerant groups through the streets was practical- ly unknown in the United States, the fact that last year there were in the neighborhood of 700 Amer- ican cities, towns, and villages wliich revived the beautiful old custom indicates that the love of the picturesque is not entirely dead in America. The National Bureau for the Advancement of Music is largely -responsible for this change of attitude among the people, as this organization saw, soon after its inception in 1917, the value of this Christmas sing- ing in arousing the musical sense of the people, and the practice, once started, spread rapidly.
May we not hope that the sing- ers tins year will give us some real Christmas carols, songs with Christ and the true Christmas spirit in them?
A Relic of War Hatred
How slowly the war-invoked spirit of hatred disappears in this country is apparent once more from the news that the California State Board of Education has denied the petition of 2,000 San Francisco teachers and students that the board permit once more the teaching of German in the high schools. "It was forbidden during the war," says the Nation (No. 2995), "but one would think that four years after the armis- tice the ban might be lifted, not only in response to certain Biblical instructions, such as loving one's enemies, but because no one can deny the educational value of any foreign language. By no means all the treasures of German litera- ture are translated into English, but, even if they were, the right to study these treasures, which are the heritage of all the world, in the tongue in which they were written ought not to be denied in any city in the Union in which it is demanded. It is inconceivable to us that any such stand would be upheld if referred to a vote of- the California electorate. In Ne- braska it is admitted that the overthrow of Senator Hitchcock was largely due to an antagonism to the laws passed in war time by Nebraska legislatures. One of these forbids the teaching of Ger- man and other foreign languages in the lower grades of the schools ; a second forbids teachers appear- ing in the garb of any religious organization, while a third com- pels all persons who speak in public meetings to use 'the lan- guage of the United States.' Un- der this last law it would be a crime for Clemenceau or Foch to make a speech anywhere in Ne- braska in the French tongue."
478
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
December 15
The Church and Universal Peace Fr. J. Keating, S. J., editor of the London Month, tells in No. 700 of that excellent magazine (Got. 1922) of a visit he lately paid to Germany. Among other interesting things he reports an address made by Cardinal Faul- haber at the Catholic Congress held in Munich.
The Cardinal, he writes, spoke of the Church as a power for world peace and of the League of Na- tions. "His view, which voices, one suspects, that of many in Ger- many, should be studied by those who see in some such league the only hope of humanity. The League of Nations is a papal idea, but the present League is a mere perversion of the Pope's League. The nations meet, but with re- volvers in their pockets : there is no mutual trust, and hence no possibility of peace or of a real league. In its present form, the League is merely a means to weak- en still more those that are al- ready weak, and further to fatten those that are already gorged. It is not an instrument of peace, but a servant of the exchange, of the financier, of the capitalist gamb- linii--houso. In the assembly of the nations there is lacking a force which transcends nationality and is therefore fitted to be an arbiter. In the Church all nations are united; their saints stand side by side on her altars ; she has a com- mon language and a common law : there is no greater influence for union. 'The Church is a world- power, but a world-power which is neutral, having no armies and no need of armies. She is suprana- tional and has no aims in the nat- ural order but the welfare of all
nations. The Pope aimed at noth- ing else in his peace-proposals, no, not even at the solution of the Ro- man question.'
"Concluding his statesman-like address, the Cardinal attacked that idolatry of the civil power which is supposed to be a failing peculiar to his countr^-men, but which is found everj^where where institutional Christianity is dis- carded. 'The Church,' he said, 'combats Chauvinism as she fights all other forms of idolatry.' Pa- triotism should not degenerate into ignorance and contempt of what is done by other nations for human- ity's good. Let Catholics all over the world awaken and combine for the promotion of peace. Let them insist upon a League of Nations which shall give his due place to the Pope. The peace of the world will not come from Moscov.-, nor from Versailles, nor from Genoa, but from Rome. The note of Cath- olicism is unity, impressed upon it by its Founder. If Catholics are determined to be united the world will at last have peace."
In the Hall of Fame every man is his own sculptor.
Ctaurcta Bazaars, Festivals, etc.
Church Institutions have been buying our goods with perfect satisfaction for over thirty yeais. This is because we carry a large selecticn of merchandise especiaUy suitable for such pur- poses at unusually low prices.
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iiort^.
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1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
479
( From The Casket, Antigonish, X. S. Vol. 70, No. 47)
The Policy of Toadyism
The Fortnightly Review has been for sometime expressing doubts as to wisdom of some of the activities of the Knights of Columbus in the United States. We are bound to say that we think some of the points taken from time to time by the Review have been well taken. The Knights have on one or two occasions made themselves thoroughly ridiculous, from a Catholic point of view, in their anxiety gone to extremes in trying to *'Get closer to the Prot- estants," to use a phrase that is in some danger of becoming a senseless shibboleth. Here is a quotation from the Review^ of a recent date, which itself quotes from a Mystic Shrine paper, called Tlie Crescent :
The efforts at Fraternizing with the Free- p.iasons made here and there 'by Knights of Columbus councils, do not always meet with a favorable response. Thus we read in the Crescent, a monthly magazine published at St. Paul, Minn., "in the Interest of the An- cient Arabic Order of the Mystic Shrine, and Endorsed by the Imperial Council," edition of August, 1922 (Vol. XIII, No. 6, p. 20) :
"Since the Knights of Columbus have grown active it has become one of their favorite stunts to rush to the Shrine enter- tainment committee to proffer their club houses for the entertainment of those attend- ing sessions of the imperial council. As soon as the proffer is made the Caseys rush even more rapidly to the newspapers with a story of their 'loyalty to the city,' and their will- ingness to do their 'civic duty' even toward the Masons. They capitalize it for all it is worth. Their clubs are never occupied by Shrine visitors as headquarters, but the fact that the offer has been made places the Caseys in a position to take a 'dig' at Ma- sonry. In the future the Shriners in charge of entertaining any session of the imperial council should guard against this sort of thing.'"
In taking this stand, it seems to us. the "Shriners" are quite consistent. Maybe their attitude will teach the "Caseys" a lesson.
It is time to stop this ridiculous eagerness to prove ourselves
''broad" and "loyal," and ''pa- triotic, ' ' even if we have to go di- rectly against the traditional poli- cies of the Catholic Church to get our broadmindedness, our loyalty, and our patriotism taken serious- ly. How many slaps in the face like that related above will it need to make Catholics understand that it is not by a policy of licking boot- heels that the Catholic can make on the Protestant world the im- pression which it is necessary to make. That impression, if it is to lead to the bringing of all Christ's sheep into one fold and under one shepherd, must be a spiritual im- pression; and it will never be made by any policy of toadyism, nor by any attempts to undo local- ly the work which the Catholic Church, as a whole, has been do- ing generally, and upon a fixed and world-wide policy for centu- ries. There can be only one result, eventually, of such tactics as are involved in these grand schemes for getting closer to Protestants by throwing down safeguards and treating heresy as a mere differ- ence of opinion; and that result will be a renewed statement of the Church's policy, accompanied by an order to get" back into line. We had better think well of that be- fore we get too far out of line.
THE
Jos. Berning Printing Co.
212-214 East Eighth Street Cincinnati, Ohio
Calls attention to its complete facilities for PRINTING and BINDING
CLERGYMEN'S MANUSCRIPT
478
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
December 15
The Church and Universal Peace Fr. J. Keating, S. J., editor of the London Month, tells in No. 700 of that excellent magazine (Got. 1922) of a visit he lately paid to Germany. Among other interesting things he reports an address made by Cardinal Faul- haber at the Catholic Congress held in Munich.
The Cardinal, he writes, spoke of the Church as a power for world peace and of the League of Na- tions. "His view, ^vhich voices, one suspects, that of many in Ger- many, should be studied by those who see in some such league the only hope of humanity. The League of Nations is a papal idea, but the present League is a mere perversion of the Pope's League. The nations meet, but with re- volvers in their pockets : there is no mutual trust, and hence no possibility of peace or of a real league. In its present form, the League is merely a means to weak- en still more those that are al- ready w^eak, and further to fatten those that are already gorged. It is not an instrument of peace, but a servant of the exchange, of the financier, of the capitalist gamb- ling-house. In the assembly of the nations there is lacking a force which transcends nationality and is therefore fitted to be an arbiter. In the Church all nations are united; their saints stand side by side on her altars ; she has a com- mon language and a common law : there is no greater influence for union. 'The Church is a world- power, but a world-power which is neutral, having no armies and no need of armies. She is suprana- tional and has no aims in the nat- ural order but the welfare of all
nations. The Pope aimed at noth- ing else in his peace-proposals, no, not even at the solution of the Ro- man question.'
"Concluding his statesman-like address, the Cardinal attacked that idolatry of the civil power which is supposed to be a failing- peculiar to his countrjTiien, but which is found everywhere where institutional Christianity is dis- carded. 'The Church,' he said, 'combats Chauvinism as she fights all other forms of idolatry.' Pa- triotism should not degenerate into ignorance and contempt of what is done by other nations for human- ity's good. Let Catholics all over the world awaken and combine for the promotion of peace. Let them insist upon a League of Nations which shall give his due place to the Pope. The peace of the world will not come from Moscovr, nor from Versailles, nor from Genoa, but from Rome. The note of Cath- olicism is unity, impressed upon it by its Founder. If Catholics are determined to be united the world will at last have peace."
In the Hall of Fame every man is his own sculptor.
Churcli Bazaars, Festivals, etc.
Church Institutions have been buying our goods with perfect satisfaction for over thirty years. This is because we carry a large selection of merchandise especially suitable for such pur- poses at unusually low prices.
Our Goods Assure Profits Be- cause They Are Useful, Attrac- tive and Appealing.
Novelties. Silverware, Alumi- num Goods. Watches, Paddle Wheels, Games, etc. This large catalogue free to Clergymen and buying com- mittees.
Ask for No 97- See our advertisement in the Official Catholic Directory, page S 1 .
N. SHURE CO., Chicago
Wholesale Merchandise
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
479
(From The Casket, Antigonish, X. S., Vol. 70, No. 47)
The Policy of Toadyism
The FoRTxiGHTLY Eeview has been for sometime expressing doubts as to wisdom of some of the activities of the Knights of Columbus in the United States. We are bound to say that we think some of the points taken from time to time by the Review have been well taken. The Knights have on one or two occasions made themselves thoroughly ridiculous, from a Catholic point of view, in their anxiety gone to extremes in trying to "Get closer to the Prot- estants," to use a phrase that is in some danger of becoming a senseless shibboleth. Here is a quotation from the Review of a recent date, which itself quotes from a Mystic Shrine paper, called The Crescent:
The efforts at Fraternizing with the Free- masons made here and there by Knights of Columbus councils, do not always meet with a favorable response. Thus we read in the Crescent, a monthly magazine published at St. Paul, Minn., "in the Interest of the An- cient Arabic Order of the Mystic Shrine, and Endorsed by the Imperial Council," edition of August, 1922 (Vol. XIII, No. 6, p. 20) :
"Since the Knights of Columbus have grown active it has become one of their favorite stunts to rush to the Shrine enter- tainment committee to proffer their club houses for the entertainment of those attend- ing sessions of the imperial council. As soon as the proffer is made the Caseys rush even more rapidly to the newspapers with a story of their 'loyalty to the city,' and their will- ingness to do their 'civic duty' even toward the Masons. They capitalize it for all it is worth. Their clubs are never occupied by Shrine visitors as headquarters, but the fact that the offer has been made places the Caseys in a position to take a 'dig' at Ma- sonry. In the future the Shriners in charge of entertaining any session of the imperial council should guard against this sort of thing.'"
In taking this stand, it seems to us, the "Shriners" are quite consistent. Maybe their attitude will teach the "Caseys" a lesson.
It is time to stop this ridiculous eagerness to prove ourselves
"broad" and "loyal," and "pa- triotic," even if we have to go di- rectly against the traditional poli- cies of the Catholic Church to get our broadmindedness, our loyalty, and our patriotism taken serious- ly. How many slaps in the face like that related above will it need to make Catholics understand that it is not by a policy of licking boot- heels that the Catholic can make on the Protestant world the im- pression which it is necessary to make. That impression, if it is to lead to the bringing of all Christ's sheep into one fold and under one shepherd, must be a spiritual im- pression; and it will never be made by any policy of toadyism, nor by any attempts to undo local- ly the work which the Catholic Church, as a whole, has been do- ing generally, and upon a fixed and world-wide policy for centu- ries. There can be only one result, eventually, of such tactics as are involved in these grand schemes for getting closer to Protestants by throwing down safeguards and treating heresy as a mere differ- ence of opinion; and that result will be a renewed statement of the Church's policy, accompanied by an order to get back into line. We had better think well of that be- fore we get too far out of line.
THE
Jos. Berning Printing Co.
212-214 East Eighth Street Cincinnati, Ohio
Calls attention to its complete facilities for PRINTING and BINDING
CLERGYMEN'S MANUSCRIPT
480
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
December IS-
The Rural Problem We are more than pleased to extend a welcome hand to St. Isi- dore's Ploiv, a new monthly pub- lished from October to June. This modest four page publication is devoted to the promotion of rural welfare and is under the editorial direction of the Eev. Dr. Edwin V. O'Hara, Eugene, Oregon. The first number presages an efficient and useful future. We trust this new venture will receive from both laymen and clerics the support which the movement it represents deserves.
There is much in the appearance of ;S'^. Isidore's Plow to give cause for rejoicing. The Catholic social reform movement in America has yet to come forward in its many planks and programmes with even the beginnings of a land reform policy. Perhaps the present publi- cation represents an augury of good resolutions carried out in full. While there is little in the first number to indicate that a real, honest-to-goodness land re- form policy has been espoused, we trust that this will appear at the proper place and time. Merely to advocate a reform of the second- ary features of our rural life will be of no more avail than the liber- alistic policies pursued with re- gard to industry. This question is fundamental, and we trust that St. Isidore's Plow will cut a fur- row straight and deep through the heart of it.
The Central Bureau of the Cen- tral Vereni, under the capable and efficient leadership of Mr. F. P. Kenkel, is sending out rural lec- turers to help in the betterment of Catholic rural life. It is to be hoped that this valiant organiza-
tion will develop a truly scientific land reform policy. No American Catholic social reform programme excepting that of the C. V., so far as we aie aware, has ever admit- ted the existence of this fundamen- tal economic problem. H. A. F.
Eugenics Gone Mad With the promulgation of a plan to have human stock contests ev- ery year, similar to the cattle and horse stock contests which are familiar features of State fairs^ Dr. F. B. Sherbon of the Kansas State University has shown to what lengths human ingenuity may go in its mania for classify- ing the human species in an imag- inary effort to elevate it. The ob- ject of these contests is described as applying to the human family the well-kno^\Ti fundamentals of ''heredity and scientific care which have revolutionized agriculture and stock breeding." The Kansas classification of human exhibits is as follows:
Division 366 — Human Stock
Class
3681 — Single adults; 17 years and above.
3682 — Pair; man, wife, no children.
3683 — Small family; man, wiie, one child.
3684 — ^Average family; man, wife, two to
four children. 3685 — Large family; man, wife, five or more
children.
Quite soon, presumably, it will be conclusively proved — at least to the satisfaction of these investiga- tors— that man is nothing more than a high-grade beast. Indeed, it would sometimes appear that considerable question is felt whether he is even entitled to the attribute ' ' high-grade. ' '
Guilt may be blustering and desper- ate, but it holds within itself the ele- ments of weakness ; only purity of purpose is really strong.
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
481
Matter and Electricity "Within the Atom," by John Mills, is not exactly easy reading, but it assumes no previous knowl- edge of electricity, mechanics or chemistry, and avoids any mathe- matical demonstrations. Any reader of good education and average intelligence should be able to understand the theories which are here set forward, and to obtain some idea of the manner in which these researches into the infinitely little have beeii carried out.
It is almost impossible to form any conception of the minute size of the physical bodies of which men now believe that the universe is made up. Perhaps some notion may be obtained from an illustra- tion which Mr. Mills quotes from an American physicist. The num- ber of electrons w^hich passes in one second through the filament of a 16-candlepower lamp is so large that it would take the two- and-a-half million inhabitants of Chicago, each counting at the rate of two per second, twenty thou- sand years to count an equivalent number. The electron is the small- est definite quantity, or true atom, of negative electricity, and for every such electron in existence there must be a complementary proton, or atom of positive elec- tricity. It is nov7 believed that all the so-called '-'atoms" of the chemical elements, between eighty and ninety in number, are minia- ture solar systems in which a number of electrons revolve about a central nucleus consisting of electrons and protons in close union. The lightest atom, that of hydrogen, probably consists of a
single proton with a single elec- tron revolving round it — or rather it may be said that the two revolve round a common centre of grav- ity, like a double star. In the heaviest atoms, such as those of uranium, there are hundreds of protons and electrons arranged in a most complicated system. The total number of electrons and pro- tons in existence is supposed to have been unchanged since the dawn of creation.
All the phenomena of chemistry and physics are in process of ex- planation in terms of this electron theory. An electric current is a stream of electrons. The radio- active elements are those — com- paratively few in number — in which the/ system is unstable, so that occasionally an electron or a group of electrons and protons flies off from the community and voyages out into space like a comet. There is a beautiful sim- plicity about the electron theory, thus briefly stated, and the best opinion in the world of science is that it is probably in accordance with the facts. Mr. Mills gives a fascinating account of the various methods of research which have brought about so vast an exten- sion of our knowledge in the past generation. His readers will find that they have a clear conception of the latest views as to the struc- ture of matter and the nature of electricity. Incidentally they will be able to appreciate at its true value the nonsense that has lately been talked as to the possibility of ''exploding an atom," and the consequent likelihood that the whole world might suddenly flame into one mass of incandescent hy- drogen.
482
THE FORTNIGHTLY BEVIEW
December 15
The Movement for a New Party
The November elections showed that the material for a new na- tional political movement is avail- able. AVliat is lacking is a set of principles broad enough to bring together all the democratic ele- ments and rigorous enough to ex- clude the seekers after privilege.
This means, as the New Repub- lic (No. 416) observes, that "no mere adaptation of either of the older parties will suffice. For each las its privileged wing. Each draws essential support trom the great banks and industrial corpo rations. Each has its army of job- hunters to look after. Each has its stock of obsolete issues which it must in consistency retain, to darken counsel. We shall not have real issues to settle in politics be- fore a new national democratic party has been formed and has attained to such vigor as to com- pel a coalescence of the privileged elements in a single opposing par- ty."
Unfortunately, the men who are liest fitted to lead a new party, like La Follette, Reed, and Borah, have invested their lives in one or the other of the old parties. "They have repeatedly observed the failure of reform movements within the shell of an old party. They know how Bryan sold the reformers' birthright for a mess of Tammany pottage, and how Roosevelt, in 1916, compromised to the point of accepting Lodge as the Progressive hope. An old party is a rich city to plunder, and it is human to plan its capture. That is what the Progressive lead- ers appear to be planning now. And since their leadership is for the present indispensable, the
movement for a new party will have to mark time. It must wait at least until after the national conventions of 1924, and probably even longer if those conventions yield, as they may, the two half loaves that are worse than no bread."
»-»<^-»-»
Skyscrapers and God's Craftsmen
Mr. B. G. Goodhue, the well- known American architect, is op- posed to the skyscraper and pleads for an entirely new utility struc- ture, warm, light, sanitary, and beautiful.
Unfortunately, he says, modem architects are hampered by the disappearance of the old skilled stone mason, who has been re- placed by the mechanical carver.
This point will be appreciated by Catholics, who understand the reason for the passing of the craftsman who consecrated his work to the glory of God, working at it with heart, soul, mind, and body. ' ' In the days of the guilds, ' ' says the London Universe (No. 3219), "there was a purpose above that of wages, hours and union rules, drafted solely for the mate- rial assistance of the worker, for the guilds knew^ that man has a soul and acted accordingly." Mr. Goodhue appears to realise this and regret it. And his complaint is echoed by Miss Enid Dinnis in the September Blackfriars. Hers is not a technical article, but a story which illustrates the differ- ence in outlook between the pres- ent and the past, a story of an ad- venture on the roof of a cathedral and an unobtrusive carving that was found there.
The surest way not to fail is to tletermine to succeed.
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
4Bi
Going for a Walk From the pedestrian's view- point, says a writer in the CJir. Sc. Monitor, it is rather an ironical achievement of the automobile that it has both so greatly im- proved the roads and made them so much less desirable to walk on. It is indeed. One can remember when the roads were worse, but the walkers were many. It was a customary form of recreation to "go for a walk." Families did it together, and it served as a simple and inexpensive expedient to en- tertain company. Such walks used to be common in novels, but no novelist nowadays takes his hero and heroine out for a walk, and the reason is obvious. Romance runs away when the necessity is imperative of watching before and behind for a speeding automobile, and holding oneself ready for the agile, instantaneous spring to safety that has become an accom- plishment of the modern walker. And, again, there is the puddle in the road, the passing car, and the sudden,- efficient sprinkling. Then, too, when you do go for a w^alk, somebody you know is always coming along in a motor car and politely insisting upon giving you a ride home. And it is no use to explain that you are out for a walk, none whatever. Your friend in the motor car will decide for you that you have been out for a Avalk long enough.
All of the above, of course, is not literally true. Some of us still walk for pleasure. It is possible to go for a walk without being in- sistently brought back to your starting point by an automobile ten minutes after you have set out ; and even in this case a re-
sourceful walker can nip out the kitchen door and bravely set forth again. But ''going for a walk" is undoubtedly a vanishing form of recreation, and comparatively few can afford golf, which permits walking on green turf from which automobiles are excluded. Golf, moreover, is not walking as walk- ing has been practiced and praised by the best walkers : it introduces a foreign element, the golf ball, and substitutes for the compan- ionable Avalking stick an assort- ment of clubs with some one of which the walker is under compul- sion to hit that innocent and of- fenseless object at regular inter- vals. Golf increases in popularity as walking for pleasure declines, but it does not follow that the walkers have become golfers. A dwindling company of us still keep to the road.
THE STUDENT'S ORGAN MANUAL
Book One
CONTAINING
Short Preludes and Interludes
IN
Modern and Ancient (Church) Modes
Also 119 MotliilatioDS h\ Joseph Grueer
Opus SIS Price $1.00
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484
(T
THE FOKTNIGHTLY REVIEW
December 15
\fi
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i %
^
'Thoughts are the Masters and i|Uer$ are At 11^'
One of the most successful of teachers is a Montreal Nun — succesi iiise she ms's'^" . thought is better than force of will. A trip-hammer is all forcJ|iless giW ''J " with equal power. Then there is the nagger Avith a
fillofpoiseless.i>^ri*
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Do you as host, hostess or guest want a spur to cleverness of thought, wit and repartee?
Do you teach, preach or lecture? — want a text for letters, talks — or Sermons?
Do you dictate at home (?) — at office — or both?
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Rapi
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By Austin O'Mi J The only book of original and genuine aphorisms in English, lilntli W
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THOU
'^.D.. LL.D
Note: — Whether young or old, Sage or Seer, Poet, Philosopher, or wb originality, in depth, deftness, wit, wisdom, humor, — in tonic-cheer foiife fal, The Devin- Adair Company will send you a check for an acceptable paid writer in the world is invariably aphoristic — he invariably has neaii]
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THE FOETNIGHTLY REVIEW
485
^'- 't^rs and I ^kers arc the Doers" — Confucius.
'\ luse she insistently teaches undergraduates to THl^K. less guided by a THIXKEK strikes a pile or a cream ^ill of poiseless, perpetual power but — thought proof.
.WlriRflltH?
By Austin
k")
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Force of puff
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Is Christianity a Failure? Have you an active or passive grouch against the clergy (a now fashionable disease among front pew profiteers) because of "what they say and do and because of the way they live"?
)r 'No' test success in classes." The best nug-fitting words. "KEYSTONES" will impel with decision.
The most delightful of all after-dinner speakers are a couple of New engthy, always aphoristic, they say more in five minutes than all the drawl or spout in hours.
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)R1ZE AND USE
THOUGHT
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THE FOKTNIGHTLY REVIEW December 15
tr
V
("Th
''Thoughts are the Masters and tli
One of the most successful of teachers is a Montreal Nun — successl
thought is better than force of will. A trip-hammer is all force,
with equal power. Then there is the nagger with a t'
Do you fail in clearness of thought and expression — especially in conversation?
Do you as host, hostess or guest want a spur to cleverness of thought, wit and repartee?
Do you teach, preach or lecture? — want a text for letters, talks — or Sermons?
Do you dictate at home (?) — at office — or both?
Do you want to give straight-to-the-point advice to your children, your friends, your employes and YOURSELF?
"Yale Students are now obliged to take a Rapid minds have tried to be aphoristic — to say much clearness of thought, of expression — a "Yes"
Do you want something to "crib" for public dinners and other occae Yorkers, one English, the other Irish — a Fletcher — a Murphy.
''wax-works" on the dais
THEN READ-
KEYSTONES
By Austin O'Ma The only book of original and genuine aphorisms in English.
"The successful aphorist is about ten thousai teller, or Assyriologist. Humor without effort Dr. O'Malley has printed a book that is wor; N. Y. Herald, written by the Editor hhimself .
Note: — Whether young oi* old. Sage or Seer, Poet, Philosopher, or wh originality, in depth, deftness, wit, wisdom, humor, — in tonic-cheer for fill, The Devin-Adair Company will send you a check for an acceptable '1 paid writer in the world is invariably aphoristic — he invariably has neaiB.
Special gift book edition, suede, gold edges — a v<i $1.00 net, $1.15 Postpaid. Cloth, |||,
THE DEVIN4DA1R COMPANY, Publi
iy^2 THE FOETNIGHTLY REVIEW
nk")
==^
linkers arc the Doers" — Confucius.
Icause she insistently teaches undergraduates to THINK. Force of unless guided by a THINKER strikes a pile or a cream puff !-will of poiseless, perpetual power but — thought proof.
If an employer, commend KEYSTONES OF THOUGHT to your employes— surely to the stenographers.
If you have a delinquent debtor send him or her a marked copy — Page 132. If easily discouraged, a victim of worry, fear, the blues, "Keystones" is your prescription. Is Christianity a Failure? Have you an active or passive grouch against the clergy (a now fashionable disease among front pew profiteers) because of "what they say and do and because of the way they live"?
Tes' or 'No' test success in classes." The best r snug-fitting words. "KEYSTONES" will impel f with decision.
The most delightful of all after-dinner speakers are a couple of New lengthy, always aphoristic, they say more in five minutes than all the !, drawl or spout in hours.
ORIZE AND USE
F THOUGHT
M.D., Ph.D., LL.D.
n by "the World's master of aphoristic thought and expression-""
i scarcer than the successful essayist or story Ithout bitterness, philosophy without pretension! Bsing." — from the page of notable books in the
j
if yon think YOU can match KEYSTONES OF THOUGHT in ai)horistic hfe's worrries, troubles and adversities, yon are welcome to try. If success- -earued'sum — and your work will be promptly published. The highest id a copy each of "Keystones of Thought" and ''My Unknown Chum".
Jul ornament lor Den, Desk, Drawing Room and Mind, I. Postpaid. $2.10. At Bookstores or
437 Fifth Ave., New York, I. S. A.
486
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
December 15
Correspondence
A Funny Answer
To the Editor: — •
Reading the article "A Lay Pope" (F. R.. Dec. 1, 1922) I recollect an article which the Belleville Messenger published some years ago. I The late Archbishop Quigley, of Chicago, who, before his translation to Chicago, was Bishop of Buffalo, was examining the children to be confirmed in a certain parish. Speaking of the papacy, he asked the question, whether he (the Bishop) coud become Pope. A little boy raised his hand and answered : "No:' — "Why not?" — "Because you are not smart enough." H. G.
Frequent Communion and the Euchar-
istic Fast To the Editor: —
I have read with greatest interest the article entitlel "Why Frequent Communion is Declining" (see F. R., Oct. 15, p. 381 and Nov. 1. p. 399), and I feel as though my own premo- nitions were coming into fulfillment.
Your readers may remember the controversy on the subject of the Eucharistic fast, opened by me in your columns several years ago, and con- tinued until worn out. I have done little or nothing in the matter lately ; but now I feel as though what I then foresaw is coming to pass.
Your contributor states that one cause of the decline of frequent Com- munion is the separation of the Mass from Communion. What caused that separation in early times I do not know, but it is very plain that it is now largely owing to the Eucharistic fast. Persons who must attend Mass of obligation at a late hour in the fore- noon are rarely able to fast until after Mass, and. in consequence, cannot re- ceive the Holy Sacrament until some Sunday when they can manage to at- tend one of the earlier Masses.
On the other hand, Communion without Mass is an exceedingly fre- quent result of the Eucharistic fast. What parish priest is not obliged to
distribute Holy Communion before Mass on every First Friday to work- ing people who must get their break- fast between the time of receiving and the time of reporting for business? They might very easily remain in Church for Mass clid not the discipline of the Eucharistic fast prevent their taking their breakfast before first starting from home.
Again, are there not thousands of semi-invalids and convalescents who must receive the Holy Sacrament at home, not because they cannot go to church, but because they cannot go out fasting/ Many of these can go to later Masses on holydays of obliga- tion, and might receive weekly with all the ceremony possible to the Church, did not the obligation of fast- ing compel them to communicate in their bedrooms, and with very scant ceremony during the week.
Now that I am once more in print, may I ask your readers, if possible, to answer a question which has puzzled me for years? On page 400 of your issue of Nov. 1, I read this sentence, which is but a re-statement of a theo- logical principle centuries old : "This reverence (for the Holy Sacrament) should never serve as a barrier be- tween Christ and His children." The Jansenistic heresy was condemned be- cause of placing an exaggerated spirit- ual reverence between soul and Sacra- ment. Why then, has a law requiring a merely physical reverence been al- lowed to stand for so long a time (and still continues to stand) between the needy soul and the Source of Grace? Sarah C. Burnett .•>V-i S/^nicc Street, San Francisco, Cal.
Communion and the Mass
To the Editor: —
Permit me to make a few remarks anent your article (Oct. 15 and Nov. 1) "Why Communion is Declining." There is no necessity "to bring poor, weak, human nature .... to the heights of intense spiritual enthusiasm and at the same instant to a groveling sense of its unworthiness and complete
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
487
degradation." All that is needed are the three divine virtues together with humility and a good intention. There is certainly no contradiction in these virtues. The saints, who are the most natural of men, practised these virtues and found no contradiction in them.
If I understand Father Kramp and his interpreter correctly, they want to abolish all communion prayers. This certainly is going too far. If only the prayers during Mass are to be used, why does the Church put extra prayers before and after Mass into the Missal for the use of the priest? Prayers for Holy Communion and the hearing of Mass can easily be united. Every in- telligent Catholic will pay special at- tention to the principal parts of the Mass and then spend as much of the remaining time as necessary for prep- aration for Communion. Of course, to ignore the Mass and spend all the time for Communion would be an abuse. I admit that many of our so-called prayer books are more of a hindrance than of a help towards devotion. About 75 per cent of them should be abolished. This. is especially true of children's prayer books, which are mostly "way above the heads" of chil- dren.
It is no abuse to communicate out- side of Mass, otherwise the Church would not tolerate it, nor have special prayers for it in her ritual. Already in the early Church there was Com- munion outside of Mass, as your arti- cle plainly states. Why not now? I think there is a "development" in the reception of the Sacraments as well as in pure dogmas. The present method of distributing Holy Communion is certainly more reverent and hence more proper than the old way of plac- ing the Host in the hand of the re- cipient. Even if Holy Communion was not instituted to do reverence to our Lord, still it should not be a cause or an occasion of irreverence. Hence the Church prescribes the communion cloth, or its equivalent, the paten. For this reason the use of the communion paten is to be encouraged. St. Paul
complains of irreverence at the cele- bration of the holv mysteries. (Cf. 1 Cor. XI).
Fr. Kramp claims that the better knowledge of Christ through the Christological controversies of the fourth century was the cause of infre- quent Communion in later ages. I am of the opinion that it was not rever- ence springing from knowledge, but negligence, the same as in our days. Beware of the sophism: Post hoc^
L^OPA mom
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
December 15
ergo propter hoc. True knowledge of Christ, which is a gift of God, will certainly not beget bad practices.
Then there is an objection to "offer- ing up" Holy Communion. If we can offer up the Precious Blood that we do not possess, as indulgenced prayers teach us, why then can we not offer up Christ's Body and Blood in Holy Communion when we possess them? Of course, even a child knows that that is no sacrifice in the strict sense of the word, and hence does not mili- tate against the Sacrifice of the Mass.
If we wanted to abolish all practices and devotions that do not go back to Christ and the Apostles, we should have to aboHsh a good many, c. g., devotion to the Bl. Virgin, St. Joseph, the Saints, to the Sacred Heart, and even to the Bl. Sacrament itself. As there is a development of doginas, so there is also a development of prac- tical piety. As we have clearer ideas of many doctrines than the early Christians, as any history of dogma will show, so we also have clearer ideas of practical devotions. W.
Notes and Gleanings
The Fortnightly Review wishes all its subscribers a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year.
With the next issue, Deo volentc, the^ Fortnightly Review will enter upon its thirtieth year. "Schier dreissig Jahre hist dii alt, Hast manchen Sturm er- lebt!" Just as we go to press come these cheering words from an old friend of the magazine, personally unknown to the Editor, — the Rev. J. H. Muehlen- beck, of Rome City, Ind. : "Some find much fault with the F. R., as you well know ; but as you are always willing to let the other side be heard also, as you are beyond doubt honest in your views at all times, I do not see why they should feel unkindly towards you. You never laid claim to infallibility, although you come nearer to being right all the time than any of your
critics, and twenty-nine years of the Fortnightly Review prove that your intentions are the best. May the good Lord keep your mind clear, your inten- tions pure, and your heart as fearlessly courageous for many more years as they have been these twenty-nine years. iMay He bless you and the Review !"
We have not seen the text of the decree in the Acta Apostolicae Sedis, but Canon Barry, who is a good au- thority, writes to the editor of the Liverpool Catholic Times (ed. of Nov. 18th) that the "Life of Antonio Fogaz- zaro," by Count T. Gallarati-Scotti (see F. R., XXVII, 17; XXIX, 21, p. 420), has been placed on the Roman Index of Forbidden Books.
-9- ■•■ -^ -*■
Joseph W. Eggleston, Past Grand Master of the A. & A. S. Rite in Vir- ginia, informs the Builder, a Masonic magazine published in Anamosa, la. (Vol. VIII, No. 10), that in writing a history of Freemasonry in Virginia he determined to setde the moot question whether or not Thomas Jefferson was a Mason. He describes the result of his inquiries as follows : "A correspondence covering all the places in which it was thought there might be some indication of his having had_ some Masonic rela- tions, or in which there might be some indication that he was a Mason, shows a negative result both in Europe and America. His own letters would not suggest that he was [a Mason], even though he wrote to Masons as such." The negative upshot of Mr. Eggleston's researches will not, of course, prevent the knife and fork Masons and their publications from continuing to claim Jefferson as a member of the Craft.
Under the significant title, "Cooked History," a writer in the Catholic Ga- zette (London. Vol. V, No. 11) points out that John Richard Greene's History of the English People, while probably the best work of its kind in existence, and less prejudiced than most others, is nevertheless vitiated by Protestant bias from beginning to end. Mr. L.
192^
THE FOETNIGHTLY REVIEW
489
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Cecil Lane's statement in the introduc- tion to the Everyman edition of Greene's Short History, that "it is more than a history, it is a literary achieve- ment," should be altered into: "It is a literary achievement rather than a his- tory."
Vol. XV, Part 1 of the Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America (Chicago University Press) is devoted to photographic copying and contains a symposium on the photostat in biblio- graphical and research work. This has revolutionized research work by fur- nishing a comparatively inexpensive means of comparison between different copies of the same book. A student need not go from library to library to compare various copies ; but has only to write for a photostatic copy of such portions of a book as he wishes to see and compare it with that before him. ■•■■•--••■•-
A decree of the S. Congregation of Kites, published in the Acta Apostolicae Scdis, Oct. 31, pp. 556 sq.. condemns the abuse of erecting memorial tablets with the names of fallen soldiers in churches. In i-esponse to the question : "Utrum in ecclesiis earnmqne cryptis divino cultni destinatis apponere liceat tabnlas cum ifiscriptionibus et nomini- biis fideUtim defunctorum quorum cor- pora inibi tumulata. non sunt nee tu- mulari possunt luxta canonem i^oj, ^ 2 Cod. I. C," the S. Congregation has decided : "Non licere, iuxta alias reso- lutiones et ad tramitem decreti n. /JJ et can. 1450, § 1 Cod. I. C." Canon 1205, § 1 says that no body shall be entombed in churches except those of resident bishops and prelates or abbots mdlins (who may be buried in their own churches), that of the Roman Pontiff, royal personages and cardinals. Canon 1450 says that no ins patronatus can be validly established by any title in the future. It is plain that the me- morial tablets will have to go, just as the "service flags" have gone. This decree removes the last ugly reminder of the fratricidal slaughter from our churches.
BOOK REVIEWS
History of S. Juan Capistrano Mission
To the series of local histories by which he is supplementing his large work on "The Missions and Missionaries of California," Fr. Zephyrin Engelhardt, O.F.M., has just added an account of "San Juan Capistrano Mission," one of the foundations of Fr. Junipero Serra, which has of late been partly restored through the efforts of the Landmarks Club and of Father St. John O'Sullivan, the secular priest now in charge of this mission, to whom the author pays a well-merited tribute. Like its predecessors in the same series, this volume is written from the original sources, some of which perished in the San Fran- cisco earthquake and fire. It is attractive in style and typographical make-up and will, we sincerely hope, not only serve its immediate historical purpose, but likewise the second- ary end to which one half of the edition of 2,000 copies is to be devoted, namely, to aid in the complete restoration of this, "the Jewel of the California Missions." (Los Angeles : The Standard Printing Co. Copies can be had from the author at the Old Mis- sion, Santa Barbara, Cal.)
A Jesuit on Kant
Quite the best book we have ever read on Kant and his philosophy — and we have read many — is "Kant und die katholische Wahr- heit" by Fr. August Deneffe, S.J. The au- thor, who writes with scholastic clearness and accuracy, first gives a brief biographical sketch of "the Sage of Kiinigsberg" and then enters upon a philosophical criticism of his system. He shows that his epistemology is unreal and his objections to the proofs for the existence of God are unfounded. The question: "Did Kant believe in God?" he an- swers as follows : In his youth Kant was a theist, but when in later years he composed his famous "Critique," he wrote as an agnostic. If he personally believed in God, he did so in contradiction to his system. Ii the third part of Fr. Deneffe's booklet the errors of Kant's philosophy are put to the test of Catholic theology and both his agnosticism and his ethical autonomism are . shown to be untenable. Kant, therefore, far from being a benefactor of humanity, as his adherents assert, "has done his share to rob men of their most sacred spiritual possessions under the pretext of science." Fr. DeneflFe's book is apologetic of the really effective kind, and, as such, worthy of the highest recom- mendation. (B. Herder Book Co.).
1*>22 THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
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THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
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Literary Briefs
— A new life of Shakespeare has been written by Dr. Raymond M. Alden, professor of English at Stanford University, who has edited several Shakespearian editions and written much on Elizabethan literature. The author has no new theories to propose, liis object being to furnish a compendium of the acknowledged facts regarding Shakespeare's life, and to set forth the prevailing critical judgments of modern scholarship on his works.
— -Father Francis J. Finn, S.J., spent last year in Ireland studying conditions at first hand and acquiring impressions which he has woven into an interesting tale of the adventures of an American boy in Ireland ("On the Run"). The result is altogether pleasing. While we are no longer in the golden days of Claude Lightfoot, Father Finn deserves well of all those interested in supplying good literature to our Catholic youth. (Benziger Bros.)
— Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Webb have a book in the press entitled, "The Decay of Capital- ist Government," in which they discuss the results of the present economic system in Great Britain and the United States. The authors' standpoint is "that down to a cer- tain date (perhaps about 1850) the advan- tages of Capitalism outweighed its evil con- sequences, while its subsequent morbid growths and diseases, leading incidentally to destructive wars, now make it essential to effect a radical transformation."
— The life history of the Second Superior General of the Congregation of Marie Re- paratrice, Mother Mary of St. Maurice (B. Herder Book Co.), is well told by a relig- ious of the same society. The translation has been acceptably done by Mary Caroline Watt. Into the warp and woof of this history are woven some of the interesting though sad incidents relating to the expulsion of relig- ious orders from France at the beginning of this century. It is also a side-light on the activities of this community of devoted re- ligious in the heathen missions in the Uganda country.
— "The Fairest Flower of Paradise," by the V. Rev. Alexis M. Lepicier, O.S.M., is an explanation of the titles in the Litany of Loretto. The author, after elaborating on the titles, takes an example or examples from the lives of the saints as an exempli- fication of the virtues of the title. The books concerning our Blessed Lady are legion, but we believe that this is the first to be presented in this form. The author is soundly doctrinal, edifying, and interesting. This is a splendid book for Christians in the world as well as for religious communities. (Benziger Bros.)
—Father C. C. Martindale. S.J., the bril- liant English Jesuit, has outdone himself in
the two volumes that have recently come from his pen under the titles of "Jock, Jack, and the Corporal" and "Mr. Francis New- nes." The former is a book of apologetics couched in novel form. It is soundly apolo- getic and interestingly novel. The latter is a book of applied Catholic sociology under the guise of a story. There is not a little of Dickens at his best in both of these books. May Father Martindale continue to give to the reading public such lovely and instructive creations ! (Matre & Company, Chicago.)
— The ninth of a series of books dealing with the spiritual life of Christians in the world has come to us from the pen of the Rev. Edward F. Garcsche, S.J., under the title "The Values Everlasting" (Benziger Bros.). Father Garesche has done a splendid work in this series, the last of which is of the same high quality as the others. The rev- erend author has become the Rodriguez of the Christian in the world — if only the latter knew it. Let us hope that the good old prac- tice of spiritual reading in the family circle will be revived with the excellent material to hand in such books as "The Values Ever- lasting."
— The Stanton Press has published a beautiful hand-printed English edition of "Abraham," a play by the tenth-century nun Rhoswitha of Gandersheim, whose Terentian comedies make a very important landmark in the history of the modern drama. One of Rhoswitha's plays was translated into English and acted by one of the dramatic societies in London a few years ago; but, so far as we are aware. Mr. Richard S. Lambert's edition of "Abraham" is the first of this learned German nun's plays to be printed in the English tongue. We are glad to note that the Stanton Press proposes to produce Rhos- witha's other plays in a similar form; and we hope that the other volumes of the set may also be illustrated by Agnes Lambert, whose woodcuts catch delightfully the quaint simplicity of the plays.
New Books Received
Cloister Chords. Hope. By Sister M. Fides Shepperson, M.A. 142 pp. i2mo. Pitts- burgh, Pa. : Mt. Mercy Academy, 3333 Fifth Ave. $1.50 net.
The Invincible Prefect. Readings for Mem- bers of the Third Order of St. Francis by Father Theodosius, O.M.Cap. 126 pp. i2mo. New York: The Seraphic Chronicle, 213 Stanton Str. (Wrapper).
A General History of the Christian Era. In two volumes. Volume II : Modern Times since 1517. A Textbook for High Schools and Colleges by Nicholas A. Weber, S.T. D., Associate Professor of History at the Cath. LTniversity of America. Ivi & 710 pp. 8vo. Washington, D. C. : The Catholic Education Press, 1326 Quincy Str. N. E.
k)22
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494
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December 15
IIS'DEX TO VOLUME XXIX
OF THE FORTi^IGHTLY REVIEW
1922
Abortion, Dr. P. J. Latz on, 27 sqq. ; Abp. Shaw on, 151.
Abrams, Dr. Albert, and his al- leged discoveries, 270.
Acoustics, 187.
Adventists and their doctrines, 337 sqq.
Advertising the Catholic Church in the secular press, 55; 385.
Alexander VI, New attempt at rehabilitation of, 121.
Alien property custodian scandal, 281.
Alphonsus, St., On prayer, 294.
"Americanism," Latest outcrop- ping of, 324.
Anecdotes with a sting, 67.
Anglican orders, Msgr. Barnes' new book on, 392 sq.
Anne Catherine Emmerich, 191.
Anthroposophy of Rudolph Stei- ner, 159 sq., 193.
Anti-Catholic movement, 208 sq.
Antidote, The, 52.
Antisemitism, Dr. Strack on, 73; Bismarck and, 9Z sq.
Apocalypse, Vulgate te.xt of the, 425.
Apologetics, Dr. F. Meffert on the task of modern, 65; Weak- ness of, 213.
Apostate, A homesick (Dr. Leon- ard Fendt), 106.
Arkansas, See Forty years.
Assumption, Definability of, 122.
-Vtrocity-mongering in the World War, 430.
Augustine, St., newly discovered sermon of, 329.
Austria, 250.
Ayscough, John, 59, 418.
Babylonia, Ancient dynasties of, 349.
Balzac's novels, Priests in, 330.
Beards, May priests wear? 229.
Beast of the Apocalypse, 245 sq., 272, 332.
Belgium, Alleged German atroci- ties in, 91.
Benedict XV, On international conciliation, 14; Death of, 55 sq. ; Attitude of in World War, 94.
Benedictine Order, Chorfrates in, 271 sq.
Benedictine historical revival, 414.
Birth control. Dr. P. J. Latz on, 27 sqq.; Archbishop Shaw on, 151; Dr. H. G. Sutherland's book on, 178, 294.
Bliiher, Hans, and his "mann- mannliche Gesellschaft," 299 sq.
Bollandists, The, 397 sq.
Book reviews: 18, 19, 38 sqq., 59, 79 sq., 99 sq., 115 sq., 125, 134 sqq., 154 sqq., 174 sqq., 195 sq., 208, 215 sq., 236, 249, 250, 253 sq., 274 sq., 295, 296, 316, 321, 323, 329, 330, 334, 336, 356. 376, 394 sq., 418, 420, 442, 444, 468, 470, 472. 490, 492. Books, Destruction of in Protest- ant Reformation, 372. Bootlegging and conscience, 325. Borgia, A new life of St. Fran- cis, 175: a mass by, 250. Bossuet, E. K. Sanders' Life of,
110 sq. Boys' and girls' clubs, 244 sq.
Brahe, Tyche, Uraniborg and
Sterneborg, 169. Breviary, The hymns of the, 394. Bryce Report, Official German
answer to the, 25 sq.
"Cachina," meaning of, 160 sq.,
184 sq. Cahenslyism, 55. Callahan, P. H., 226. Canney's Encyclopedia of Relig- ions, 111. Canonical parishes in U. S., 476
sq. Capitalism, Why we denounce it,
3; After— what? 431, 492. Capitalist, The case of the, 262
sqq. Carroll, Guilday's Life of Abp.,
303. Catechism and catechetical in- struction, 210. Catherine of Siena, New light on
the life of St., 453 sqq. Catholic Directory for 1922, 171. Catholic Evidence Guild, 52. Catholic Extension Society, lOS. Catholic Social Guild, 362. Cauchie, Canon, 290. Centra! Bureau of the Catholic
Central Society, 131 sq. Central Society, Catholic, 312 sq. Centre Party, German, 330. Charles, ex-emperor, 11. Chesterton, G. K., The conver- sion of, 345 ; On psycho-analy- sis vs. confession, i77 sq., 431. Chiliasm, Revival of, 104 sq. Christian Classics, 442. ,
"Chronicles of America," The.
208. Christian Science, 344. Christian Science Monitor, 414. Christmas caroling, 477. Church and State, 424 sq. Classics, The, and a liberal edu- cation, 404. College, Too manv men going to?
416. Colloids, 332.
Columbus, Christopher, Prof.
Newton on Vignaud's theory,
268.
Chrysostom, A study in St., 136.
Coal miners' strike, 304 sq., 323.
365. Comes, John T., 165 sq. Comets, 207 sq.
Communion, Frequent, Why de- clining? 381 sqq., 399 sqq., 486 sq. "Communion Breakfasts," 224. Comparative Religion, 94 sq. Confession vs. psycho-analysis,
377 sq. Congress of Catholic Writers in
France, 291 sq. Connelly, Cornelia, 150 sq., 421
sq. Conscientious objectors, 166, 341
sq. Constantine, The donation of,
380. "Conturbabantur Constantinopol-
itani," etc., 437 sq. Convent inspection in Georgia,
15 sq. Converts, 363 sq., 440. Co-operative movement, and col- lege students, 163 sq.
Coppens, Chas., S.J., Moral Prin- ciples and Medical Practice, 437.
Corelli, Marie, 183.
Corn, as fuel, 35.
Cosmology, 227.
Coue, E., 332, 468.
Crawford, Dr. W. J., 405.
Credit, Control of, 202 sq.
Crookston, Statutes of, 213.
Dante, and the Visio Alberici, 108.
Darwin, Charles, His attitude to- wards Theism, 93.
Deacons raised to the papacy, 207.
Debts, Our foreign, 44 sq.
Decrees, Roman, How promul- gated, 312.
Clitf dwellers, 370.
Decretals, The False, 369 sq.
De Molay, Order of, 125.
Denning, Rev. Jos. M., 113, 127 sq., 161.
Determinism, not rational, 332.
"Divus Thomas," 387.
Dogs, A book on, 169.
Drossaerts, Bishop, Impressions of Germany, 340.
Drugs, Traffic in habit-forming, 260.
Duchesne, Msgr. Louis, 248.
Eastern Star, Order of, 124, 189 sq.
Echo, The, 310.
Education, The classics in, 119 sq., 404; Willmann's "Didak- tik" in English, 136; Catholic students in non-Catholic col- leges, 272, 322, 348; Free pa- rochial schools, 412 sq.
Ehrhardt, Albert, 169.
Einstein Theory, 466, 472.
Electricity, Matter and, 481.
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, His anti- Catholic bias, 407.
Emmerich, Anne Catherine, 33 sq., 217 sq., 241 sq., 261 sq.
England, Battle for Catholic Schools in, 14; Catholicity in, 33; Catholic Evidence Guild, 52; The Church in English his- tory, 136.
F.fistota Apostolorum, 210 sq.
Espionage Act, Need of repealing the, 350.
Eucharist, The latest Protestant theories concerning, 364.
Eucharistic Fast, 486.
Eucharistic League of Nations, 12, 32.
Eugenics, 115, 388, 480.
Europe without peace, 120 sq.
Evolution, 46.
Fabre, Jean Henri, 352. Factory worker, The youthful,
164. Fads, Pharmaceutical, 309. Fast, Eucharistic, 486. Fisher, Bl. John, 73. Foerster, F. W., 283. Fogazzaro, A., 488. Foggia, The stigmatized friar of,
546. ,., .
Forty years of missionary life in
Arkansas, 16 sqq.; 37 sq., 57
SCI., 78 sq., 97 SQ., 113 sq., 133.
153 sq., 173, 193 sq., 214 sq.,
234 SO., 251 sq., 273. 292 sq..
314. 354, 372.
1922
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
495
France, Anatole, 61 sqq., 197 sq.
France, Education in, 35; Anti- British sentiment in, 247; mil- itarism in, 386.
Franciscan Educational Confer- ence, 334.
Francis, St., of Assisi, 6.
Frazer, J. G., and the hunt for "analogies," 145 sq.
Freemasonry: Danger of, 12. Masons in Congress, 14, 190; Do Catholics understand? 15; Catholics fraternizing with, 52 sq., 151; Colored Masons, 73; The religion of, 75, 189; Mor- mons opposed to, 75; Masonic college fraternities, 125; Among .\merican Indians, 131; The popes and, 247; Masonic incon- sistency, 257. International, 217, 334; Supports Sterling- Towner Bill, 290; And the public schools, 305 sq. ; Influ- ence of in Was.'iington, 412; Female Masons in Denmark, 416; The God of, 429.
Free parochial schools, 412 sq.
Freudism, Danger of, 103 sq. (see also Psycho-analysis) ; What it leads to, 299 sq.
Fritz, Samuel, S.J., "Apostle of the Amazons," 182, 230 sq.
Froude, James Anthony, Defence of by H. Belloc and W. H. Kent, 401.
Funk's Church History and its critics, 325 sq. ; Funk's books on the interest problem, 426.
Georgia, Catholics in, 85.
Germany, The high church move- ment in, 10; Monarchist group among Catholics of, 92; was G. responsible for the World War? 177 sq., 200 sqq.; New- man movement in, 319 sq. ; Centre Party, 330; An English Jesuit in, 430; Intellectual life in Catholic, 468.
Gideons, The, 267.
Gilfillan, Fr., Bishop, 287.
Goethe, 444.
Goligher, Kate, and her circle exposed, 405 sq.
Gompers, Samuel, 438.
Gospels, Were they written in poetical form, 59, 111 sq., 191 sq.
"Great American Fraternity," The, 266.
Greene's History of the English People, 488 sq.
Group representation, Senator Walsh and, 411.
Haldeman-Julius, Cheap set of books, 95.
Hallowe'en, 429.
Hallucinations, Can they become real? 330.
Harding, Warren G., and Free- masonry, 93, 277 sq.
Harmswort'i's Universal Encyclo- pedia, 269.
Harris, Joel Chandler. 92.
Hearly, John, 324, 368.
Hebrew, Translating modern writers into, 352.
Herbartism in education, 288.
Heredity, 388.
Heresy-hunters, Discredited, 182.
Herrin massacre. The, 352.
High Twelve, a new Masonic club. 124.
Holy Ghost, Denial of, 342.
Homeric problem, 79.
Horace, 38, 124.
Houghton, A. B., 207.
Housekeepers, Priests', 74 sq. 165.
Hiilfer, Prof. Georg, 146 sqq. Humor, ecclesiastical, 109. Husslein, Jos., S.J., 280, 317 sq.
"Imitatio Christi," Authorship of, 139; non-Catholic tributes to, 246; new German transla- tion of, 418.
Imperialism, America committed to, 206.
Importing church goods, 392, 435.
Inde.x, Roman, 86, 267.
India, 12.
Indulgences, 216; A new history of, 398.
Industry, Need of Christianizing, 387.
Inscription Rock in X. Mex., 270 sq.
Interest-taking, 310, 426 sqq.
International Catholic organiza- tion, 148, 180 sqq., 227.
Ireland, Pre-Patrician Saints in, 6, 51; Forgotten aspects of the Irish question, 21 sqq.
Irizh Theological Quarterly, 131.
Isenkrahe, Prof., 278 sq.
I. W. W., 302.
Januarius, St., "Miracle" of, 9, 225 sq.
Jefferson, Thos., Not a Freema- son, 488.
Jesuits, Libels against, 167, 216.
Jewish peril, 264.
Josephinum College at Columbus, O., 370.
Journalism, Ethics of, 229 sq., 267; Task of, 367, 385.
Justice, Miscarriage of, 303.
Just price. The, 387.
Juvencus. New edition of his Hist. Evangelica, 186.
Keppler, P. W. von, 410.
Ketcham, Msgr. W. H., 77.
Kirsch, Dr. J. P., 95 sq.
Knights of Columbus (see also Pelletier case) ; Fraternizing with Freemasons, 52 sq., 151, 186, 279, 307; Facing a crisis, 204; Indifference to Catholic press, 270; and Shriners, 406. 479. Enormous losses of in German marks and French rentes, 414.
Koppers, Wm., S.V.D., D.D., Expedition to Terra del Fuego, 151, 220 sq.
Ku Klux Klan, The new, 300, 343, 369.
Labor papers. Make-believe, 414.
Languages, (Cultural and uncul- tural, 249.
Latin, Importance of in educa- tion, 438.
"Laudabiliter," Bull, 226.
Lay catechists, 450.
Layman, Fortifying the, 183.
League of Nations, A pre-Co- lumbian, 460 sq.
Leakage, Our, 474 sq.
Lecture Guild, The Catholic, 463.
Lentulus, Letter of, 47.
Letters, Old, Should they be kept? 82.
Liberty Bonds, 269, 286, 438.
Limpias, The mystery of, 137 sqq., 184, 229; and apologetics, 278 sq.
Lincoln, Robert T., 74.
Linguistics, 249.
Literarischer Handweiser, 111.
Liturgy. Revival of interest in the. 233.
Lloyd-George, 437.
Lodge, Religion of the, 5.
Longfellow, H. W., Reminis- cences of, 323.
Loreto, The legend of, 146 sqq.
Lourdes, Dr. Le Bee's book on,
284 sq., 434. Love of work, 24, 51. Loyalty, 310.
l-o>son, Pere Hyacinthe, 227 sq. Ludwig-Missionsverein, 281 sq. Lummis, Chas. F., 349 sq. "Luther-Studien," by H. Grisar,
S.J., 294, 295.
MabiUon, Revue, 267 sq.
Magic as an e-xperimental sci- ence, 330.
Mahnche, an incident of tne con- quest of Mexico, 243 sq.
Malthus, The Mistake of, 5.
Manichaeisrn, New light on, 250.
"Mariana" (Library), 208.
"Maria Chapdelaine," 456 sq.
Mariannhill missionaries, 332 sq.
Mark Twain, An overrated au- thor, 191.
Mars, The planet, 332.
Mary, B. V., Alleged letter of to the people of Messina, 350.
Masters, Edgar Lee, 247, 307.
"Matachin," Meaning of, 160 sq.
Mather, Cotton, Spurious letter of against the Quakers, 74.
Medicine, and laboratory re- search, 54 sq. ; Progress vs. superstition in, 402 sq.
Memorial tablets in churches, 490.
Mental dietetics, 445 sqq.
Meyenberg, Msgr. A., 39, 107 sq.
Michigan, Fight for the parochi- al school in, 46, 287.
Militarism, In America, 330; In Europe, 386.
Miners' strike, 323.
Missal, Roman, 204 sq., 274.
Missing link. The, 46.
Missions and missionaries, 15.
Mission science, 416.
Mixed Marriages: Legal stand- ing of the antenuptial pledge, 166; Dispensations, 205 sq.
Modernism, 182.
Mohler's "Symbolik," 250 sq.
Moon, Does it influence our weather? 394.
Moose, Loyal Order of, 213.
Morals, False theories of, 66, 123 sq.
Mormons opposed to Freemason- ry, 75.
Motorists, Arrogance of, 440.
"Movies." Catholics and the, 129.
Music, Contamination of, 75 sq.
Mystic, A modern (Sr. Gertrude Mary Bernier), 297 sqq.
Mystical silence in Greek phil- osophy, 150.
Nationalism, The pestilence of, 26, 33; A form of egotism, 53.
Naville, Dr. E., on the law of Moses, 150.
N. C. W. C, Press Service, 53, 130, 206; Decret of Feb. 25. 1922, 142, 157 sqq., 187, 208, 247, 265, 312; War funds, 310, 328; New decree of June 22, 320, 324, 368.
"Nearer, Mv God to Thee," Au- thor of, 308.
Negroes, Efforts to give them a colored clergy, 16, 231 sq., 272; Keen spiritual sense of, 308 sq. ; Slow progress of Catholi- cism among, 309; Missions and the Propagation of the Faith, 394; Neglected, 414; Discrimi- nation against by Catholic schools, 440. ■Neo-Scholasticism: Need of a cosmology, 227; The theory of matter and form, 230.
Nestorius, Was he a heretic? 321 sq.
THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW
December 15
New England, The Founding of,
451 sq. Xevvman, Cardinal, On Catholic
and Protestant faith, 360 sq. Xorthclirt'e, Lord, 322, 366. Oberammergau, Passion Play at,
345. Novels, "Assembled," 249 sq. Nuns, Immuring of, 289. Newman movement in Germany,
319 sq.
O'Con'nell, Cardinal, 326, 440.
Odyssey, 420.
Offertory of the Mass for the
Dead, 84 sq. Order of De Molay, 414. Order of the Builders, 125. Oregon, The school question in,
248. Organs and organ-playing, 162
Oxford, University of, 288.
Palaeographia Latina, 472.
Pan-Psychism, 54.
Party, New, 482.
Pax Romana. 189.
Patriotism, Of Catholics, 93 sq.
Peace, Treaties, The, and the right of property, 75; And Catholics, 435; Towards the great, 488 sqq., 478.
Pelletier case, 129, 140 sqq., 186, 187, 204, 207, 342, 436 sq, 464.
Peter and Paul, SS., Vicissitudes of their tombs, 370 so.
Philosophisches Jahrbuc'h, 290.
Philosophy, The teaching of, 384
Photostat, 490.
Pius XI, Election of, 7Z; Chron ogram on, 151 sq.; On the Catholic press, 165; As an au- thor, 166. 187; As a student of art, 206 sq.; And university education, 226; Reforms Soc, Prop. Faith. 271; His clear table, 271; Bierbaum's Life of, 442.
Pohle, Msgr. Jos., 128, 143 sq. 290.
Poison, The state and the diffu sion of, 260.
Post-Industrialism, 431.
Prayer book. Suggestions for an improved English. 307.
Press, Catholic. Degrading the, 68 sq. ; Bn. Chartrand on the, 113: "Official organs," 130; And secular news agencies, 149; Lack of criticism in the. 149; Advertisements in, 224 sq. ; Importance of, 270; Sev- eral Cath. papers in one city, 310; Need of a, 464.
Prohibition, Does it bind in con- science? 282 SCI., 325, 367 sq.; Public sentiment and, 365 sq.
Propagation of the Faith, Society for th". 170 sq.; Reformed by Pius XI, 271.
Protestant churches. What ails the. 428.
Psycho-.^nalysis, Danger of, 103 sq.; Failure of, 139; What it leads to, 299 sq.; A Catholic estimate of, 347.
Radicalism, Political, 466. Radio-telephony, 205. Redemptoristines, 389. Reformation, New light on the,
135. Retreats for laymen, 248. Rhoswitha of Gandersheim, 492. Ricard, J., S.T., 170.
Rohling, Aug., 36, 73. Rosary, Tradition of, 86 sq. "Royal Neighbors of America,"
125, 301 sq. Rural problem. The, 480. Ruskin, Was he a prophet? 52. Russia, Schismatic church in, 11. Ryan, Dr. John A., 3, 424.
Sabellianism, Revived, 342. Senate, Anti-Catholic fanatics in
the U. S., 343. St. Edward's College, Austin, Tex., 204.
Saints, Mystical elements in the lives of, 64; Stupid ethereal- ization of, 268, 329.
Scapular medal, 368.
Scharf, E. L., 413, 464.
Schick test, 403.
Schlogl, Dr. N., New Testament of en Index, 86; Tr. of Tal- mud, 150; Old Test, on Index, 288, 328.
"School money," 413.
Schumacher, H., Dr., 210, 222 sq., 296.
Sciots, Ancient Egyptian Order of, 190 sq.
Scotism, Revival of in America, 179 sq.
Scott South Pole Expedition, 35 sq.
Secret societies: Usurping the place of the Church, 5, 125, 189 sq. ; Daughters of the Nile, 289; Bp. Wehrle against, 301 sq. ; Need of a house-cleaning, Z27 sq., 366; A correction, 390; In war, 435.
Serra, Junipero, and the military heads of California, 7 sq., 29 sqq,. 49 soo., 70 sqq., 87 sqq., 309.
Sex problem. The, 45, 280.
Shakespeare, The historical meth- od of interpreting, 388.
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, Centenni- al of, 239, 349; Free from Protestant prejudice, 359 sqq.
Short stories, 269, 379 sq.
Shriners, K. of C. and, 406, 479.
Silver mallet. The fable of the, 107, 145 sq.
Single Tax, 205.
Sister Gertrude Mary, a mystic of our own days, 267.
Skyscrapers and God's crafts- men, 482.
Smallpox, 402 sq.
Snakes. Popular beliefs regard- ing 378.
Social reform movement: Cath- olic Workers' College at Ox- ford, 11; A Catholic laboring- man's reconstruction pro- gramme, 41 sqq., 67 sqq.; Sanity in. 83 sq. ; Requisites of, 91; Social study centers, 167; MacDonald's "How I Studied the Social Question," 167; Our industrial dilemma, 262, i27: "Volkstiimliches Handbuch," 329: Wealth, 390.
Socialism, and religion, 211 sq.
Societe Mabillon, 267 sq.
Society for th= Propagation of the Faith, History of, 418.
Sociology, R. A. Cram's plea for a Christian. 448 sqq.
Spiritism, Filson Young's expo- sure of, 106; Fr. de Heredia's and Capt. Maskelyne's expo- sure of, 308; Ectopic mani- festations, 312; Spirit photo- graphs, 392.
Spiritual Exercises of St. Igna- tius, 149.
Sport and study, 366.
Staats-Lexikon, Appeal for the, 185 sq.
State, Worship of the, 48 sq.
Statistics, Catholic population, 286.
Steiansson on his Arctic expedi- tion, 167 sq.
Sterling-Towner Bill, 290.
Strike, Morality of the, 48.
Submarine, Tne, Use of justifia- ble, 129.
Sunday gospels, 348.
Sun spots, 170.
Sv.inalers, Warning against, 346.
Switzerland, German as spoken in, 40.
Syphilis, 270.
Taille, Maurice de la, S.J., 229.
lardivel, J. P., 247 sq.
'lariJf, 'Ihe new, 324 sq.
Taxes, 466.
Tertiaries, Franciscan, New ma- gazine for, 12.
Texas, Demagogues in, 366 sq.
1 hesaiirus Linguae Latinae, 12.7.
1 hird Order Forum, 52.
Thomas a Kempis, Authorship of the " Imitation," 139; iN on- Catholic tributes to, 246; New German translation of the Imi- tation, 418.
Tibet, 416.
'iierra del Fuego, 151, 220 sq.
i ime. Reckoning of, in Canon Law, 81 sq., 126 sq.
Toadyism, The Policy of, 479.
Tobacco and health, 189.
Tolstoy, The real, 357 sq.
Towner-Sterling Bill, 303 sq.
•"Irench fever" in the World War, 389 sq.
Trepanning, Ancient and modern, 372.
Twilight sleep, 358.
Ude, Rev. John, 223.
Union labor and the U. S. Su- preme Court, <io6 sq.
Universities, The trouble with our, 9 sq.
Vaccination, Does not protect against smallpox, 402 sq.
\'an Loon's "Story of Mankind," 440.
Vasectomy, S3.
Visitation, Apostolic, of the U. S., 307.
Vocations to the priesthood, 35.
Vogels' Greek Testament, 369.
Volksvereinsverlag of M. -Glad- bach, 130.
Wage, a living, 386.
Walk, Going tor a, 483.
War mentality. Folly of keep- ing up the, 284, 326; Relic of war hatred, 477.
Wealth, 390.
Wells, H. G., 72, 117 sqq.
Wilson, Woodrow, 52.
Western Catholic Union, 77.
Westminster Cathedral, Stability of, 348.
Wheat, 111.
Willmann's "Didaktik," 288.
Wine for sacramental purposes among the Jews, 36 sq.
Woman's dress, 144.
World War, Catholics and the, 219 sq. ; Folly of keeping up the war mentality, 284; Re- sponsi.jility for the, 177 sq.. 286, 287, 326 sq.
Zi.iii mission, 270.
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